La théorie des vices du consentement offre une protection générique des contractants contre tout risque d'altération du consentement. Constatant son insuffisance, les droits de la consommation et de la concurrence ont, pour leur part, choisi d'adopter un ensemble de règles spécifiques visant à protéger, d'une part, les consommateurs et d'autre part, les professionnels en situation de faiblesse, contre ces mêmes risques. Au sein du droit de la consommation, cela s'est fait sous l'impulsion du droit européen, la directive du 11 mai 2005 relative aux pratiques commerciales déloyales ayant largement dicté le contenu des dispositions protectrices aujourd'hui applicables aux consommateurs. Ainsi, le Titre II du Livre Ier du Code de la consommation, consacré aux pratiques commerciales, comprend un Chapitre préliminaire consacré aux pratiques commerciales déloyales, suivi d'un Chapitre Ier, dont la Section 1 traite des pratiques commerciales trompeuses, puis d'un Chapitre II, dont la Section 5 traite des pratiques commerciales agressives. Le droit de la concurrence a, quant à lui, recouru spontanément à cette option. Son Livre IV comprend ainsi un Titre IV, dont le Chapitre II est relatif à la prohibition des pratiques restrictives de concurrence. Celles-ci, prohibées per se, n'ont a priori pas de lien apparent avec la théorie des vices du consentement. Pourtant, à y regarder de plus près, certaines d'entre elles s'attachent, de manière très indirecte, à rééquilibrer l'équilibre des forces en présence au stade de la négociation d'un contrat de distribution entre professionnels. Celles-ci vont en effet s'attacher à prohiber les comportements de certains professionnels qui, disposant d'un avantage économique certain, pourraient être tentés d'en jouer afin d'obtenir de leurs partenaires contractuels, économiquement dépendants, des avantages contractuels injustifiés. Ce faisant, c'est bien le consentement de ces derniers qui se trouve être préservé.En développant une telle législation, les droits spéciaux se sont écartés de leurs finalités réciproques. Ainsi, s'il est vrai que le droit de la consommation offre un ensemble de dispositions visant à prévenir la survenance de vices du consentement – approche inédite au sein de la théorie des vices du consentement de droit commun, qui ne s'attache qu'à réprimer les abus ayant effectivement altéré le consentement des contractants –, il propose également une abondance de dispositions curatives à la maniabilité souvent délicate. Leur compréhension ainsi que leur mise en œuvre nécessite donc une certaine habileté, au point de mettre en péril l'effectivité de la protection qu'elles visent à garantir. Quant au droit de la concurrence, le développement de dispositions visant à prohiber per se des comportements susceptibles de ne nuire qu'aux intérêts particuliers des professionnels en situation de faiblesse et non à l'ensemble du marché tend manifestement à détourner la matière de sa finalité première.Remédier à de telles constatations implique d'envisager la possibilité de délester les droits spéciaux d'une partie des dispositions légales visant à protéger le consentement des contractants y étant soumis, au profit de la théorie des vices du consentement. Une telle solution conduirait à recentrer les droits de la consommation et de la concurrence autour de leurs finalités respectives que sont, pour l'un, la protection des intérêts personnels des consommateurs et, pour l'autre, la protection du marché. Encore faudrait-il que les contractants, aujourd'hui protégés par ces dispositions spéciales, ne voient pas la qualité de leur protection diminuer. S'en assurer nécessitera de déterminer la nature des améliorations que devra subir la théorie des vices du consentement afin de pouvoir assimiler une part du contentieux de droit spécial. Ces améliorations, inspirées par l'étude des droits spéciaux, pourront ainsi bénéficier à l'ensemble des contractants soumis au droit commun. / The theory of the defect of consent offers a generic protection of the contracting party against all risk of consent modification. Having noticed its inadequacy, the laws of consumerism and competition have chosen to adopt a set of specific rules aiming to protect on one hand the consumer, and on the other hand the professional, both in a weak negotiating position, against these same risks. Within the consumerism law, this has been achieved under the European Rights impetus. The 11 May 2005 directive concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices has largely dictated the content of the protective measures nowadays applicable to customers. In the same way, the Second Title of the First Book of Consumer Code, dedicated to commercial practices, consists of a preliminary chapter establishing the unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices. It follows by the 1st