O anticoagulante oral cumarínico varfarina é vastamente utilizado para o tratamento e prevenção de eventos tromboembólicos, que configuram uma das principais causas de mortalidade mundial. Contudo, de acordo com fatores genéticos e ambientais, os cumarínicos apresentam grande variação em sua farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica, implicando em respostas variáveis entre os indivíduos. Para auxílio na tomada de decisão pelo corpo clínico na terapia com a varfarina, algoritmos farmacogenéticos estimadores de dose têm sido extensivamente estudados e desenvolvidos, com o intuito de estabelecer terapias personalizadas. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivos investigar a associação de polimorfismos nos genes ABCB1 e CYP4F2 com a variabilidade do requerimento de dose de varfarina, e, primariamente, avaliar o impacto da inclusão desses polimorfismos como covariáveis do algoritmo farmacogenético estimador de dosagem de varfarina previamente desenvolvido para a população brasileira por Santos et al. (2015). Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram utilizadas amostras de 965 pacientes registrados no Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC/FMUSP). As genotipagens dos polimorfismos ABCB1 c.3435C>T e CYP4F2 c.1297G>A foram realizadas por meio da amplificação do DNA genômico através da reação em cadeia da polimerase seguida por análise de curva de dissociação (PCR-HRM) ou ensaio TaqMan®, respectivamente para cada variante. Para as análises estatísticas, utilizamos a abordagem de regressão linear múltipla, considerando a dose estável de varfarina como variável resposta e como covariáveis os polimorfismos de interesse nos genes ABCB1 e CYP4F2, bem como outros fatores genéticos, clínicos e demográficos. Nossos resultados sugerem que carreadores da variante ABCB1 c.3435C>T requerem doses médias de manutenção de varfarina inferiores quando comparados aos indivíduos com genótipo selvagem (redução de 2,5 e 4,3 mg/semana, respectivamente para carreadores dos genótipos CT e TT). Ainda, observamos uma grande variabilidade de dose de varfarina no subgrupo de pacientes autodeclarados não-brancos, de acordo com os genótipos ABCB1 (redução de 5,5 e 10,2 mg/semana, respectivamente para carreadores dos genótipos CT e TT). Além disso, verificamos que ambos os polimorfismos ABCB1 c.3435C>T e CYP4F2 c.1297G>A contribuíram para a predição de dose de varfarina, quando associados a outros fatores genotípicos, demográficos e clínicos relevantes, sendo estatisticamente significativos, aumentando o coeficiente de determinação do algoritmo em 2,6% e explicando um adicional de 3,6% da variabilidade interindividual de dosagem. Em conclusão, demonstramos que as genotipagens das variantes ABCB1 c.3435C>T e CYP4F2 c.1297G>A podem ser relevantes para acurar a terapêutica com varfarina na população brasileira / The coumarin oral anticoagulant warfarin has been widely used for treating and preventing thromboembolic events, which are one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. However, according to genetic and environmental factors, coumarins show high variance in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, resulting in variable interindividual responses. For supporting warfarin clinical decisions, genetic-guided algorithms have been extensively studied and developed, in order to set personalized therapeutics. In this context, the aims of this master\'s research project were to investigate the association of ABCB1 and CYP4F2 polymorphisms with individual\'s warfarin dose requirements and to assess the impact of the inclusion of these polymorphisms as covariates in the genetic-guided dosing algorithm developed by Santos PC et al. (2015) for the Brazilian population. For this retrospective study, 965 patients enrolled in the Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP) were involved. Genotyping of ABCB1 c.3435C>T and CYP4F2 c.1297G>A were performed by genomic DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by melting curve analysis (HRM-PCR) and TaqMan® assay, respectively. For statistical analysis, we utilized multiple linear regression approach considering warfarin stable dose as the dependent variable and the ABCB1 and CYP4F2 variants, as well as other genetic, clinical and demographic factors as covariates. Our data suggests that carriers of ABCB1 c.3435C>T genotypes require lower mean warfarin maintenance doses when compared to wild-type