A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible near infrared spectrometer (NIRS) system was developed and evaluated for continuous-wave diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and concurrent functional MRI measurements of human muscle. Phantom and in-vivo experiments using the system’s fiber bundle suggested that an isolation distance greater than 8 mm needs to exist between adjacent illumination-detection channels. Using single and probe-pair arrangements (inter-fiber separations of 80 µm and 5 mm, respectively), in-vivo DOS point-measurements (total=20 images) were performed on 1) the antecubital vein and a reference tissue area and 2) the lower leg at the medial (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) under isokinetic exercise. Mean spectral morphological differences and relative mean intensity changes at Hemoglobin key wavelengths were found, namely reduced mean pixel intensity (~30%) for the vessel-area and a signal change of ~1-4% between the rest and the recovery condition at both muscle locations for the single-probe configuration. Subsequent work is necessary to evaluate the oxygenation assessment capabilities of this system. Lastly, experiments were performed in which two volunteers had concurrent measurement of optical and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI, before and following exercise. The same probe arrangement was used for DOS measurements for this experiment. The BOLD signal was studied for manually-derived ROIs. BOLD recovery curves corresponding to the LG followed routine temporal progression where immediate post-exercise signal is hypointense, followed with a sigmoidal-shaped recovery. A decrease ranging between ~0.1-20% was found in the normalized mean spectral signal (20 images) for recovery with reference to the rest condition at both muscle locations for single-probe measurements and for one probe-pair measurement (for 800,808 and 850 nm). The specific trend of the measured decrease in the mean spectral curves during recovery was not consistent among these trials. Future steps include repeatable phantom experiments, increased optical power delivery, enhanced skin contact and improved reflectance measurements / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Orientador: Rickson Coelho Mesquita / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T21:15:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CanoRodriguez_Reember_M.pdf: 7820145 bytes, checksum: a3b06ecbe442d6ecf0266b22a280fb76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A capacidade de observar a fisiologia funcional do tecido humano tem crescido rapidamente nos últimos anos. Entre outras técnicas, destaca-se a espectroscopia óptica de difusão (DOS), uma técnica emergente que utiliza os princípios da difusão de fótons e permite o monitoramento do tecido biológico de forma continua e portátil. A partir da luz (~ 700 - 900 nm) espalhada pelo tecido é possível determinar variações relativas do seu coeficiente de absorção, que estão relacionadas com as concentrações de oxi-hemoglobina (HbO2) e deoxi-hemoglobina (HbR) presentes no sangue. Neste trabalho, utilizamos a técnica de DOS no domínio da frequência, e a informação da defasagem da onda espalhada (em relação _a onda incidida) para determinação das propriedades ópticas absolutas do tecido biológico e, consequentemente, da sua fisiologia. Em particular, comparamos diferentes modelos de propagação da luz no tecido (semi-infinito e duas camadas) e as propriedades ópticas derivadas destes modelos. Além disso, investigamos métodos de calibração do sinal óptico no tecido, do ponto de vista teórico e experimental, mostrando sua aplicabilidade em experimentos com humanos, no estado de repouso e em intervenções cirúrgicas / Abstract: The ability to observe the functional physiology of human tissue has grown rapidly in recent years. Among other techniques, we highlight diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS), an emerging technique that utilizes the principles of diffusion of photons and allows monitoring of biological tissue continuously and portable way. From the light (~700 - 900 nm) scattered by tissue it is possible to determine the relative changes in the absorption coefficient, which are related to the concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) in the blood. In this study, we used the technique DOS in the frequency domain, and the phase information of the scattered wave (related to incident wave) for determining the absolute optical properties of biological tissue and, consequently, the physiology. In particular, we compared different models of propagation of light (semi-infinite and two-layer) and the optical properties of tissue derived from these models. Furthermore, we investigated methods of calibration of the optical signal on the tissue from both the experimental and theoretical perspectives, demostrating its applicability in experiments with humans in the resting state and in surgical interventions / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Orientador: Rickson Coelho Mesquita / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-29T15:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ForeroTorres_EdwinJohan_M.pdf: 4179362 bytes, checksum: aee9e712d9413439ca126f8c0a72ca77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: As técnicas de espectroscopia de difusão tais como a espectroscopia óptica de difusão (DOS) e a espectroscopia de correlação de difusão (DCS) permitem estudar as propriedades ópticas (ou estáticas) e dinâmicas, respectivamente, de meios turvos como o tecido biológico. Em geral, nestas técnicas se usam modelos de difusão da luz em meios turvos para estimar a intensidade da luz espalhada ou sua flutuação pelo meio, e através da comparação com dados experimentais, quantificar a concentração e o deslocamento quadrático médio das moléculas absorvedoras e espalhadoras que compõem os tecidos. No entanto, por serem técnicas relativamente recentes se conhece pouco em relação à propagação da luz em meios com diferentes geometrias, particularmente em relação com as propriedades dinâmicas. Por essa razão, para obter tais propriedades com estas técnicas é necessário assumir algumas características dos tecidos tais como homogeneidade e geometrias simples que nem sempre são correspondentes à situação real, o que pode ocasionar erros nas estimativas das propriedades. Nos últimos anos, os algoritmos de Monte Carlo têm sido cada vez mais usados para analisar a propagação da luz através de meios turvos, entre outras coisas porque envolvem poucas hipóteses e permitem simular meios com alto grau de heterogeneidade. Assim, este projeto propôs o estudo de simulações de Monte Carlo no problema de propagação da luz no tecido biológico, adaptando e modificando o algoritmo livre para download chamado mcxyz. Este estudo se enfocou em meios com geometrias semi-infinita e de duas camadas. Neste projeto também se estabeleceu uma metodologia para a obtenção das propriedades ópticas e dinâmicas de tecidos biológicos, implementando um algoritmo genético para o caso estático e um algoritmo de Levenberg-Marquardt para o caso dinâmico. Estes algoritmos foram testados sobre as medidas de DOS e DCS feitas na cabeça de voluntários sadios, comparando os resultados obtidos com os resultados encontrados pelas técnicas convencionais para meios semi-infinito e de duas camadas. Palavras-chaves: Monte Carlo, Espectroscopia de Difusão, Algoritmos de otimização / Abstract: Diffusion spectroscopy techniques such as optical diffusion spectroscopy (DOS) and diffusion correlation spectroscopy (DCS) allow to study the optical (or static) properties and dynamic respectively, of turbid media such as biological tissue. In general, in these techniques, difusse light models of turbid media are used to estimate the intensity of scattered light or a fluctuation in the middle and through comparison with experimental data, to quantify the concentration and the mean square displacement of the absorbing and scattering molecules which comprise tissues. However, recent techniques being relatively little is known regarding the propagation of light in media with different geometries, particularly in relation to the dynamic properties. For this reason, for such properties with these techniques it is needed to take some tissue characteristics such as homogeneity and simple geometries that are not always correspond to the real situation, which can lead to errors in estimates of property. In recent years, Monte Carlo algorithms have been increasingly used to analyze the light propagation through turbid media, among other things because they involve little hypothesis and allowing to simulate media with a high degree of heterogeneity. Thus, this project proposes the study of Monte Carlo simulations on the problem of propagation of light in biological tissue, adapting and modifying the algorithm to free download called mcxyz. This study is focused on media with semi-infinite geometries and two layers. This project also established a methodology to obtain the optical and dynamic properties of biological tissues, implementing genetic algorithms to the static case and Lenverberg Maquerest algorithm for dynamic case. These algorithms were tested on the DCS and DOS measurements made in head volunteers, comparing the results obtained with results obtained by conventional techniques for semi-infinite and two layers media. Keywords: Monte Carlo, Diffusion Spectroscopy, Optimization Algorithms / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 119701-7/2013 / CAPES