chapter, where the 1st section deals with misleading commercial practices, whilst the 2nd chapter, 5th section deals with aggressive commercial practices. Hence the competition law has resorted spontaneously to this option. Fourth Book includes fourth Chapter, where the second Chapter relates to the ban of competitive restrictive practices. These ones, forbidden per se, apparently have no link to this theory of the defect of consent. However, if we look closer, some of them have indirectly the aim to balance present forces at the negotiation stage via a distribution contract between professionals. In fact some will be keen to ban certain professional's behavior that, having a certain economical advantage, could be tempted to play in such a way so as to acquire unjustified contractual advantages from contractual partners, economically dependent. In doing so, the latter would need to have their consent protected.By developing such legislation, special laws have distanced themselves from their mutual purpose. Thus, if it is true that the consumerism law offers a set of rules aiming to prevent any defect of consent should it arise, it equally proposes a multitude of preventive rules but of a delicate maneuver – this being an original approach within the theory of defect of consent of common law, trying to repress the abuse effectively altering the contractual consent. Their comprehension as well as the putting it into practice would require a certain skill, to the point of risking the protection effectiveness that it aims to provide. As to the competition law, a set of rules aiming to forbid per se sensitive behavior, it would endanger only particular interests of professionals in a weak negotiating position, and not the whole market, manifestly tending to divert the matter from its initial result.To find a solution to these observations would imply to take into account the possibility of cutting off special rights of certain legal rules aiming to protect contractual consent they are under the obligation of, in favor of the theory of defect of consent. Such solution would lead to re-focusing on consumer and competition laws around their respective result, which are on one hand the protection of consumer's personal interests, and on the other hand market protection. It would then mean that the contracting party, sheltered by special rules, would not see their protection level diminish. To be re-assured there's the need to determine the nature of the improvements the theory of defect of consent would require, so as to include a part of the litigation of special law. The latter, inspired by a study of special law, could then benefit of the whole contractual under the common law.

A new understanding of the damage formation mechanisms in Si is developed and investigated over an extended range of ion energy, dose, and irradiation temperature. A simple model for dealing with ion-induced damage is proposed, which is shown to be applicable over the range of implantation conditions. In particular the concept of defect "excesses" will be discussed. An excess exists in the lattice when there is a local surplus of one particular type of defect, such as an interstitial, over its complimentary defect (i.e., a vacancy). Mechanisms for producing such excesses by implantation will be discussed. The basis of this model specifies that accumulation of stable lattice damage during implantation depends upon the excess defects and not the total number of defects. The excess defect model is validated by fundamental damage studies involving ion implantation over a range of conditions. Confirmation of the model is provided by comparing damage profiles after implantation with computer simulation results. It will be shown that transport of ions in matter (TRIM) can be used effectively to model the ion-induced damage profile, i.e. excess defect distributions, by a simple subtraction process in which the spatially correlated defects are removed, thereby simulating recombination. Classic defect studies illuminate defect interactions from concomitant implantation of high- and medium-energy Si+-self ions. Also, the predictive quality of the excess defect model was tested by applying the model to develop several experiments to engineer excess defect concentrations to substantially change the nature and distribution of the defects. Not only are the excess defects shown to play a dominant role in defect-related processing issues, but their manipulation is demonstrated to be a powerful tool in tailoring the implantation process to achieve design goals. Pre-amorphization and dual implantation of different energetic ions are two primary investigative tools used in this work. Various analyses, including XTEM, RBS/channeling, PAS, and SIMS, provided experimental verification of the excess defect model disseminated within this dissertation.

