Despite the large efforts made during the development phase to produce fault free system, most of the software implementations still require the testing of entire system. The main problem in the software testing is the automation that could verify the system without manual intervention. Recent work in software testing is related to the automated fault injection by using fault models from repository. This requires a lot of efforts, which adds to the complexity of the system. To solve this issue, this thesis suggests DefectoFix framework. DefectoFix is an interactive defect fix logging tools that contains five components namely Version Control Sysem (VCS), source code files, differencing algorithm, Defect Fix Model (DFM) creation and additional information (project name, class name, file name, revision number, diff model). The proposed differencing algorithm extracts detailed information by detecting differences in source code files. This algorithm performs comparison at sub-tree levels of source code files. The extracted differences with additional information are stored as DFM in repository. DFM(s) can later be used for the automated fault injection process. The validation of DefectoFix framework is performed by a tool developed using Ruby programming language. Our case study confirms that the proposed framework generates a correct DFM and is useful in automated fault injection and software validation activities.

Effective defect detection is still a hot issue when it comes to software quality assurance. Static source code analysis plays thereby an important role, since it offers the possibility for automated defect detection in early stages of the development. As detecting defects can be seen as a classification problem, machine learning is recently investigated to be used for this purpose. This study presents a new model for automated defect detection by means of machine learn- ers based on static Java code features. The model comprises the extraction of necessary features as well as the application of suitable classifiers to them. It is realized by a prototype for the feature extraction and a study on the prototype’s output in order to identify the most suitable classifiers. Finally, the overall approach is evaluated in a using an open source project. The suitability study and the evaluation show, that several classifiers are suitable for the model and that the Rotation Forest, Multilayer Perceptron and the JRip classifier make the approach most effective. They detect defects with an accuracy higher than 96%. Although the approach comprises only a prototype, it shows the potential to become an effective alternative to nowa- days defect detection methods.

Acoustical characteristics are used to classify the structural and operational conditions in underground pipes with advanced signal classification methods.

Dans une optique d'allègement, les alliages d'aluminium de fonderie représentent une excellente solution technique. Ainsi, pour les culasses automobiles, les alliages d'aluminium Al-Si-Cu (Aluminium-Silicium-Cuivre) sont souvent choisis pour leurs performances mécaniques ainsi que leur bonne coulabilité. L'objectif de cette étude est d'améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes en fatigue oligocyclique pour définir un critère de fatigue adapté. Cet objectif est réalisé en combinant des essais (en fatigue oligocyclique à température ambiante et élevée), de nombreuses observations (microscopie à balayage électronique, microtomographie 3D rayons-X de laboratoire, suivi de fissure) et des simulations (génération de population de défauts et calculs éléments finis). À l'aide d'outils spécialement développés, la population de défauts (défauts de fonderie) est analysée en détails : la taille de défaut est modélisée par une distribution de Pareto généralisée et leurs positions par un processus ponctuel de type agrégé (démontrant que les défauts ne sont pas spatialement distribués de manière totalement aléatoire). Les processus ponctuels marqués permettent de montrer que tailles et positions de défauts ne sont pas corrélées. En utilisant ces informations statistiques, il est démontré que seuls les défauts proches de la surface sont critiques pour la fatigue oligocyclique. Un critère de fatigue basé sur l'énergie de déformation est utilisé pour prévoir la durée de vie en fatigue. Par la suite, un modèle de propagation de fissure permet de prendre en compte la taille de défaut dans la prévision de la durée de vie. Combiné à la statistique des défauts, ce modèle permet d'estimer la dispersion des essais. En dernier lieu, des essais et des simulations sur éprouvettes entaillées montrent que l'étude de la population de défauts est d'autant plus critique que le volume fortement sollicité mécaniquement devient plus faible. / In a search for lightweight materials, cast aluminium alloys have become an efficient solution for the automotive industry. For cylinder heads, cast aluminium alloys (Aluminium-Silicon-Copper based) are often chosen for their mechanical performances combined with their good casting abilities. This study aims at better understanding the damage mechanisms of Low-Cycle Fatigue (LCF) to help define a suitable design criterion. This is achieved by combining experiments (LCF tests at ambient and high temperature), various observations (Scanning electron microscopy, laboratory 3D X-ray microtomography, crack propagation monitoring) and numerical techniques (Finite element method simulations and defect population generation). Specifically designed statistical tools allow clearly identifying the defect (casting defects) population: the defect size can be modelled by a generalized Pareto distribution and their positions by a clustered point process (thus showing the defect locations are not completely random). Using marked point processes, it is also shown that defect size and defect position are uncorrelated. Using this statistical information and by systematic observations, it is proven that only defects close to the surface are critical for the fatigue life. The different interactions between cracks and defects are also studied, especially with respect to temperature. A strain energy based fatigue criterion is introduced and allows estimating the fatigue life. Then, a crack propagation model provides a mean of taking the defect size into account, which combined with the statistics of defects, gives an estimate of the fatigue life dispersion. Finally, notched specimens tests and simulations show the study of the defect population is even more critical as the highly loaded volume becomes smaller.

