Clinical Issue Health Canada recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months post birth and then the addition of complementary foods with breastfeeding extending to a minimum of two years. Breastfeeding initiation rates in Canada are currently at around 87% but, by one month, about 21% of women have stopped breastfeeding. Engorgement and edema in breast tissue can lead to breastfeeding challenges which may contribute to early weaning. Purpose The purpose of this pilot research study was to explore the relationship between intravenous (IV) fluids given to mothers during the peripartum period and postpartum breast or nipple swelling in the first ten days postpartum and determine if a larger study was warranted and feasible. The research question for this pilot study was, "What is the relationship between the amount of IV fluids given to labouring women and edema of the breast and areola complex experienced by breastfeeding women in the first 10 days postpartum?" Methods It is a prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort pilot study with repeated measures and a within-subjects design. Participants are first time mothers who planned to exclusively breastfeed and gave birth to a single, healthy newborn by means of a spontaneous vaginal birth, Mother and baby were discharged home together with no contraindications to exclusive unrestricted breastfeeding. Descriptive statistics are reported and linear regression analysis is used to model the relationship between IV therapy and postpartum breast edema. Results Women who received IV fluids during labour had higher levels of edema postpartum and rated their breasts as firmer as and more tender than women who did not receive IV fluids. Participants who had IV fluids appeared to be less aware of the fullness associated with lactogenesis II, and the pattern of fullness they described appeared to be related to edema noted. Participants who did not have IV fluids appeared to have unrelated patterns of fullness and edema, and therefore appeared more aware of the onset of lactogenesis II. The results support a larger study about the relationships between maternal perinatal IV fluids and breast or nipple changes.

Koncepce regulace a dohledu ovlivňuje nejen profil účastníků finančního trhu, ale zejména charakter jejich jednání. Variant, jak ji institucionálně uchopit, potom existuje celá řada. Ať už je dané uspořádání jakékoli, musí reflektovat jednak výchozí parametry finančního systému, jednak aktuální tržní dění. V podmínkách České republiky usiluje o zdraví, stabilitu, účinnost, transparentnost a bezpečnost finančního prostředí Česká národní banka, v jejímž rámci byl výkon veškerých regulatorně-dohledových aktivit soustředěn k 1. dubnu 2006.

The development of new methods for the reduction of carboxylic acid derivatives is described. The ability to reduce these carbonyl derivatives through radical intermediates provides an orthogonal approach as compared with hydride based reductions. Initial experiments focused on the development of the SmI2–H2O system, where we have shown that chelation effects can be utilised to facilitate reduction of cyclic esters. Furthermore, a revised mechanism for the SmI2–H2O mediated reduction of lactones is discussed, and the effective reduction potential of the system determined. Also described is the optimisation of barbituric acids using SmI2–H2O to give the corresponding hemiaminal product. Next, experiments towards the development of a more reactive SmI2-based system are presented; where we have demonstrated that the SmI2–amine–H2O system is capable of the reduction unactivated carboxylic acid derivatives. The reductions of carboxylic esters and acids are described with mechanistic discussions. In addition, the design of a new divalent lanthanide system based on thulium diiodide is described. The addition of proton sources to TmI2 increases the effective reduction potential and facilitates unprecedented reactivity with amides. An investigation into the preparation of the reagent is also described, which has been one of the key factors developing all of the chemistry presented.

Glyoxalase 11, the second enzyme of the glyoxalase system, hydrolyzes S-D-lactoylglutathione (SLG) to regenerate glutathione (GSH) and liberate free D-lactate. It was found that GTP binds with Gil from rat liver and inhibits Gil activity. Preincubation experiments showed that the binding is relatively tight, since more than 15 minutes are required to release GTP from the complex following dilution. Inhibition kinetics studies indicate that GTP is a "partially competitive inhibitor"; Thus, it would appear that the binding sites for substrate (SLG) and inhibitor (GTP) are different, but spatially close. Glyoxalase 11 binds to a GTP affinity medium, and with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Gil has a higher relative mobility when GTP is present (ATP has no effect). The functional consequences of GTP binding with a specific site on Gil are still unclear. It is speculated that Gil may interact with tubulin by serving as a dissociable GTP carrier, delivering GTP to the tubulinGTP binding site, and thus facilitating tubulin polymerization.