Orientador: Rickson Coelho Mesquita / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T04:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Forti_RodrigoMenezes_M.pdf: 12387880 bytes, checksum: 7008f6dbed4a5d63effefff5a6582b33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Técnicas de espectroscopia baseadas em óptica de difusão são essenciais para a obtenção das propriedades ópticas e dinâmicas em meios turvos, caracterizados pela predominância dos efeitos de espalhamento sobre a absorção. Nestas condições, a luz se propaga esfericamente no meio, num regime aproximadamente difusivo. A luz espalhada pode então ser detectada no mesmo plano de incidência, e sua detecção fornece informação das propriedades ópticas e dinâmicas das moléculas que compõem o meio. Em particular, a técnica encontra uma vasta aplicação no estudo das propriedades do tecido biológico, uma vez que este se comporta como um meio turvo na região do infravermelho próximo. Por se tratar de uma técnica experimental relativamente recente, pouco é conhecido em relação à propagação da luz em meios com diferentes geometrias, principalmente em relação às propriedades dinâmicas do meio. Este projeto propôs um estudo teórico-experimental detalhado da propagação da luz em meios turvos semi-infinitos e de duas camadas, com foco na obtenção das propriedades dinâmicas do meio, através de uma técnica óptica de difusão conhecida como espectroscopia de correlação de difusão (DCS). Mais especificamente, esse projeto testou as geometrias de um meio semi-infinito e de duas camadas, com o uso de simulações de Monte Carlo e experimentos em ambientes controlados. Foi mostrado que o uso da geometria de duas camadas, ao invés da de um meio semi-infinito, como é usualmente feito na literatura, traz melhoras significativas para a recuperação das propriedades de fluxo do meio. As geometrias usadas neste trabalho representam aproximações mais precisas das estruturas muscular e cerebral, por exemplo, e retratam diferentes situações encontradas em Biologia e Medicina. Por fim, o sistema também foi testado em voluntários sadios. Os resultados obtidos neste projeto tem aplicação direta nas áreas citadas, e podem contribuir significativamente para o desenvolvimento de técnicas físicas para o monitoramento cerebral e muscular na clínica médica / Abstract: Spectroscopic techniques based on diffuse optics are essential for determination of the optical and dynamical properties of turbid media, in which scattering predominates over absorption. Under these conditions, light propagates spherically in the medium, in an approximate diffusive regimen. Scattered light can thus be detected at the same plane of incidence, and its detection can provide information both on the optical and dynamical properties of the medium. Diffuse optical techniques are particularly useful to study the properties of biological tissue, since it behaves like a turbid medium in the near infrared region. Because diffuse optics is a relatively novel experimental technique, not much is known regarding the propagation of light in media with different geometries, particularly with relation to the dynamical properties of the medium. This project proposes a combined theoretical and experimental study of light propagation in semi-infinite and two-layered turbid media, focusing on the dynamical properties of the medium with a diffuse optical technique called diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). More specifically, this project employed the semi-infinite and the two-layer geometries, testing them using Monte Carlo simulations and controlled enviroments. It was shown that by using a two-layer geometry, instead of the semi-infinite geometry, as routinely done in the literature, it is possible to significantly improve the accuracy of the recovered dynamical properties. The geometries tested in this work represent more accurate approximations for muscle and brain structures, for example, and therefore could depict different situations encountered in problems in the fields of Biology and Medicine. Last, the system was also tested in healthy subjects. The results obtained in this project have direct application in the above-cited fields, and may significantly contribute to the development of experimental techniques for diagnosis and/or monitoring of the brain and muscle in the clinic / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