The classical (proper) graph colouring problem asks for a colouring of the vertices of a graph with the minimum number of colours such that no two vertices with the same colour are adjacent. Equivalently the colouring is required to be such that the graph induced by the vertices coloured the same colour has the maximum degree equal to zero. The graph parameter associated with the minimum possible number of colours of a graph is called chromatic number of that graph. One generalization of this classical problem is to relax the requirement that the maximum degree of the graph induced by the vertices coloured the same colour be zero, and instead allow it to be some integer d. For d = 0, we are back at the classical proper colouring. For other values of d we say that the colouring has defect d. Another generalization of the classical graph colouring, is list colouring and its associated parameters: choosability and choice number. The main result of this thesis is to show that every graph G of Euler genus μ is ⌈2 + √(3μ + 3)⌉–choosable with defect 1 (equivalently, with clustering 2). Thus allowing any defect, even 1, reduces the choice number of surface embeddable graphs below the chromatic number of the surface. For example, the chromatic number of the family of toroidal graphs is known to be 7. The bound above implies that toroidal graphs are 5-choosable with defect 1. This strengthens the result of Cowen, Goddard and Jesurum (1997) who showed that toroidal graphs are 5-colourable with defect 1. In a graph embedded in a surface, two faces that share an edge are called adjacent. We improve the above bound for graphs that have embeddings without adjacent triangles. In particular, we show that every non-planar graph G that can be embedded in a surface of Euler genus μ without adjacent triangles, is ⌈(5+ √(24μ + 1)) /3⌉–choosable with defect 1. This result generalizes the result of Xu and Zhang (2007) to all the surfaces. They proved that toroidal graphs that have embeddings on the torus without two adjacent triangles are 4-choosable with defect 1.

L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier les associations potentielles entre les traitements antirétroviraux reçus par les femmes enceintes infectées par le VIH et les complications pouvant survenir au cours de la grossesse ou être diagnostiquées dans la période néonatale. Ce travail est issu en majeure partie des données de l’Enquête Périnatale Française (ANRS-EPF), cohorte nationale multicentrique ayant inclus plus de 20 000 couples mères-enfants depuis 1986. Actuellement, presque toutes les femmes sont traitées par combinaisons antirétrovirales puissantes (cART ; 98% en 2013) et le taux de transmission est inférieur à 1% : 0.6% (IC95% : 0.4%-0.8% pour la période 2005-2013). La première partie portait sur le risque d’accouchement prématuré dont le taux a augmenté significativement entre la période 1990-1993 et 2005-2009, passant de 9.2% à 14.3%. Le risque d’accouchement prématuré était significativement associé au traitement par cART, par rapport aux monothérapies et bithérapies d’INTI, et au traitement débuté avant la conception par rapport aux traitements débutés en cours de grossesse. La survenue d’une cytolyse hépatique était fréquente (17%), et était liée à la fois à la prématurité, et au type de traitement, plus fréquentes avec les IP qu’avec les inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse. La perturbation du bilan hépatique pourrait être un facteur intermédiaire dans la relation entre traitements et accouchement prématuré. La seconde partie portait sur les malformations congénitales. D’une part, elle a permis de mettre en évidence une association entre exposition à l’efavirenz au premier trimestre de grossesse et les malformations neurologiques, bien que concernant peu de cas (n=4) et n’atteignant la significativité que dans une analyse de sensibilité. Cette association incite à maintenir une vigilance chez les enfants exposés in utero à cette molécule classée tératogène par la FDA mais prescrite de plus en plus largement. D’autre part, l’exposition au premier trimestre à la zidovudine était associée à la survenue de malformations cardiaques. La troisième partie a complété cette étude par une analyse de la fonction cardiaque, des modifications infracliniques de la contractilité et de l’épaisseur des parois du ventricule gauche ont été mises en évidence chez les enfants exposés in utero à une combinaison de traitement contenant la zidovudine et la lamivudine. Ces résultats ne remettent pas en question l’efficacité majeure des traitements antirétroviraux pour la prévention de la transmission de la mère à l’enfant du VIH, mais incitent à la poursuite d’une surveillance épidémiologique des effets indésirables potentiels, de manière à optimiser les prescriptions pour un meilleur rapport bénéfice/risque. / Our objective was to study potential associations between antiretroviral treatment and obstetrical or neonatal complications in a population of HIV-positive pregnant women. Most of the analyses were conducted with data from the French Perinatal Cohort (ANRS-EPF), an ongoing multicenter national cohort with more than 20 000 mother-infant pairs included since 1986. In the recent years, most women receive combination antiretroviral therapies (cART ; 98% en 2013) and the trasnsmission rate is consistently under 1% : 0.6% (IC95% : 0.4%-0.8% for 2005-2013). Risk of preterm birth was significantly associated with cART, when compared to NRTI monotherapy or dual therapy, and with timing of treatment, higher for women treated at conception