[ES] Esta tesis explora en profundidad la viabilidad técnica y las prestaciones de un sistema de transmisión para comunicaciones ópticas, de bajo coste y alta velocidad, basado en la multiplexación por división de frecuencia ortogonal (OFDM) mediante la implementación de los algoritmos de procesamiento digital de la señal en tiempo real sobre dispositivos de lógica programable (FPGA). Los sistemas de transmisión de modulación de intensidad y detección directa (IM/DD) parecen ser la solución más interesante para las redes ópticas pasivas (PONs) de bajo coste que serán necesarias para responder a la gran demanda de tráfico de los próximos años, producto del aumento significativo de dispositivos conectados a internet, servicios y programas en la nube, vídeo de alta definición, entre otros. Por tanto, esta tesis tiene como objetivo principal obtener la máxima tasa binaria y eficiencia espectral posible de un sistema IM/DD OFDM en PON (de una sola banda y una sola longitud de onda). Con esta finalidad se ha desarrollado la arquitectura hardware de un receptor OFDM de alta velocidad que opera en tiempo real en un dispositivo FPGA Virtex-7 a una frecuencia de reloj de 312,5 MHz utilizando un conversor analógico digital con una tasa de muestreo de 5 GS/s. Para lograr las mejores prestaciones posibles, se ha intentado aprovechar al máximo el ancho de banda del sistema (acercándose al límite de Nyquist) y se ha realizado una carga variable de las subportadoras del símbolo OFDM atendiendo a las características del canal electro-óptico. Además, se han diseñado e implementado los algoritmos de procesamiento necesarios para la detección y demodulación de los símbolos OFDM, y se ha desarrollado una plataforma experimental que ha permitido validarlos en tiempo real a través de un enlace de fibra monomodo estándar (SSMF). El principal resultado de esta tesis es el haber demostrado experimentalmente que con el sistema propuesto se puede alcanzar una tasa binaria de 19,63 Gb/s y una eficiencia espectral de 8,07 bit/s/Hz sobre 20 km de SSMF, lo cual implica casi duplicar las mejores prestaciones publicadas hasta la fecha. Para completar el diseño del receptor, se ha desarrollado un algoritmo de sincronización de tiempo basado en la correlación cruzada entre un preámbulo conocido y la señal OFDM recibida, el cual presenta una tasa de error extremadamente baja, aun en condiciones de muy baja SNR, y su diseño optimizado requiere menos recursos que otros sincronizadores publicados hasta la fecha. También se ha desarrollado un procesador de FFT de longitud variable mediante una arquitectura paralela segmentada que permite alcanzar hasta una tasa de 10 GS/s en dispositivos Virtex-7 con una eficiencia (área/velocidad) superior a la de otros trabajos publicados, y un ecualizador de canal basado en una técnica de estimación y compensación en frecuencia, que utiliza un preámbulo característico para poder disminuir la complejidad hardware y aumentar la precisión de la estimación. Todos los algoritmos implementados en esta tesis doctoral han sido diseñados para procesar 16 muestras en paralelo, y así poder reducir la frecuencia de reloj (5 GHz/16) hasta valores aceptables para los dispositivos FPGA. / [CA] Aquesta tesi explora en profunditat la viabilitat tècnica i les prestacions d'un sistema de transmissió per a comunicacions òptiques, de baix cost i alta velocitat, basat en la multiplexació per divisió en freqüència ortogonal (OFDM) mitjançant la implementació d'algorismes de processat digital del senyal en temps real sobre dispositius de lògica programable (FPGA). Els sistemes de transmissió de modulació d'intensitat i detecció directa (IM/DD) semblen ser la solució més interesant per a les xarxes òptiques passives (PON) de baix cost que seran necessàries per respondre a la gran demanda de tràfic dels propers anys, producte de l'augment significatiu de dispositius connectats a Internet, serveis i programari al núvol, vídeo d'alta definició, entre d'altres. Per tant, aquesta tesi té com objectiu principal obtenir la màxima taxa binaria i eficiència espectral possible d'un sistema IM/DD OFDM en PON (amb una sola banda i una sola longitud d'ona). Amb aquesta finalitat s'ha desenvolupat l'arquitectura hardware d'un receptor OFDM d'alta velocitat que treballa en temps real a un dispositiu FPGA Virtex-7 amb una freqüència de rellotge de 312,5 MHz utilitzant un convertidor analògic a digital amb una taxa de mostreig de 5 GS/s. Per aconseguir les millors prestacions possibles, s'ha intentat aprofitar al màxim l'ample de banda del sistema (aproximant-se al límit de Nyquist) i s'ha realitzat una càrrega variable de les subportadores del símbol OFDM atenent a les característiques del canal electró-òptic. A més, s'han dissenyat e implementat els algorismes de processament necessaris per la detecció i desmodulació dels símbols OFDM, i s'ha desenvolupat una