No description available.

No description available.

Orientador: Rickson Coelho Mesquita / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T22:43:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 QuirogaSoto_AndresFabian_M.pdf: 7858431 bytes, checksum: cab3b799ea039aaac9d7d8039a9590ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Resumo: A espectroscopia óptica de difusão DOS é uma técnica que usa luz no regime do infravermelho próximo (NIR) para extração de informações fisiológicas em tecidos biológicos de forma não invasiva, tais como as concentrações de oxi-hemoglobina (HbO) , desoxi-hemoglobina (Hb) e a saturação de oxigênio no tecido (StO_2). Esta técnica baseia-se no fato de que a luz do infravermelho próximo se propaga difusivamente no tecido biológico, conseguindo se aprofundar alguns centímetros e voltar na superfície de incidência, e sofrendo alterações ao atravessar o meio devido à absorção e ao espalhamento do tecido. Este enfoque utiliza a equação de difusão para o modelamento da luz e suas soluções para conseguir as propriedades ópticas absolutas, que permite inferir as informações fisiológicas do tecido. A técnica experimental DOS utiliza fontes que emitem pulsos ultracurtos (Time Domain DOS) ou intensidades moduladas (Frequency Domain DOS) para extrair tais informações. No entanto, a implementação destas técnicas requerem uma eletrônica avançada, tornando a construção complicada ou a aquisição custosa. Por outro lado, os equipamentos que usam fontes contínuas medem apenas variações relativas dos coeficientes de absorção do tecido. Neste trabalho, estudou-se uma nova metodologia a partir da espectroscopia óptica de difusão usando fontes de onda contínua para vários comprimentos de ondas (CW-DOS) a fim de extrair os valores absolutos de absorção e espalhamento do tecido. A metodologia foi validada com dados ópticos em phantoms e camundongos, conseguindo inferir as propriedades ópticas absolutas para cada estágio. Os resultados refletem que a metodologia é uma boa alternativa para extração de informação fisiológica de forma simples e confiável, e que serve como base para a construção de novos equipamentos de DOS / Abstract: Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (DOS) is a technique that employs near infrared (NIR) light to noninvasively extract physiological information from biological tissue, such as microvascular oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, and tissue oxygen saturation (StO_2). DOS is based on the fact that NIR light diffuses through deep tissue and interacts with tissue cells and molecules before returning to the surface. Therefore, the tissue composition can be estimated by the absorption and scattering coefficients, which can be monitored by the intensity detected of scattered light. DOS uses the diffusion equation for modeling light propagation, and its solutions to estimate the absolute optical properties. Typical experimental methods in DOS employ ultrashort-pulsed light sources (Time Domain DOS) or intensity modulated light sources (Frequency Domain DOS) to extract such information. However, the implementation of these techniques requires advanced electronics, which makes its use complicated and/or expensive. Instruments that use continuous-wave (CW- DOS) light sources are limited to estimate relative changes of the absorption coefficient, only. In this dissertation, we analyze a methodology based on continuous-wave diffuse optical spectroscopy with several wavelengths to estimate the absolute values of absorption and scattering coefficients of biological tissue. The methodology was validated in optical phantoms and in mice. Our results suggest that the methodology can be a good approach for estimating physiological information in a simple and reliable way, and it can be used as the basis for the construction of new DOS equipments / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 1373920/2014 / CAPES

No description available.

