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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O aumento da demanda no Brasil pelo radiofármaco [18F]FDG para exames de tomografia por emissão de pósitron (PET-CT) e sua meia-vida de 109,7 minutos exigem uma atenção especial para a cadeia produtiva deste radiofármaco. Desde a irradiação da água enriquecida em 18O até a passagem do paciente pelo tomógrafo, numa seqüência de procedimentos que pode durar até cerca de seis horas, todas as etapas da cadeia produtiva devem ter a maior confiabilidade possível, pois qualquer falha em uma das etapas será sentida na extremidade da cadeia produtiva. A falta de indicação de posição da válvula do Sistema de Carga e Descarga do Porta-alvo de 18F- no Centro de Aceleradores Cíclotron levou a perda de produção de 18F-, contaminação da Sala de Irradiação e aumento da dose dos trabalhadores envolvidos na operação e manutenção dos sistemas de irradiação. Este trabalho testou o comportamento de três tipos de sensores de posição (microswitch, reedswitch e sensor de proximidade indutivo) no ambiente da Sala de Irradiação 1.2 do Centro de Aceleradores Cíclotron, que está sujeito a altas taxas de radiação gama e nêutrons devido à produção rotineira de 18F- e 123I, através deste teste foi possível encontrar o sensor de posição mais adequado para trabalhar no porta-alvo de 18F-, e através da reprogramação do controlador lógico programável, foi possível evitar este tipo de falha durante a produção de 18F- no Centro de Aceleradores Cíclotron, e aumentar a confiabilidade na cadeia produtiva do [18F]FDG. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Introduction When properly maintained, cyclotrons often remain in operation for 20 years and more. However, as the years pass the control systems in particular become challenging to support. The I/O cards and other hardware eventually become obsolete, making spare parts difficult or even impossible to find. And the knowledge and ability to reload and configure the software also gets lost as operating systems and media storage technology change. This obsolescence is true of the Siemens RDS-112 cyclotron, which is controlled using a 486 computer, connected to an external STD card rack containing up to 15 I/O cards. These I/O cards were last manufactured in the 1990’s, and the iRMX-based control programs malfunction on computers newer than a 486 processor. A control system upgrade for the RDS-112 cyclotron has been developed by PET Technical Consulting Inc. This commercially available control system reduces operator training time, requires less maintenance, and supports new targets and custom product processes. Material and Methods The availability of high channel count I/O cards, and the decision not to support the old CPCU synthesis units, means the entire STD card rack can be replaced with 5 National Instruments (NI) I/O cards. The replacement computer is an industrial grade rack mounted PC with RAID 1 mirrored pair hard drives in front panel access quick swap bays. Two NI PCI-6509 Digital I/O cards connect directly to the RDS electronics, channel assignments are mapped using software configuration. Three NI PCI-6229 Multifunction I/O cards connect to the RDS electronics through a cable breakout interface plate, the terminal blocks are wired as needed to map the channels. The new control software was created using National Instruments LabVIEW. The new control sequences have a core based on the original RDS-112 FORTRAN control programs. Then hundreds of improvements were made to simplify operation, increase flexibility, minimize user involvement and mistakes, and clearly display key parameters and fault conditions. System control has been combined into a comprehensive Graphical User Interface, with controls and indicators grouped together onto subsystem pages. Commands that once needed to be typed-in have been replaced with a clickable control for each function. Bar graphs display target and slit currents. Status is obvious with red faults against normally green indicators. Audio alarms cue the operator for process interaction, warn if target current or pressure drifts from setpoint, or if faults occur with power supplies, vacuum, or water cooling. Improvements in sequences and beam algorithms have reduced the time to achieve full beam on dual targets from 10 minutes down to 3 minutes. Results and Conclusion This new control system has been installed on (5) five RDS-112 cyclotrons used for commercial isotope distribution. The total combined operation time of these systems after receiving the upgrade is now over 17 years, during this time the control system operation has been nearly problem free. UPDATE: The Siemens RDS-111 cyclotron is controlled by a VME computer that is now end-of-life. The VM30 and VM42 CPU boards and many of the I/O modules are no longer manu-factured. PET Technical Consulting is developing a control system replacement for the RDS-111 cyclotron with expected completion in 2014.

No Brasil, a difusão de conceitos da física nuclear na área médica ganhou destaque ao longo da última década com o uso do FDG-18F, substância análoga à glicose marcada radioativamente para atuar em procedimentos de diagnóstico e tratamento em oncologia, neurologia e cardiologia. Das três especialidades é no uso oncológico que estão suas aplicações de maior relevância como a detecção precoce de metástase e outras formas de monitoramento tumoral que resultam em maiores chances de sobrevida ao paciente. Estas possibilidades passaram a fazer parte da realidade nacional com a incorporação da tecnologia híbrida de PET-CT, equipamento gerador de imagens anatômicas e metabólicas para mapeamento preciso de lesões por meio da concentração de FDG-18F. O uso médico deste composto ganhou tamanha repercussão que a necessidade de expandir a oferta de FDG-18F para além dos bolsões geográficos contemplados pela produção pública culminou na aprovação de emenda constitucional que abriu o mercado de radiofármacos no país. O presente estudo aborda a formação da cadeia produtiva de radiofármacos irradiados em cíclotron a partir da quebra do monopólio de produção e comercialização de radioisótopos de meia-vida curta, em 2006, para demonstrar que, ao consolidar a cadeia produtiva de FDG-18F, instituições e atores sociais nela envolvidos constituíram um subsistema nacional de inovação em saúde / In Brazil, nuclear physics concepts become prominent in healthcare throughout the last decade with FDG-18F use, a glucose similar substance radioactively marked to be used in diagnosis and treatment procedures in oncology, neurology and cardiology, but it´s in oncology treatments that we can find the biggest relevance application with the early cancer metastasis detection and many other cancerous tumor monitoring forms that may be revert in patient life time gain. PET-CT hybrid technology incorporation made these possibilities become part of national reality. The equipment is able to produce integrated anatomical and metabolic images that shows tiny tissue damages tracking FDG-18F concentration. This medical composition become renowned enough to claim loud for geographic offer expansion until it raised a new law allowing private initiative taking part in radiopharmaceuticals production market. This research intent to describe the cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals irradiated supply chain building up process since productive and commercial public monopoly broke up in 2006, so then it will be able to prove that a new innovative healthcare subsystem has resulted by the social actors and institutions efforts to establish FDG-18F supply chain