individuals (reduction of 2.5 and 4.3 mg/week, respectively for CT and TT genotype carriers). Furthermore, we observed large warfarin dose variability for the subgroup of patients who self-declared themselves as non-white according to ABCB1 genotypes (lowering of 5.5 and 10.2 mg/week, respectively for CT and TT genotype carriers). Finally, we verified that both ABCB1 c.3435C>T and CYP4F2 c.1297G>A polymorphisms were able to contribute to warfarin dose prediction, when associated to other relevant genetic, clinical and demographic data, being statistically significant, improving the algorithm\'s coefficient of determination by 2.6% and explaining an additional of 3.6% of the interindividual warfarin dosage variability. In conclusion, in this study we have demonstrated that the genotyping of ABCB1 c.3435C>T and CYP4F2 c.1297G>A may be relevant for improving the management of warfarin therapeutics in Brazilian patients

O epitélio nasal é a primeira porção do sistema respiratório a entrar em contato com o ambiente externo. Partículas da poluição do ar, principalmente os compostos orgânicos absorvidos, podem atuar como liberadores endócrinos. O receptor aril hidrocarboneto (AhR) é um importante competidor dos receptores de estrógeno-beta (ERbeta) que regulam a transcrição do gene para enzimas de metabolização xenobióticas (enzimas do citocromo P450). O objetivo deste estudo é identificar e quantificar ERbeta, AhR, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 e o perfil de muco no epitélio nasal de camundongos machos e fêmeas em diferentes fases do ciclo estral. Camundongos BALB/c machos (n=32) e fêmeas (n=84) foram expostos ao ar ambiente e ao MP2,5 concentrado a 600 ug.m-³ em um concentrador de partículas ambientais (CPAs). As fêmeas foram divididas de acordo com as fases do ciclo estral: proestro, estro e diestro. O epitélio nasal foi avaliado por RT-PCR e imuno-histoquímica para análise de expressão de ERbeta (proteína), Erbeta-1 e Erbeta-2 (gene), AhR (proteína e gene) e Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2 and Cyp1b1 (gene). A quantificação de muco neutro - Periodic Acid Schiff\'s (PAS+) e ácido - Alcian Blue (AB+) foi avaliada por morfometria. As exposições foram realizadas durante 5 dias/semana, por 45 ± 55 dias. A expressão de Erbeta-2 RNAm apresentou diferenças em resposta à exposição ao CPAs (p=0,016), bem como uma diminuição em fêmeas, quando comparadas aos camundongos machos (p=0,036). A expressão de Cyp1b1 RNAm foi significantemente menor no grupo exposto ao CPAs, em relação ao grupo exposto ao ar ambiente nas fêmeas em diestro (p=0,036). A expressão de Erbeta foi aumentada no epitélio nasal de fêmeas em estro expostas ao CPAs (p=0,005) e a expressão de AhR foi menor em fêmeas em proestro expostas ao CPAs (p=0,048). A exposição ao CPAs levou ao aumento do conteúdo de muco ácido em camundongos machos (p=0,048), o qual diminuiu em fêmeas (p=0,040), quando comparados ao grupo ar ambiente. Este estudo mostrou que houve diferentes respostas à exposição à poluição do ar no epitélio nasal entre machos e fêmeas, e que essas diferenças podem estar relacionadas com a predisposição de fêmeas apresentarem maior suscetibilidade a doenças respiratórias das vias aéreas / The nasal epithelium is the first portion of the respiratory system to reach contact with the external environment. Air pollution particles, mainly the organic compounds absorbed into them, may act as endocrine releasers. The aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) receptor is an important competitor of estrogenic receptors-beta (ERbeta) that regulate transcription of gene coding for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450 enzymes). The aim of this study is to identify and quantify in the nasal epithelium of male and female mice in different estrous cycle phases related with ERbeta, AhR, CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1 and the mucus profile. Male (n=32) and female (n=84) BALB/c mice were exposed to ambient air and PM2.5 concentrated at 600 ug.m-³ in an ambient particle concentrator with a particulate matter diameter of 2.5 um (PM2.5). Females were subdivided in three estrous cycles: proestrus, estrus and diestrus. Nasal epithelium was evaluated through RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for the expression of ERbeta (protein), Erbeta-1 and Erbeta-2 (gene expression), AhR (protein and gene expression) and Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2 