than for those initiating treatment during pregnancy. The occurrence of liver enzyme elevation was frequent (17%), and was associated both with preterm birth and with PI-based treatment, when compared to NNRTIs. LEE could be an intermediate factor between cART and preterm birth. The second part of this work was a study of congenital birth defect in the cohort, and showed an association between first trimester-exposure to efavirenz and neurological defects, but this concerned small numbers (n=4), and reached significance only in a sensitivity analysis. This association encourages us to maintain awareness concerning this molecule, considered teratogenic by the FDA but more and more largely prescribed. We also reported an association between first-trimester exposure to zidovudine and congenital heart defects. In a third part, we studied heart function, differences in contractility and septum thickness of the left ventricle was found, among girls exposed to a combination containing zidovudine and lamivudineThese results do not question the great progress of antiretroviral treatment in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, but they encourage us to continue epidemiologic surveillance of potential side effects, in order to optimize prescriptions for an improved benefit/risk ratio.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13331号 / 論医博第2199号 / 新制||医||1044(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 横出 正之, 教授 戸口田 淳也 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22442号 / 工博第4703号 / 新制||工||1734(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科原子核工学専攻 / (主査)教授 斉藤 学, 教授 神野 郁夫, 准教授 松尾 二郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The main objective of this research is to propose optimization of the defect detection algorithm in the production of nonwoven textile. The algorithm was developed by CAMEA spol. s.r.o. As a consequence of upgrading the current camera system to a more powerful one, it will be necessary to optimize the current algorithm and choose the hardware with the appropriate architecture on which the calculations will be performed. This work will describe a usefull programming techniques of CUDA software architecture and OpenCL framework in details. Using these tools, we proposed to implement a parallel equivalent of the current algorithm, describe various optimization methods, and we designed a GUI to test these methods.

Diagnostic of photovoltaic cells defects is one of the key step in production. This dissertation thesis deals about diagnosis of photovoltaic cells by radiative recombination of electron - hole pairs. This radiative recombination is known as luminescence. Diagnostic methods using this local light emission in infrared region have innovative potential. The method of electroluminescence is one of the most widely used luminescence methods whose modifications are applied across the industry, especially in semiconductors. The main area of this thesis research is focused on non-destructive analysis of radiated infrared radiation of monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar cells in various modifications of standard electroluminescence method. In this research there are used two types of CCD cameras are used as luminescent radiation detectors. Method of photon emission microscopy is used for magnification element. Local light emission inspection by microscopy should have benefit to qualitative evaluation of solar cells defects. Radiation emitted by the solar cell has a wave character. This fact brings the potential of using some of the characteristics of the waves. We are talking about the intensity and mainly about new characterization by polarization during the detection of defects in the solar cell surface. Innovation of the measuring workplace of the standard electroluminescence method to use polarization analysis is one of the goals of this dissertation thesis.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to clarify the topic of calibration samples used in eddy current testing on equipment in nuclear energy. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis is focused on the eddy current testing method, which belongs to the technology of non-destructive defectoscopy. This part of the work describes the principle of the method, its scope, limitations and dividing of sensors used in this test method. The work briefly describes the physical principle of the laser, its types and operating modes. The practical part of the work is focused on the production of a calibration samples by laser. Another point of the work is the comparison of data obtained from eddy current measurements on samples made by laser and on calibration samples used in practice.

This thesis is focused on one of the diagnostic methods of fotovoltaic cells the LBIC (Light Beam Induced Current) method and the experimental measurement set-up for this method, which is operated by the Department of Electrical and Electronic Technology in Brno. The principle of photovoltaic cells function, the possibly used material and the problems usually encountred during production are described in this work,. There is also a review of methods that can be used to detect defects in photovoltaic cells. The main part is devoted to the proposal of a new experimental set-up for the measuring LBIC method and software development for this set-up. There is a proposal of a new method of measurement, which is also implemented using the development environment Borland C + +. Newly developed software for this method allows simpler operation and more efficient measurements.