This final thesis deals with the risk management of the insurance company within the establishment of the new concept Solvency II valid for the each European Union member states in insurance industry. In first part, there are defined risks of the insurance company. Lamfalussy's legislative process used for concept Solvency II establishment is described in second part. New concept Solvency II, their objectives, three props, implementation time schedule as well as analysis of five quantitative impact studies is determined in third part. Final part of this thesis is focused on Risk management of the insurance company.

For decades nations have debated how to successfully employ air power. In 1943 the United States and Great Britain launched a massive strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The two sides agreed to a flawed plan due to the fundamental differences on bombing doctrine. As a result, the campaign was fraught with issues that remained largely unresolved in 1943. Without a clearly defined plan, the Allies were unable to determine which commands or targets received priority throughout the offensive. This ultimately led to a confused and unfocused campaign. High losses and inconclusive results derailed the American bombing effort. By November, the two sides agreed that the entire bombing offensive was either behind schedule or had failed entirely.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Flores / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T15:15:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Toffoli_MonicaCristina_M.pdf: 1649233 bytes, checksum: f3196ce84cf26274217e61ed3b1076da (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994 / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve os efeitos do IFN-'gama' sobre a atividade migratória de neutrófilos e monócitos para a cavidade peritoneal de camundongos; descreve também a relação espécie-específica entre os IFNs-'gama' recombinantes humano e murino, in vitro, bem como seu efeito modulador sobre a atividade quimiotática para neutrófilos induzida por LPS, in vivo, e sobre a liberação de fatores quimiotáticos para essas células, por macrófagos peritoneais estimulados, in vitro, pela endotoxina. Tanto o rmulFN-'gama' (150-1350 Ul/animal) quanto o rhulFN-'gama' (150 Ul/animal) nâo foram capazes de induzir migração de neutrófilos ou de monócitos para a cavidade de camundongos, avaliada 12 e 96 horas após a injeção dos estímulos e comparadas ao controle LPS (200 ng/animal) e tioglicolato 3% (1,5 ml/animal), respectivamente. Observou-se também, que em ratos, nenhum dos rlFN-? (humano ou murino) foi capaz de induzir migração de neutrófilos ou monócitos para a cavidade peritoneal desses animais. Os macrófagos peritoneais murinos, in vitro, quando estimulados simultaneamente com rmulFN-'gama' e LPS liberaram em torno de 30 µM de NO2- e esta liberação foi quase totalmente inibida com nitroarginina (NARG, 500 µM). Por outro lado, a estimulação desses macrófagos com rhulFN-'gama' e LPS não causou liberação significativa de NO, mesmo em doses de até 500 ui/ml. A estimulação de células mononucleares humanas com rhulFN-'gama' (20-500 Ul/ml) causou uma liberação dose-dependente de ânions superóxido, entretanto tal efeito não foi observado quando a célula estudada foi o neutrófilo. O rhulFN-'gama' potenciou a liberação desses ânions tanto em células mononucleares como em neutrófilos estimulados por PMA (3 nM), porém, quando o estímulo foi o zimosam, o efeito da potenciação não foi observado. Quando os estudos foram realizados utilizando-se rmulFN-'gama', esta citocina por si só, não causou liberação de ânions superóxido e não foi capaz de potenciar a liberação induzida por PMA ou zimosam, nos dois tipos celulares analisados. Macrófagos em cultura foram capazes de liberar no sobrenadante, após estimulação com LPS (5 µg/ml), um fator que induziu migração de neutrófilos para a cavidade peritoneal de camundongos. A injeção do sobrenadante de macrófagos estimulados por rmulFN-'gama' e LPS causou uma migração de neutrófilos para a cavidade peritoneal de camundongos cerca de 50% menor do que a induzida pelo sobrenadante obtido de macrófagos apenas estimulados com LPS. A dosagem de TNF-'alfa' no sobrenadante de cultura de macrófagos murinos estimulados com LPS (5 µg/ml) ou rmulFN-'gama' (20 Ul/ml), apresentaram valores semelhantes: 3,67 e 3,61 ng TNF/ml, respectivamente. O nível de TNF-'alfa' presente no sobrenadante de cultura de macrófagos estimulados com LPS e rmulFN-'gama' foi cerca de 3,5 vezes maior (12 ng TNF/ml). A administração simultânea de rmulFN-'gama' (150 