plataforma experimental que ha permès validar-los en temps real a través d'un enllaç de fibra monomode estàndard (SSMF). El principal resultat d'aquesta tesi és haver demostrat experimentalment que amb el sistema proposat es pot arribar a una taxa binaria de 19,63 Gb/s amb una eficiència espectral de 8,07 bits/s/Hz sobre 20 km de SSMF, la qual cosa implica quasi duplicar les millors prestacions publicades fins aquest moment. Per completar el disseny del receptor, s'ha desenvolupat un algorisme de sincronització de temps basat en la correlació creuada entre un preàmbul conegut i el senyal OFDM rebut, el qual presenta una taxa d'error extremadament baixa, inclòs en condicions de molt baixa SNR, i el seu disseny optimitzat requereix menys recursos que altres sincronitzadors publicats fins el moment. També s'ha desenvolupat un processador de FFT de longitud variable mitjançant una arquitectura paral·lela segmentada que permet arribar fins una taxa de 10 GS/s en dispositius Virtex-7 amb una eficiència (àrea/velocitat) superior a la d'altres treballs publicats, i un equalitzador de canal basat en una tècnica d'estimació i compensació en freqüència, que utilitza un preàmbul característic per poder disminuir la complexitat hardware i augmentar la precisió de l'estimació. Tots els algorismes implementats a aquesta tesi doctoral han sigut dissenyats per processar 16 mostres en paral·lel, i així poder reduir la freqüència de rellotge (5 GHz/16) fins valors acceptables pels dispositius FPGA. / [EN] This thesis presents an in-depth exploration of the technical feasibility and achievable performance of a low-cost and high-speed optical communication system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) through the implementation of real-time digital signal processing algorithms over programmable logic devices (FPGA). Optical transmission systems based on intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) is considered as one of the most interesting solutions for the deployment of the low-cost passive optical networks (PONs) that will be needed to cover the high traffic demand in the coming years. This demand is fueled, among others, by the significant increase of connected devices to the Internet, services and programs in the cloud, high definition video, etc. The main objective of this thesis is to achieve the maximum bitrate and spectral efficiency of an IM/DD PON OFDM system (using a single band and a single wavelength). To this end, the hardware architecture of a high-speed real-time OFDM receiver, including all the necessary algorithms to perform the detection and demodulation of the OFDM symbols, has been implemented in a Virtex-7 FPGA device at a clock frequency of 312.5 MHz using a digital analog converter with a sampling rate of 5 GS/s. To reach the best possible performance, all the system bandwidth has been employed and the OFDM subcarriers have been loaded according to the characteristics of the electro-optical channel. An experimental platform for optical transmission through standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) has been developed to evaluate in real-time the performance of the implemented receiver. The main result of this thesis is the experimental validation of the proposed system that has achieved a bit rate of 19.63 GS/s and a spectral efficiency of 8.07 bit/s/Hz over 20 km SSMF. These results almost double the best performance published to date. The receiver implementation included the design and development of several algorithms. First, it was designed a time synchronization algorithm (TSA) based on the cross-correlation between a known preamble and the received OFDM signal. This TSA has a good performance in low-SNR scenarios and its optimized design requires fewer resources than other synchronizers published in the literature. Second, a variable length parallel pipelined FFT processor has been implemented in a Virtex-7 device, it reaches a throughput of 10 GS/s with an efficiency (area/speed) higher than that of other published works. And finally, a channel equalizer working in the frequency domain to estimate and compensate channel distortions, which uses a known preamble to decrease the hardware complexity and increase the accuracy of the estimation, has been implemented. All the algorithms in this thesis have been developed to process 16 samples in parallel, thus reducing the required clock frequency (5 GHz/16) to acceptable values for the FPGA devices. / Deseo expresar mi gratitud a las autoridades de la Facultad Regional Buenos Aires de la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional por el apoyo económico y personal recibido durante la realización de esta tesis. / Bruno, JS. (2019). Algoritmos y arquitecturas hardware para la implementación de OFDM en sistemas de comunicaciones ópticos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/119988 / TESIS