Ces travaux de thèse concernent la caractérisation en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles de l’alliage d’aluminium moulé A357-T6 (AS7G06-T6) en présence de défauts de type retassure. Six coulées ont été produites pour étudier deux familles de défauts : les retassures de type cavité et les retassures de type spongieuse avec un grade de nocivité qui varie entre 2 et 4 (selon la norme ASTM E 2422). La limite de fatigue en traction positive (R = 0.1) a été estimée en fonction de chaque type de défaut pour N = 2∙106 cycles. Des essais ont été également menés sur des éprouvettes dégradées en surface avec un défaut artificiel. Le défaut artificiel est caractérisé par une variation très localisée de la morphologie (usinage au FIB et par EDM) représentative de la microporosité interdendritique. La morphologie locale et globale des défauts naturels est étudiée grâce à des simulations numériques aux éléments finis. Les calculs numériques sont conduits sur la géométrie réelle d’un pore reconstruite à partir d’un scan en μ-CT. Deux géométries équivalentes ont été proposées pour approximer la morphologie d’un défaut naturel : une sphère et un ellipsoïde équivalent d’inertie.L’effet de la position du défaut sur l’évolution des champs mécaniques a été également étudié en conduisant des simulations numériques aux éléments finis sur la géométrie réelle du pore. Deux approches ont été proposés pour simuler un diagramme de type Kitagawa-Takahashi: (i) la Mécanique de la Rupture en Élasticité Linéaire (LEFM) (ii) un critère de fatigue detype Defect Stress Gradient (DSG), les deux modèles ont été testés dans le cas d’un amorçage sur un défaut de surface et interne.Une campagne d’essais de fatigue (R = 0.1) a été conduite à l’échelle d’un composant industriel. Une pièce réalisée par fonderie en A357-T6 a été testée dans une configuration saine et dégradée avec des défauts artificiels de surface. Un critère de type DSG, qui prend en compte l’effet du gradient de contrainte à l’échelle macroscopique de la structure, a été proposé.Le modèle a été validé par un calcul aux éléments finis du composant en utilisant une routine de post traitement des données, qui affiche en sortie la cartographie de la taille admissible du défaut de surface en chaque point du modèle simulé. / The purpose of this work is to characterize the high cycle fatigue strength of the A357-T6 (AS7G06-T6) cast aluminum alloy affected by natural casting defects (shrinkages). Six different castings have been manufactured in order to study two shrinkage types: the cavity shrinkages and the sponge shrinkages with a defect grade ranging from 2 to 4 (as defined by the ASTM E2422 standard). High cycle fatigue tests have been carried out in order to estimate the fatigue limit under positive tensile loading (R = 0.1) for each defect type at N = 2∙106 cycles. The effect of the local defect morphology has been investigated performing several fatigue tests on specimens with artificial surface defects characterized by a local morphology modification (FIB and EDM machining). The artificial defect size and morphology is representative of the natural interdendritic porosity. The local and global defect morphology of the natural defects have been studied by means of finite element simulations conducted on the real shrinkage morphology reconstructed from a μ-CT scan. Two equivalent geometries have been proposed to simplify the natural defect morphology: a sphere and an inertia - equivalent ellipsoid.The effect of the defect position on the mechanical filed evolution has also been studied by means of finite element simulations performed on the real defect geometry. The analysis of the Kitagawa-Takahashi diagram has been performedby using two different approaches for both internal and surface defects: (i) the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM)(ii) the Defect Stress Gradient (DSG) fatigue criterion. An experimental campaign has been performed at a component scale. A casted A357-T6structural component has been tested with two different configurations: as received and degraded with artificial surface defects. A DSG fatigue criterion,taking into account the effect of the stress gradient at the macroscopic scale of the component, has been proposed. The model has been validated by means of finite element simulations using a data post-processing sub-routine that gives as output the critical defect size map at each point of the simulated model.

