Recently, photovoltaic (PV) generation is becoming increasingly popular in industrial applications. As a renewable and alternative source of energy they feature superior characteristics such as being clean and silent along with less maintenance problems compared to other sources of the energy. In PV generation, employing a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method is essential to obtain the maximum available solar energy. Among several proposed MPPT techniques, the Perturbation and Observation (P&O) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) methods are adopted in this work. The components of the MPPT control system which are P&O and MPC algorithms, PV module and high gain DC-DC boost converter are simulated in MATLAB Simulink. They are evaluated theoretically under rapidly and slowly changing of solar irradiation and temperature and their performance is shown by the simulation results, finally a comprehensive comparison is presented.

Este trabalho apresenta um conversor CC - CC baseado em Capacitores Chaveados de 6 fases e tempos intercalados com o objetivo de coletar energia fotovoltaica projetado em tecnologia CMOS de 130 nm para ser usado em aplicações em Internet das Coisas e Nós Sensores. Ele rastreia o máximo ponto de entrega de energia de um painel fotovoltaico policristalino de 3 cm x 3 cm através de modulação da frequência de chaveamento com o objetivo de carregar baterias. A razão da tensão de circuito aberto foi a estratégia de rastreio escolhida. O conversor foi projetado em uma tecnologia CMOS de 130 nm e alcança uma eficiência de 90 % para potencias de entrada maiores do que 30 mW e pode operar com tensões que vão de 1.25 até 1.8 V, resultando em saídas que vão de 2.5 até 3.6, respectivamente. Os circuitos periféricos também incluem uma proteção contra sobre tensão na saída de 3.6 V e circuitos para controle, que consomem um total máximo de potência estática de 850 A em 3.3 V de alimentação. O layout completo ocupa uma área de 300 x 700 m2 de silício. Os únicos componentes não integrados são 6x100 nF capacitores.

Este trabalho apresenta um conversor CC - CC baseado em Capacitores Chaveados de 6 fases e tempos intercalados com o objetivo de coletar energia fotovoltaica projetado em tecnologia CMOS de 130 nm para ser usado em aplicações em Internet das Coisas e Nós Sensores. Ele rastreia o máximo ponto de entrega de energia de um painel fotovoltaico policristalino de 3 cm x 3 cm através de modulação da frequência de chaveamento com o objetivo de carregar baterias. A razão da tensão de circuito aberto foi a estratégia de rastreio escolhida. O conversor foi projetado em uma tecnologia CMOS de 130 nm e alcança uma eficiência de 90 % para potencias de entrada maiores do que 30 mW e pode operar com tensões que vão de 1.25 até 1.8 V, resultando em saídas que vão de 2.5 até 3.6, respectivamente. Os circuitos periféricos também incluem uma proteção contra sobre tensão na saída de 3.6 V e circuitos para controle, que consomem um total máximo de potência estática de 850 A em 3.3 V de alimentação. O layout completo ocupa uma área de 300 x 700 m2 de silício. Os únicos componentes não integrados são 6x100 nF capacitores.

abstract: The most important metrics considered for electric vehicles are power density, efficiency, and reliability of the powertrain modules. The powertrain comprises of an Electric Machine (EM), power electronic converters, an Energy Management System (EMS), and an Energy Storage System (ESS). The power electronic converters are used to couple the motor with the battery stack. Including a DC/DC converter in the powertrain module is favored as it adds an additional degree of freedom to achieve flexibility in optimizing the battery module and inverter independently. However, it is essential that the converter is rated for high peak power and can maintain high efficiency while operating over a wide range of load conditions to not compromise on system efficiency. Additionally, the converter must strictly adhere to all automotive standards. Currently, several hard-switching topologies have been employed such as conventional boost DC/DC, interleaved step-up DC/DC, and full-bridge DC/DC converter. These converters face respective limitations in achieving high step-up conversion ratio, size and weight issues, or high component count. In this work, a bi-directional synchronous boost DC/DC converter with easy interleaving capability is proposed with a novel ZVT mechanism. This converter steps up the EV battery voltage of 200V-300V to a wide range of variable output voltages ranging from 310V-800V. High power density and efficiency are achieved through high switching frequency of 250kHz for each phase with effective frequency doubling through interleaving. Also, use of wide bandgap high voltage SiC switches allows high efficiency operation even at high temperatures. Comprehensive analysis, design details and extensive simulation results are presented. Incorporating ZVT branch with adaptive time delay results in converter efficiency close to 98%. Experimental results from a 2.5kW hardware prototype validate the performance of the proposed approach. A peak efficiency of 98.17% has been observed in hardware in the boost or motoring mode. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2018