Ul/animal) foi capaz de, dependendo da dose de LPS ou TNF-'alfa' utilizada, potenciar (1 ng de LPS ou 0,5 ng de TNF-'alfa'/animal) ou inibir (10,100 ng de LPS ou 100 ng de TNF-a/animal) a migração de neutrófilos induzida por esses estímulos, para a cavidade peritoneal de camundongos. Estes resultados mostram que IFN-'gama' não é quimiotático para neutrófilos ou monócitos e seus efeitos são espécie-específicos. O IFN-'gama' possue uma importante função moduladora sobre as atividades citotóxíca e liberadora de citocinas e/ou fatores quimiotáticos por macrófagos e não deve estar participando das etapas iniciais do processo inflamatório e sim na manutenção do mesmo. / Abstract: This thesis describes the effects of IFN-'gama' on the migration of monocytes and neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity of mice and also examines the species specificity of the in vitro actions of human and murine recombinant IFN-'gama' (rhulFN-'gama' and rmulFN-'gama', respectively). In addition, the effects of IFN-'gama' on the chemotactic activity of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neutrophils in vivo and on the release of chemotactic factors for these cells by peritoneal macrophages stimulated with LPS in vitro are also examined. Neither rmulFN-'gama' (150-1350 lU/animal) or rhulFN-'gama' (150 lU/animal) were able to induce monocyte or neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity of mice when compared with the response caused by LPS (200 ng/animal) and 3% thioglycollate (1,5 ml/animal) 12 and 96 h after injection, respectively. Both recombinant IFN-y were also unable to stimulate cell migration in rats. The simultaneous stimulation of murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro with rmulFN-'gama' and LPS caused the release of NO2" (30 µM) which could be almost totally inhibited by nitroargininr (NARG, 500 µM). When rhulFN-'gama' was replaced with rmulFN-'gama' in the above experiments, no formation of NO2" was detected even at interferon doses of up to 500 lU/ml. The exposure of human monocytes, but not neutrophils, to rhulFN-'gama' (20-500 Ul/ml) resulted in a dose-dependent release of superoxide anions. Furthermore, in both monocytes and neutrophils, the formation of superoxide anions in the presence of phorbol myristic acid (PMA, 3nM), but not zymosan, was potentiated by rhulFN-'gama'. In contrast to these results, rmulFN-'gama' was unable to stimulate superoxide anion formation in these cells and was also unable to potentiate the release in the presence of PMA or zymosam. Upon stimulation with LPS (5 µg/ml), macrophages in culture released a factor which induced the migration of neutrophils when injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice. This migration was inhibited by approximately 50% when the macrophages were co-stimulated with rmulFN and LPS. The levels of TNF-'alfa' in the culture medium of murine macrophages stimulated with either LPS (5 µg/ml) or rmulFN-'gama' (20 lU/ml) were very similar (3,67 vs 3,61 ng TNF/ml, respectively) but were about 3,5 fold lower than the levels observed in macrophages stimulated with LPS and IFN-'gama' (12 ng TNF/ml) of rmulFN-'gama' (150 lU/animal) either potentiated or inhibited the migration of neutrophils into the mouse peritoneal cavity induced by these agents; potentiation occured at LPS and TNF doses of 1 ng and 0,5 ng/animal, respectively, while inhibition was observed at LPS and TNF doses of 10-100 ng and 100 ng/animal, respectively. These results demonstrate that IFN-'gama' is not chemotactic for monocytes and neutrophils and that its effects are species-specific. Furthermore, IFN-'gama' has an important modulatory influence on the cytotoxic and mediator-releasing activities of cytokines and/or of the chemotactic factors liberated by macrophages. IFN-'gama' therefore seems to have a minimal role in the initial stages of the inflammatory reaction but is important in maintaining this process. / Mestrado / Mestre em Farmacologia