The aim of the thesis is to point out difficulties in interpretation of the civil code provisions (the act No. 89/2012 Coll.) regulating mistake as a form of vitiated consent and outline solutions to them on the basis of appropriate interpretation methods. The thesis applies to the legislation of mistake in relation to contracts in general as provided in the civil code, s. 583 - 585 and analyzes the legal consequences made by mistake. The keyword - mistake - is defined in the text in two ways - firstly as discrepancy between the genuine will of the acting person and manifestation of the will, secondly as a defect of the will. The study is primarily focused on the latter case. The text analyzes thoroughly conditions which must be satisfied so that so-called substantial mistake affects legal consequences. These conditions include determining circumstance, mistake caused by the second party and excusability of mistake. A separated chapter is devoted to mistake caused by fraud which is a special type of mistake because of its graveness, and therefore the act provides requirements which are different from those leading to the substantial mistake. The next chapter focuses on mistake caused by the third person. At the end of the work, legal consequences of mistake are illustrated - the right to avoid a...

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17579号 / 工博第3738号 / 新制||工||1570(附属図書館) / 30345 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 木本 恒暢, 教授 髙岡 義寛, 准教授 船戸 充 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Abstract Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute a large family of osteoinductive proteins. Different BMPs are widely used in animal experiments and increasingly in the field of bone surgery. However, the sterilization of BMPs and the choice of a suitable mode of delivery, which binds and slowly releases BMP molecules, are still under intensive investigation. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of ethylene oxide and gamma sterilizations and different delivery systems on the osteoinductivity of reindeer BMP extract by using heterotopic and orthopic animal models. Ethylene oxide gas (Steri-Vac 4XL, temperature 29 °C, exposure time 4 h, concentration 860 mg/l) and gamma (doses of 3.15 or 4.15 Mrad) sterilizations were used. The tested delivery systems for reindeer BMP were collagen (Lyostypt®), gelatine capsule (no.1) and composites containing collagen combined with tricalcium phosphate (TCP) or hydroxyapatite (HA) or biphasic tricalcium phosphate-hydroxyapatite (TCP/HA) or biocoral (NC) frames. The injectability of reindeer BMP was tested by using injections containing a saline or gelatine vehicle. Osteoinductivity was evaluated as ectopic bone formation in the thigh muscle pouches of mouse hind legs. The induced new bone was evaluated based on the incorporation of 45Ca or calcium yield, radiographs and histological examination three weeks after the operations. The effect of gamma sterilization on the bone healing capacity of reindeer BMP extract was evaluated in a rabbit radial bone defect model in comparison with non-sterilized reindeer BMP extract and recombinant BMP-2. Bone healing was evaluated after eight weeks based on radiographs, mechanical tests and peripheral computerized tomography (pQCT). All BMP implants induced new bone in vivo visible in radiographs, but no bone formation was seen in the control implants without reindeer BMP. Gamma sterilization did not decrease significantly the osteoinductivity of reindeer BMP extract, except when administered as an injection containing gelatine vehicle. Ethylene oxide sterilization decreased significantly the osteoinductivity of reindeer BMP extract and was significantly inferior compared to gamma sterilization. Reindeer BMP combined with collagen or composite containing collagen and TCP/HA frame induced new bone significantly better than reindeer BMP combined with composite containing collagen and TCP frame. BMP injections with gelatine or saline vehicles induced new bone effectively. Injections were easy to handle and well tolerated by the mice. Reindeer BMP extract administered with collagen carrier healed the bone defect of the rabbit radius significantly better than control implants without reindeer BMP or no treatment and its effect was comparable with rhBMP-2 treatment.