The three respond motets from Matins for the Dead by Robert Parsons constitute an important part of the sacred Latin repertory of mid-sixteenth-century England, illustrating central features of the English mid-century style. Although he worked within a conservative musical tradition, Parsons experimented with that tradition in personal and individual ways. Specifically his modal and thematic construction as well as his practice of musica ficta are singled out for closer analysis. Consequently, a methodology for editorial decisions concerning musica ficta is developed. Two special problems, the simultaneous cross-relation and diminished fourth, are shown as the result of normative polyphonic processes and vertical structures.

Test-driven development (TDD) has been the target of many articles in which the authors try to reveal the impact of TDD compared to the traditional iterative test-last approach (ITL). Most of the existing articles conducts case studies in academic setting or in industrial setting with focus on metrics of little relevance for the industry. The metrics Defect Density per 1000 lines of code (DD/KLOC) and McCabe’s cyclomatic complexity number are frequently used to show differences between ITL and TDD in quality. However, these metrics are outdated and irrelevant in today’s industry according to several articles regarding TDD. The reason is the introduction of high-level programming languages such as Java, C# and Python. To compare these languages with assembler languages is not feasible. In this master thesis, the author suggests measuring defect density per hour instead (DD/h) of per 1000 lines of code to establish the quality and success of a software project. DD/h together with total hours needed to develop the software is a better measurement and is not dependent on programming language and complexity as DD/KLOC is to describe quality and the scope of the development project. By examine DD/h from five case studies comparing ITL and TDD the author shows a possible positive change in quality and resources needed in software development projects. / Testdriven utveckling (TDD) har varit i fokus många artiklar där författarna försöker kartlägga TDD: s inverkan jämfört med det traditionella tillvägagångssättet där tester körs sist i utvecklingsprocessen (ITL). De flesta av de befintliga artiklarna genomför fallstudier i akademisk miljö eller i industriella miljöer med fokus på mätvärden som saknar relevans för industrin. Defektdensitet per 1000 linjer kod (DD/KLOC) och McCabes cyklomatiska komplexitetsnummer används ofta för att visa skillnader mellan ITL och TDD i kvalitet. Dessa mätvärden är emellertid föråldrade och irrelevanta i dagens bransch enligt flera akademiska artiklar. Anledningen är introduktionen av programmeringsspråk så som Java, C #och Python. Att jämföra dessa språk med assembler-språk är inte möjligt. I detta examensarbete föreslår författaren att man mäter defektendensitet per timme (DD/h) istället för DD/KLOC för att fastställa kvaliteten för ett mjukvaruprojekt. DD/h tillsammans med de totala timmar som behövs för att utveckla programvaran är ett bättre mätvärde och är inte beroende av programmeringsspråk och komplexitet som DD/KLOC är för att beskriva kvaliteten och omfattningen av utvecklingsprojektet. Genom att undersöka DD/h från fem fallstudier som jämför ITL och TDD visar författaren en möjlig positiv förändring av kvalitet och resurser som behövs för att genomföra ett mjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt.

No description available.

No description available.

Annotation: The thesis name The children from orphanages and their integration into the class group is focused on taking the role of student by children from orphanages. The thesis is divided into a theoretical, methodological and practical part. The theoretical part is devoted to family, school roles and long-term researches of Matějček and Langmeier on the psychological deprivation and sub-deprivation. The methodology section contains objectives of the thesis and structure of the research project. The practical part examined differences in the conception of the role of pupil children from orphanages and children from family care using observational, questionnaire and socio-metric method and verifies that the monitored pupils from the orphanage have difficulties with social integration into the class group. Keywords: school socialization, a student from the orphanage, disadvantaged student deprivation, subdeprivation, family