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O setor fotovoltaico, devido ao seu grande crescimento nos Ãltimos anos, vem destacando-se significativamente diante de todas as outras fontes de energia renovÃveis e, por isso, tornou-se a terceira maior fonte limpa de geraÃÃo de energia elÃtrica do mundo. No Brasil, esse setor ainda nÃo possui uma relevÃncia na matriz energÃtica devido à tecnologia de conversores e de painÃis ser, na maioria das vezes, toda importada. Considerando a necessidade do desenvolvimento dessa tecnologia, este trabalho vem propor a pesquisa e a implementaÃÃo de um conversor CC/CC de alto ganho aplicado a sistemas fotovoltaicos, que tem como objetivo principal retirar a energia de um mÃdulo fotovoltaico e injetÃ-la em um barramento constante de corrente contÃnua. Um mÃdulo fotovoltaico à conectado na entrada do conversor de alto ganho com tensÃo de saÃda igual a 17 Vcc. Esse conversor eleva a sua tensÃo de entrada e injeta sua corrente de saÃda em um barramento constante de 311 Vcc, utilizando a busca do ponto de mÃxima potÃncia (MPPT). O protÃtipo implementado em laboratÃrio foi desenvolvido para uma potÃncia nominal de 100 W e nÃo possui capacitores eletrolÃticos, aumentando assim o tempo de vida Ãtil do conversor e permitindo incorporar o conversor ao mÃdulo fotovoltaico. O protÃtipo se mostrou robusto e de baixo custo, caracterÃsticas necessÃrias para um conversor aplicado a fontes renovÃveis de energia. O desempenho do protÃtipo, na busca do ponto de mÃxima potÃncia, superou as expectativas do autor, mostrando que um algoritmo bastante simples pode ser extremamente confiÃvel quando se opta pela configuraÃÃo de um conversor por mÃdulo. / The photovoltaic sector has been distinguishing itself from all other renewable energy sources, due to its large growth through the last years. For this reason, it has become the third major clean source of power generation worldwide. In Brazil, this sector still doesnât have great pertinence in the energy matrix, given the imported technology of converters and panels. Considering the demand to develop this technology, this paper propounds the research and implementation of a high gain DC/ DC converter applied to photovoltaic systems, which aims mainly to remove energy from a photovoltaic module and inject it into a DC constant bus. A photovoltaic module is connected to the input of the high gain converter, with an output voltage equals to 17 Vdc. This converter raises its input voltage and injects its output current at a constant 311 Vdc bus, using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The laboratory implemented prototype was designed for a rated power of 100W and it doesnât have electrolytic capacitors, thereby increasing the lifetime of the converter and also allowing the incorporation the converter to the photovoltaic module. The prototype had a strong and low cost performance, necessary characteristics for a converter applied to renewable energy sources. The prototype performance exceeded the authorâs expectations, in relation to the maximum power point tracking. Thus, a quite simple algorithm can be extremely reliable when choosing to configure a converter through a module.