and Cyp1b1 (gene expression). Morphometry was applied for evaluation of mucus profile: acid - Alcian Blue (AB+) and neutral - Periodic Acid Schiff\'s (PAS+). Exposure happened for 5 days/week, for 45 ± 55 days. There were differences in Erbeta-2 mRNA in response to exposition to CPAs (p=0.016), and a significant decrease in female compared male mice (p=0.036). Cyp1b1 mRNA was significantly smaller in the CPAs-exposed group compared with the ambient air group in diestrus female mice (p=0.036). The ERbeta expression increased in the nasal epithelium of CPAs-exposed females in the estrus cycle (p=0.005), and the AhR expression decreased in the proestrus cycle of CPAs-exposed females (p=0.048). The exposure to the CPAs led to an increase in the acidic content of mucus in male mice (p=0.048), and decreased in female mice (p=0.040), compared to the ambient air group. This study showed there were different responses in the nasal epithelia of male and female mice exposed to air pollution, which could be related to the predisposition of the females to present more susceptibility to airway respiratory diseases

No / Here we report the identification and approximate quantification of cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins in human liver microsomes as determined by nano-LC-MS/MS with application of the exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) algorithm during database searching. Protocols based on 1D-gel protein separation and 2D-LC peptide separation gave comparable results. In total, 18 CYP isoforms were unambiguously identified based on unique peptide matches. Further, we have determined the absolute quantity of two CYP enzymes (2E1 and 1A2) in human liver microsomes using stable-isotope dilution mass spectrometry, where microsomal proteins were separated by 1D-gel electrophoresis, digested with trypsin in the presence of either a CYP2E1- or 1A2-specific stable-isotope labeled tryptic peptide and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for the isotope-labeled tryptic peptides and their natural unlabeled analogues quantification could be performed over the range of 0.1-1.5 pmol on column. Liver microsomes from four individuals were analyzed for CYP2E1 giving values of 88-200 pmol/mg microsomal protein. The CYP1A2 content of microsomes from a further three individuals ranged from 165 to 263 pmol/mg microsomal protein. Although, in this proof-of-concept study for CYP quantification, the two CYP isoforms were quantified from different samples, there are no practical reasons to prevent multiplexing the method to allow the quantification of multiple CYP isoforms in a single sample.

No / PURPOSE: Cytochrome P450 2W1 (CYP2W1) is a monooxygenase detected in 30% of colon cancers, whereas its expression in nontransformed adult tissues is absent, rendering it a tumor-specific drug target for development of novel colon cancer chemotherapy. Previously, we have identified duocarmycin synthetic derivatives as CYP2W1 substrates. In this study, we investigated whether two of these compounds, ICT2705 and ICT2706, could be activated by CYP2W1 into potent antitumor agents. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The cytotoxic activity of ICT2705 and ICT2706 in vitro was tested in colon cancer cell lines expressing CYP2W1, and in vivo studies with ICT2706 were conducted on severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing CYP2W1-positive colon cancer xenografts. RESULTS: Cells expressing CYP2W1 suffer rapid loss of viability following treatment with ICT2705 and ICT2706, whereas the CYP2W1-positive human colon cancer xenografts display arrested growth in the mice treated with ICT2706. The specific cytotoxic metabolite generated by CYP2W1 metabolism of ICT2706 was identified in vitro. The cytotoxic events were accompanied by an accumulation of phosphorylated H2A.X histone, indicating DNA damage as a mechanism for cancer cell toxicity. This cytotoxic effect is most likely propagated by a bystander killing mechanism shown in colon cancer cells. Pharmacokinetic analysis of ICT2706 in mice identified higher concentration of the compound in tumor than in plasma, indicating preferential accumulation of drug in the target tissue. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a novel approach for treatment of colon cancer that uses a locoregional activation of systemically inactive prodrug by the tumor-specific activator enzyme CYP2W1.