Plusieurs études ont récemment fait l'hypothèse qu'un déficit de l'apprentissage procédural commun aux troubles neurodéveloppementaux pouvait permettre d'expliquer leur fréquente association (Nicolson et Fawcett, 2007). Tout spécialement, les circuits neuronaux impliqués dans cet apprentissage (les boucles cortico-striatale, CS et cortico-cérébelleuse, CC) pouvaient rendre compte avec pertinence de la comorbidité fréquente entre Dyslexie Développementale (DD) et Trouble de l'Acquisition de la Coordination (TAC) : 40 à 60% des enfants présentent en effet la double association. Les circuits neuronaux qui soutiennent l'apprentissage d'une séquence motrice et en particulier d'une tâche de tapping de doigts (FTT, Finger Tapping Task) sont bien connus et modélisés (Doyon, Bellec, Amsel, Penhune, Monchi, Carrier et al., 2009) et concernent tout particulièrement ces deux boucles CS et CC. Nous avons donc choisi dans cette thèse d'observer les modifications cérébrales lors de l'apprentissage d'une FTT, chez des enfants âgés de 8 à 12 ans présentant une DD, un TAC ou l'association des deux troubles. Dans un premier temps, nous avons effectué une analyse des données issues des tests neurospychologiques de l'ensemble des enfants de l'étude (20 DD, 22 TAC et 23 DysTAC). Nos résultats ne montrent pas de différences entre les trois groupes aux tests attentionnels, comportementaux et psychosociaux. Nous trouvons des différences aux subtests du WISC-IV en rapport avec les capacités visuospatiales et motrices (Cubes, Symboles, Indice de Vitesse de Traitement) où le groupe DD se montre plus performant que le groupe TAC. Aucune différence n'est retrouvée entre le groupe comorbide et les deux autres groupes, suggérant d'une part un profil cognitif partagé et commun aux troubles neurodéveloppementaux et d'autre part le caractère non cumulatif de l'association des deux troubles. Dans un second temps, nous avons analysé les données issues de l'imagerie fonctionnelle par résonnance magnétique (IRMf) des 48 enfants ayant effectués la partie IRM (16 DD, 16 TAC et 16 DysTAC) afin d'explorer les activités cérébrales lors de la réalisation d'une FTT à deux stades de l'apprentissage (début d'apprentissage et stade automatique après quinze jours d'entraînement). Nos résultats indiquent que les trois groupes d'enfants ont été capable d'accéder à l'automatisation de la FTT après un entraînement approprié, mais en utilisant des processus cérébraux compensatoires différents entre les groupes. Nos résultats ne confirment pas les hypothèses et le modèle théorique de Nicolson, postulant des déficits spécialisés des boucles CS ou CC en fonction des troubles. Par contre, nos résultats mettent très nettement en évidence des mécanismes cérébraux spécifiques aux enfants TAC. Ces derniers présentent en effet une suractivation des aires attentionnelles et un recrutement de zones cérébrales plus important lors de performances similaires à celles des autres enfants. En dernier lieu, nos données indiquent que les groupes DD et DysTAC présentent un profil commun, tant dans les résultats neuropsychologiques que dans les résultats d'imagerie, alors que le groupe TAC est clairement singulier dans son fonctionnement. / Many studies have pointed out the high frequency of co-morbid associations in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, few of them have given details of cognitive functions in developmental dyslexia (DD) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) children and still fewer on the association of DD and DCD. The main purpose of this article is to compare the intellectual characteristics of the 3 populations and, in particular, to investigate the cognitive profiles of children with co-occurrence. Recent theories consider that procedural learning may support frequent overlap between neurodevelopemental disorders. In particular, the brain networks involved in this learning (cortico-striatal (CS) and cortico-cerebellar (CC) loops) could account for frequent co-morbidity between DCD and DD (about 40 to 60% of DD and DCD subjects suffer from both disorders). The aim of our study was to investigate cerebral changes due to the motor sequence learning process, especially the finger-tapping task (FTT), from acquisition through automatization, in children with DD, DCD, or DD and DCD. The neural circuitry supporting this action is well-known and well-modelled (Doyon et al., 2009), and includes, among others, CC and CS loops. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 48 children (8-12 years old) with neurodevelopmental disorders (16 DD, 16 DCD and 16 DD+DCD) explored their brain activity during FTT, performed either after 2 weeks of training or in the early stage of learning. First, we analyzed the results in all participants (22 DCD, 20 DD and 23 DD+DCD) in tests assessing cognitive (WISC-IV), attentional (CPT-II) and behavioural (CBCL) abilities. No difference was found between the 3 groups in attention testing (CPT) and behavioural characteristics (CBCL). Significant between-groups differences were observed in Processing Speed Index (PSI) score and the block design and symbol search subtests. Post hoc group comparisons showed that DD fared better than DCD children. No significant differences were found between the co-morbid vs. pure groups: co-morbid association did not cause an accumulation of disorders. Second, our results indicated that all children with DD, DCD or both disorders performed the tasks with good automaticity, but suggested that different compensatory brain processes allowed them to access this automatization stage. Our fMRI results do not appear to confirm Nicolson's model but tend more towards shared disability in CS and CC loops for both DD and DCD, with slight between-group differences in these areas. Moreover, and in agreement with the results of previous fMRI studies in DCD children, our data disclosed increasing evidence that this group needs to invest more brain areas to achieve similar performances. Lastly, it appears that the co-morbid and DD groups are very close in cognitive profile (especially on WISC-IV) and in neural correlates associated with our paradigm, while the DCD group presents specific, distinct and particular characteristics. Our data therefore indicate a promising direction for future research on the neural mechanisms linked with learning in neurodevelopmental disorders and in understanding co-morbidity.