nÃo hà / The electric vehicle is increasingly present in our cities every day, and in the technological context it has shown great progress. Two essential elements to the success of these vehicles are the electric energy storage devices and electronic converters for processing and management of this energy. In this context, this dissertation presents a study on the current situation of the electric vehicle on the world scenario and its embedded technologies. Another object of research are supercapacitors for application in electric vehicles as an energy storage source and fast energy transfer. Thus, these studies provide the basis for achieving the main objective of this work: developing a bidirectional dc-dc converter for managing the energy flow provided by a supercapacitor module applied in an electric vehicle. A 2 kW laboratory a prototype with two phase interleaved dc-dc bidirectional topology has been implemented. Also, all used methodology is exposed, such as qualitative analysis, dimensioning of components, modeling and design of PI type controllers for the proposed converter. The digital implementation of the control circuit was designed using the dsPIC30f4011 by Microchip. Through simulation and experimental tests, it was evaluated the behavior of the converter and a performance comparison was held, with the converter showing efficiency above 90%. Thus, through theoretical and practical results it was possible to evaluate the performance of the converter and future studies involving the complete structure of a model of a small electric vehicle. / O veÃculo elÃtrico està cada vez mais presente em nossas cidades, e no Ãmbito tecnolÃgico ele vem apresentando grandes avanÃos. Dois elementos essenciais para o sucesso desses veÃculos sÃo os dispositivos de armazenamento de energia elÃtrica e os conversores eletrÃnicos para processamento e gerenciamento dessa energia. Nesse contexto, esta dissertaÃÃo apresenta um estudo sobre a atual situaÃÃo do veÃculo elÃtrico no cenÃrio mundial e suas tecnologias embarcadas. Outro objeto de pesquisa sÃo os supercapacitores para aplicaÃÃo em veÃculos elÃtricos como fonte de armazenamento e transferÃncia rÃpida de energia. Neste contexto o presente trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de um conversor cc-cc bidirecional para gerenciamento do fluxo de energia em um mÃdulo de supercapacitores para utilizaÃÃo em um veÃculo elÃtrico. à projetado e desenvolvido em laboratÃrio um protÃtipo com potÃncia de 2 kW, cuja topologia adotada à um conversor cc-cc bidirecional intercalado de duas fases. Deste modo, à exposta toda metodologia empregada onde à abordada a anÃlise qualitativa, o dimensionamento dos componentes, a modelagem e o projeto dos controladores tipo PI para o conversor proposto. Para a implementaÃÃo digital do circuito de controle foi utilizado o dsPIC30f4011 da Microchip. Por meio de simulaÃÃo e dos ensaios experimentais avaliou-se o comportamento do conversor e realizou-se uma comparaÃÃo de desempenho, tendo o conversor apresentado rendimento acima de 90%. Assim, pelos resultados teÃricos e prÃticos foi possÃvel avaliar o desempenho do conversor e creditar a continuidade de sua aplicaÃÃo a trabalhos futuros envolvendo a estruturaÃÃo completa de um modelo de veÃculo elÃtrico de pequeno porte.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This Ph.D. Dissertation focuses on the proposal of a novel converter topology applied to the connection of an energy storage system, composed of a supercapacitor bank and a battery bank, to the dc bus of a residential microgrid. The proposed full-bridge-forward integrated dc-dc converter presents high voltage gain between the input and output, a fundamental requirement for the desired application, bidirectional power flow, galvanic isolation, among other features. The integration process, operation stages (including converter waveforms and equations), design methodology, dc modeling, among others, are presented. Three different clamping circuits structures are studied and applied to the proposed converter. Moreover, a comparison including several parameters with the dual active bridge converter, which is one of the most used topologies for similar applications is performed, highlighting the lesser number of active switches. Experimental results of the proposed converter in different operation modes are presented, validating the theoretical analysis. Experimental results of the dual active bridge converter are also presented and its performance is compared to the proposed converter, where it can be seen that the efficiency of the proposed converter is higher. The topology application is directed to microgrid systems, which attract high attention nowadays due to the possibility of renewable electric energy generation through distributed energy resources and with high reliability. / Esta Tese de Doutorado tem como foco a proposta de uma nova topologia de conversor aplicado para conexão de um sistema de armazenamento de energia, composto de um banco de supercapacitores e um banco de baterias, ao barramento CC de uma microrrede residencial. O conversor CC-CC integrado full-bridge-forward proposto apresenta alto ganho de tensão entre a entrada e saída, requisito fundamental para a aplicação desejada, fluxo de potência bidirecional, isolação galvânica, entre outras características. O processo de integração, etapas de operação (incluindo formas de onda e equações do conversor), metodologia de projeto, modelagem CC, entre outros, são apresentados. Três diferentes estruturas de circuitos grampeadores são estudadas e aplicadas ao conversor proposto. Além disso, uma comparação de diversos parâmetros com o conversor dual active bridge, que é uma das topologias mais utilizadas para aplicações semelhantes é realizada, destacando o menor número de interruptores. Resultados experimentais do conversor proposto em diferentes modos de operação são apresentados, validando as análises teóricas. Resultados experimentais do conversor dual active bridge também são apresentados e o seu desempenho é comparado ao do conversor proposto, onde se observa que o rendimento do conversor proposto é superior. A aplicação da topologia é voltada para sistemas de microrrede, os quais atraem grande atenção atualmente devido à possibilidade de geração de energia elétrica de maneira renovável através de fontes distribuídas e com elevada confiabilidade.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Medhat M. Morcos / Characterized by variable impedances, DC power sources normal operation, reliability, and life-time is negatively affected by the sequential switching within any DC power system. The impedances of Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) storage batteries and Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFC) vary nonlinearly; therefore, existing DC power system models, that employ averaging of the sequential switching process, are inaccurate in describing the system output voltage. In this research, Fourier-series models of DC–DC converters are developed and evaluated, through numerical computations and computer simulations. Both NiCd-DC converter and DEFC-DC converter power systems are experimentally evaluated over a selected switching frequency range. Input voltage and output voltage characteristics of two types of DEFC-DC converter systems (Nickel-mesh and Nickel-foam electrode assembly) are determined. Experimental results are compared to computer simulations, thus validating the Fourier-series models. Experimental results show a correlation between the DC converter switching frequency and the output of the DC power system. Sequential switching operation, along with the type of DC converter employed, are factors determining the maximum power transfer of the system. The models developed in this work are flexible over a large switching frequency range, and for any desired duty cycle. Correction factors, accounting for the source-converter impedance matching, are easily implemented in Fourier-series models. The research demonstrates the advantages of Fourier-series models, as compared to both large-signal and small-signal models, with regard to accuracy and ease of implementation to any DC–DC converter-driven power system.