O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi comparar os resultados oclusais e a eficiência dos protocolos de tratamento em uma e duas fases da má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1. A eficiência do tratamento foi definida como um melhor resultado oclusal em um menor tempo de tratamento. Uma amostra de 139 pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1 foi dividida em dois grupos de acordo com o protocolo de tratamento instituído para a correção da má oclusão de Classe II: Grupo 1, constituído por 78 pacientes, tratados com o protocolo de tratamento em uma fase com idades médias inicial e final de 12,51 ('+ou-' 1,28) e 14,68 ('+ou-' 1,49) anos, respectivamente e Grupo 2, constituído por 61 pacientes, tratados com o protocolo de tratamento em duas fases com idades médias inicial e final de 11,21 ('+ou-' 1,21) e 14,70 ('+ou-' 1,55) anos, respectivamente. Telerradiografias em norma lateral foram obtidas ao início do tratamento para avaliar a compatibilidade cefalométrica dos grupos. Os resultados oclusais foram avaliados nos modelos de gesso dos pacientes nas fases inicial e final utilizando os índices PAR e IPT. Aplicou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para avaliar a compatibilidade dos grupos quanto à severidade da relação ântero-posterior dos arcos dentários e à distribuição por gêneros. As variáveis diretamente relacionadas aos resultados oclusais foram comparadas por meio do teste t independente. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi calculado para avaliar a relação existente entre os índices PAR e IPT nas fases inicial e final do tratamento. Finalmente, uma análise de regressão foi realizada a fim de verificar a influência de diversas variáveis no tempo de tratamento. Verificou-se que resultados oclusais semelhantes são obtidos com os protocolos de tratamento em uma e duas fases, no entanto o tempo de tratamento foi significantemente menor no grupo tratado em uma fase. Baseado nos resultados deste trabalho deste trabalho pode-se concluir que o tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1 é mais eficiente quando realizado com o protocolo de tratamento em uma fase. / The purpose of this study was to compare the dentoalveolar outcomes and the efficiency of 1-phase and 2-phase treatment protocols in Class II, division 1 malocclusions. Treatment efficiency was defined as a better dentoalveolar result in a shorter treatment time. Class II, division 1 subjects (n=139) were divided into two groups in agreement with the treatment protocol adopted for Class II correction. Group 1 comprised 78 patients treated with 1-phase treatment protocol (single-stage group) at initial and final mean ages of 12.51 ('+ou-' 1.28) and 14.68 ('+ou-' 1.49) years. Group 2 comprised 61 patients treated with 2-phase treatment protocol (two-stage group) at initial and final mean ages of 11.21 ('+ou-' 1.21) and 14.70 ('+ou-' 1.55) years. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken at the pretreatment stage to evaluate morphological differences among treatment groups. Evaluations were performed on the initial and final study models of the patients using the peer assessment rating (PAR) and treatment priority (TPI) indexes. Chi-square tests were used to compare the two groups regarding initial molar Class and gender distribution. Variables regarding occlusal results were compared using independent t-tests. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine relationships between PAR and TPI at initial and final stages. Finally, a regression analysis was completed, with total treatment time as the dependent variable to identify clinical factors that predict treatment length for patients with Class II malocclusions. Results demonstrated that similar dentoalveolar outcomes are obtained between 1-phase and 2-phase treatment protocols, but the duration of treatment was significantly smaller in the 1-phase treatment protocol group. Based on the results of this investigation, it can be concluded that treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusions is more efficient with the 1-phase treatment protocol

O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi o de comparar os graus de eficiência do tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II, realizado com o aparelho Pendulum e com extrações de dois pré-molares superiores. A amostra constituiu-se dos modelos de gesso e das telerradiografias de 48 pacientes com má oclusão de Classe II, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o protocolo de tratamento, sendo que ambos os grupos utilizaram o aparelho fixo. O grupo 1 foi composto por 22 pacientes tratados com o aparelho Pendulum, com idade inicial média de 14,44 + 1,85 anos (idade mínima de 11,6 e máxima de 17,65), sendo 7 do gênero masculino e 15 do feminino. O grupo 2 constituiu-se por 26 pacientes tratados com extrações de dois pré-molares superiores, com idade inicial média de 13,66 + 0,91 anos (idade mínima de 12 e máxima de 15,08), sendo 14 do gênero masculino e 12 do feminino. Para a comparação entre os graus de eficiência, os resultados oclusais dos tratamentos foram avaliados em modelos de gesso por meio dos índices oclusais IPT e PAR, enquanto que o tempo de