Time-Resolved diffuse optics is a powerful and safe technique to quantify the optical properties (OP) for highly scattering media such as biological tissues. The OP values are correlated with the compositions of the measured objects, especially for the tissue chromophores such as hemoglobin. The OP are mainly the absorption and the reduced scattering coefficients that can be quantified for highly scattering media using Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (TR-DOS) systems. The OP can be retrieved using Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Imaging (TR-DOI) systems to reconstruct the distribution of the OP in measured media. Therefore, TR-DOS and TR-DOI can be used for functional monitoring of brain and muscles, and to diagnose some diseases such as detection and localization for breast cancer and blood clot. In general, TR-DOI systems are non-invasive, reliable, and have a high temporal resolution. TR-DOI systems have been known for their complexity, bulkiness, and costly equipment such as light sources (picosecond pulsed laser) and detectors (single photon counters). Also, TR-DOI systems acquire a large amount of data and suffer from the computational cost of the image reconstruction process. These limitations hinder the usage of TR-DOI for widespread potential applications such as clinical measurements. The goals of this research project are to investigate approaches to eliminate two main limitations of TR-DOI systems. First, building TR-DOS systems using custom-designed free-running (FR) and time-gated (TG) SPAD detectors that are fabricated in low-cost standard CMOS technology instead of the costly photon counting and timing detectors. The FR-TR-DOS prototype has demonstrated comparable performance (for homogeneous objects measurements) with the reported TR-DOS prototypes that use commercial and expensive detectors. The TG-TR-DOS prototype has acquired raw data with a low level of noise and high dynamic range that enable this prototype to measure multilayered objects such as human heads. Second, building and evaluating TR-DOI prototype that uses a computationally efficient algorithm to reconstruct high quality 3D tomographic images by analyzing a small part of the acquired data. This work indicates the possibility to exploit the recent advances in the technologies of silicon detectors, and computation to build low-cost, compact, portable TR-DOI systems. These systems can expand the applications of TR-DOI and TR-DOS into several fields such as oncology, and neurology. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

New advances in computational modeling and instrumentation in the past decade has enabled the use of electromagnetic radiation for non-invasive monitoring of the physio-logical state of biological tissues. The near infrared (NIR) light having the wavelength range of 600 nm -1000 nm has been the main contender in these emerging molecular imaging modalities. Assessment of accurate pathological condition of the tissue under investigation relies on the contrast in the molecular images, where the endogenous contrast may not be sufficient in these scenarios. The fluorescence (exogenous) contrast agents have been deployed to overcome these difficulties, where the preferential uptake by the tumor vasculature leads to high contrast,making this modality one of the biggest contenders in small-animal and soft-tissue molecular imaging modalities. In Fluorescence diffuse optical spectroscopy/imaging, this exogenous drug is excited by NIR laser light causing the emission of the fluorescence light. The emitted fluorescence light is typically dependent on the life time and concentration of the exogenous drug coupled with physiology associated with the tissue under investigation. As there is an excitation and emission of the light,the underlying physics of the problem is described by a coupled diffusion equations. These coupled diffusion equations are typically solved by advanced numerical methods, which tend to be computationally demanding. In this work, analytical solutions for these coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) for the regular geometries for both time-domain and frequency-domain cases were developed. Till now, the existing literature has not dealt with all regular geometries and derived analytical solutions were only for couple of geometries. Here a universally acceptable generic solution was developed based on Green’s function approach that is applicable to any regular geometry. Using this, the analytical solutions for the regular geometries that is encountered in diffuse fluorescence spectroscopy/imaging were obtained. These solutions can play an important role in determining the bulk fluorescence properties of the tissue, which could act as good initial guesses for the advanced image reconstruction techniques and/or can also facilitate the calibration of experimental fluorescence data by removing biases and source-detector variations. In the second part of this work, the developed analytical models for regular geometries were validated through comparison with the established numerical models that are traditionally used in the diffuse fluorescence spectroscopy/imaging. This comparison not only validated the developed analytical models, but also showed that analytical models are capable of providing bulk fluorescence properties with at least one order of magnitude less computational cost compared to the highly optimized traditional numerical models.