The increasing use of electrical technologies within on-board (aircraft, road vehicle, train and ship) power systems is resulting in complex and highly dynamic networks in which energy storage devices have an important role to play, for example to resolve the instantaneous mismatch between load demand and power availability or to provide the flexibility to optimise overall performance. In this thesis, a multi-level controller for a super-capacitor based energy storage system (ESS) is designed, simulated, emulated and validated experimentally to show its effectiveness in smoothing load and managing state-of-charge of the energy storage system. This thesis first investigates the low level control of the dual-interleaved converter, particularly at light load where seven discontinuous conduction modes (DCMs) appear. A thorough analysis of these operating modes is given and validated by simulations and experiments. Based on the analysis, an inverse-model-based feed-forward current controller is implemented, offering a low level converter control interface which serves the high level supervisory controller within the energy storage system. Two supervisory control methods have been proposed in this thesis, both producing a super-capacitor current reference for the low level controller. The first supervisory control not only manages the energy within the ESS but also shields the primary power source from rapid load transients , which has been examined through an emulated ESS in the Intelligent Electrical Power Network Evaluation Facility (IEPNEF). A more advanced supervisory controller is then proposed which in addition to the benefits of the first control, regulates the rate-of-change in power that is drawn from the primary power source in the system. The proposed second control method is implemented within a real super-capacitor energy storage system in IEPNEF, with both simulation and experimental results successfully demonstrating and validating its operation.

A worldwide awareness of the environment is accelerating fuel cell vehicle development. With respect to power electronics, special requirement is on the development of high efficiency, high voltage ratio bi-directional DC/DC converter for fuel cell energy system management. In this paper, two bi-directional DC/DC converters, which are developed for Ford Motor Company’s fuel cell vehicle, are compared from different aspects. Comparison is concentrated on the circuit topology and EMI performance. Emphasis is placed on soft-switch, hard-switch, synchronized rectification, auxiliary start-up winding and their effect on EMI performance in this kind of isolated bi-directional converter. Comparison includes circuits analysis and test result. The EMI test setup is described. EMI measurements are given and explained. EMI solutions for bi-directional DC/DC converter are discussed. An EMI filter is designed and final test result is given. / Master of Science