tratamento de cada grupo foi calculado a partir das anotações clínicas presentes nos prontuários. O grau de eficiência foi calculado pela porcentagem de melhora oclusal, avaliada pelo IPT e PAR, dividida pelo tempo de tratamento. Os índices oclusais iniciais e finais, o tempo de tratamento e o grau de eficiência dos protocolos avaliados foram comparados por meio do teste t independente. Os resultados demonstraram que o grupo 2 apresentou um maior grau de eficiência do que o grupo 1, com um tempo de tratamento significantemente menor / The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of Class II treatment with the Pendulum appliance and with extraction of two maxillary premolars. For this, 48 treated Class II malocclusion patients were selected and divided into two groups according to the treatment protocol: group 1 consisted of dental study models and initial cephalograms of 22 patients treated with the Pendulum appliance, with an initial mean age of 14,44 years and group 2, consisted of dental study models and initial cephalograms of 26 patients treated with two maxillary premolar extractions and a initial mean age of 13,66 years. To compare the efficiency of each treatment protocol, the occlusal outcomes were evaluated on dental casts with the TPI and the PAR occlusal indexes and the treatment time of each group was calculated on the clinical charts. The treatment efficiency degree was calculated as the ratio between the percentages of occlusal improvement, evaluated through the TPI or PAR, by the treatment time. The occlusal indexes, the treatment time and the treatment protocols efficiency degree of the groups were compared by means of the t test. Results demonstrated that the two maxillary premolar extraction protocol provided the occlusal outcomes in a shorter treatment time and, therefore, a greater treatment efficiency than the Pendulum treatment

The internment of over 375,000 German prisoners of war has become a footnote in the broad history of the United States’ involvement in World War II. Yet for Algona, a small town in north-central Iowa, a POW camp allowed the community to contribute to the war effort and to have a real encounter with “the enemy.” The memory of Camp Algona, which housed over 10,000 German POWs during the war, has been preserved in the archive of the Camp Algona POW museum. Among the historical and military documents held in the archive is an extensive collection of material related to the activities of the camp’s choir, orchestra, and theater troupe. The archive holds extant concert programs, photographs, concert reviews from the camp newspaper, and the choir director’s scrapbook, which together document fifty-nine concerts given between October 1944 and December 1945. Archival documentation suggests that music, especially German music, was a prominent feature of Camp Algona’s culture, distinct from other artistic and creative endeavors. This suggests a narrative that conflicts with existing assumptions in the most comprehensive histories of German POW camps in America (such as Arnold Krammer’s Nazi POWs in America and Judith Gansberg’s Stalag, U.S.A.), which generally categorize music-making as one of many popular recreational activities. One commonly accepted view is that music, like other leisurely activities, was evidence of the United States’ adherence to the Geneva Convention of 1929, which stipulated that captors must provide adequate time and means for recreation and “intellectual diversion.” Yet, first-hand accounts, newspaper reviews, and other archival documents from Camp Algona suggest that the music performed by the choir and orchestra had myriad layers of meaning and functionality for the POWs. Camp Algona’s archive holds the largest known collection of music and music-related artifacts from a German POW camp in the U.S. Thus, assumptions or oversimplifications in existing literature are likely products of the lack of existing scholarship specifically related to music. The archival evidence from Camp Algona suggests that music-making by German POWs functioned as a facilitator of communal expressions of emotion, nationalism, and cultural pride. It also served as a cultural bridge between Iowans and POWs in the context of Christmas concerts and religious services involving civilians. Through critical exploration of this relatively new archive, it is possible to offer the first musicological perspective on the lives of German POWs in American during WWII, one that contributes to the existing historical literature and invites further scholarship and comparative study on music in POW camps in America.