Dans le cadre des études relatives à la sûreté sismique des installations industrielles, on est amené à se préoccuper de la stabilité de structures libres (des équipements, des containers, des fûts. . . ) posées à même le sol. De nombreuses méthodes ont permis d’établir des critères de sûreté réputés conservatifs, sans qu’il soit besoin de représenter finement le comportement dynamique de l’objet. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on a cherché à analyser la capacité de prédiction par des modèles numériques du mouvement de corps rigides libres soumis à des séismes impliquant impacts et glissements. Pour cela, on s’est appuyé sur deux campagnes expérimentales qui ont été menées au laboratoire EMSI du CEA/Saclay sur des blocs parallélépipédiques en acier, élancés et disposant de 4 appuis non ponctuels usinés avec des tolérances standards. Dans un premier temps, des essais de lâcher (bloc immobile en appuis sur deux pieds, puis lâché sans source d’excitation extérieure), souvent analysés dans la littérature comme un mouvement plan, ont fait apparaître un mouvement 3D reproductible dans les premiers instants consécutifs au lâcher. L’analyse fine de ce mouvement a permis, d’une part, de conclure qu’il était dû à des défauts de géométrie des pieds et, d’autre part, d’élaborer un modèle numérique représentatif incluant ces défauts. Dans un second temps, il a été question d’étudier l’aptitude du modèle numérique à représenter le comportement dynamique au cours du temps d’un bloc rigide élancé non idéal soumis à des excitations sismiques. Les blocs ont été soumis à 100 réalisations d’un processus stationnaire (essais de variabilité) puis 100 fois à la même accélération (essais de répétabilité). D’un point de vue statistique, et malgré les incertitudes expérimentales, ce travail a permis d’exhiber une bonne adéquation entre les résultats des modèles numériques et les résultats expérimentaux. En outre, il a permis de quantifier la durée au-delà de laquelle une prédiction du comportement ne peut plus être considérée comme pertinente. Pour finir, on s’est attaché à appliquer des outils classiques de fiabilité au problème de bloc rigide soumis à des séismes, ainsi que la méthode récente des Subset Simulations. / In the field of nuclear safety, the stability of free standing structures like containers, barrels or electronical devices is considered to be an important matter. Until now, the literature written on the subject presents some stability criteria known to be conservative without needing to represent in detail the object behavior. This thesis attempts to analyse the capacity numerical models have to predict the behavior of blocks submitted to seismic acceleration, with impacts and friction. To this effect, two experimental campaigns were carried out in the EMSI laboratory (CEA Saclay, France) on slender massive prismatic steel blocks, with 4 machined (i.e. non-ideal) feet. First of all, release tests (the block is in an unsteady position on 2 feet, kept still with a wire, then the wire is cut and the block is released without any ground motion) are usually analysed as a plane motion. Our experiments have shown a reproducible out-of-plane (3D) motion during the first seconds of the release. A detailed analysis highlighted the fact that this 3D motion is induced by geometrical defects on the block feet, and allowed us to build an accurate numerical model of this behavior. The ability of this numerical model to match the dynamic behavior of a non-ideal rigid slender block has been questioned. In a second campaign, 4 blocks were subjected on the one hand to 100 realisations of a stationnary process, and on the other hand 100 times to the same excitation. This accounts for an analysis of the variability of two 100-samples of results obtained under two different input variability levels. From a statistical point of view, despite experimental uncertainties this article demonstrates a good agreement between numerical and experimental results. Finally, some classical tools of reliabily were applied to the rocking block problem, as well as a newer method called Subset Simulation.

The aim of this diploma work is to analyse and evaluate claims in Renault Česká republika, Inc. by using the recommendations of quality management and by means of Pareto analysis as a quality control tool, and also to propose measures for reduction of causes of their emergence. In this work I review claims in Renault Česká republika, Inc. submitted in the years 2006, 2007 and first half of 2008. As a result and consequence of the analysis I propose solutions, which could help in making an effort to increase the satisfaction of both regular and prospective customers.