For parents caring for an intellectually or developmentally disabled child (I/DD), there can be many challenges throughout various life stages. While research has been shown to emphasize an abundance of services for parents of young children and adolescents with I/DD, there has been a lack of services for later life transitions within adulthood. Within this research, a brief literature review of what preparation and services have been provided to parents of adult children with I/DD in regard to non-parental care placement is provided. The following research discusses the various perspectives of the future planning process through interviews from participants who identify themselves as a primary caregiver of their adult child with I/DD and who are 45 years of age or older. This research also discusses the results, limitations, recommendation for social work practice, and research conclusion.

The &ldquo / German Question&rdquo / was on the agenda of the international community from the last quarter of the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. Following the end of the World War II, due to the existence of a Soviet threat, the incorporation of West Germany into the liberal-democratic institutions of the western world was the principal issue to be dealt with. Following the reunification of Germany and the end of the bipolar international structure, the &ldquo / German Question&rdquo / was revisited. The German insistence on the early recognition of Croatia and Slovenia and German participation in the Kosovo War brought questions whether Germany has become more assertive and on the way to return to the power politics. This dissertation will analyze German foreign and security policy in the post-Cold War era in order to understand whether Germany has shifted from its civilian and multilateral orientation or has made small adjustments in its policies to adapt to the new international structure. In approaching the issue, the study attempts to link the theoretical and practical aspects under the guidance of a conceptual framework provided by realist, neorealist and constructivist approaches. Through contextualizing the coexistence of realist, neorealist and constructivist factors in German foreign and security policy, the dissertation argues that although Germany has made some small policy adjustments to adapt to the new international structure, German foreign and security policy has not shifted from its civilian and multilateral orientation.

Orientador: João Francisco Galera Monico / Banca: José Tadeu Garcia Tommaselli / Banca: Edvaldo Simões da Fonseca Júnior / Resumo: Dados de receptores GPS de dupla freqüência são, em geral, processados utilizando a combinação ion-free, o que permite eliminar os efeitos de primeira ordem da ionosfera. Porém, os efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem, geralmente, são negligenciados no processamento de dados GPS. Nesse trabalho, esses efeitos foram levados em consideração no processamento dos dados. Foram investigados os modelos matemáticos associados a esses efeitos, as transformações envolvendo o campo magnético da Terra e a utilização do TEC advindo dos Mapas Globais da Ionosfera ou calculados a partir das pseudodistâncias. Numa outra investigação independente, os efeitos residuais de primeira ordem da ionosfera, resultantes da dupla diferença da pseudodistância e da fase da onda portadora, foram considerados como incógnitas no ajustamento. Porém, esses efeitos residuais foram tratados como pseudo-observações, associados aos processos aleatórios random walk e white noise e, adicionados ao algoritmo de filtro de Kalman. Dessa forma, o modelo matemático preserva a característica de número inteiro da ambigüidade da fase, facilitando a aplicação de algoritmos de solução da ambigüidade, que no caso desse trabalho, utilizou-se o método LAMBDA. Para o caso da consideração dos efeitos de segunda e terceira ordem da ionosfera, foram realizados processamentos de dados GPS envolvendo o modo relativo e o Posicionamento por Ponto Preciso. Os resultados mostraram que a não consideração desses efeitos no processamento dos dados GPS pode introduzir variações da ordem de três a quatro milímetros nas coordenadas das estações. / Abstract: Data from dual frequency receiver, in general, are processed using the ion-free combination that allows the elimination of the first order ionospheric effects. However, the second and third order ionospheric effects, generally, are neglected in the GPS data processing. In this work, these effects were taken into account in the GPS data processing. In this case, it was investigated the mathematical models associated with the second and third order effects, the transformations involving the Earth magnetic field and the use of TEC from Ionosphere Global Maps or calculated from the pseudoranges. The first order ionosphere residual effects, resulting from pseudorange and phase double difference, were taken into account as unknown in the adjustment. However, these effects were treated as pseudo-observables and it was associated with the random process random walk and white noise and added to the Kalman filter algorithm. Therefore, the mathematical model preserves the phase ambiguity "integerness", facilitating the application of ambiguity resolution approaches, which in the case of this work, it was used the LAMBDA method. / Mestre