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Studies have concluded that streams emit CO2, which indicates that natural sources of Greenhouse Gases can contribute to climate changefeedback. Why this is of interest is to be able to make reliable climate models. These studies are however debated, since there are differentmethods to measure CO2 evasion from streams which conclude that different hydrological and chemical factors are affecting the gas exchange themost. It is based on an upside-down-placed chamber in the streams, containing a sensor which is able to directly measure the partial pressure ofCO2 (pCO2) in streams. An advantage with this method is that it is built on cheap equipment and therefore can be afforded to cover a bigcatchment with differing hydrological factors. The aim for the thesis is to evaluate the usefulness of this new method by running several statisticalanalyses on the collected data and also by comparing the trend from the statistical results to other methods statistical trends of pCO2. What can beconcluded by this study is that discharge affects the pCO2 in streams and it often appears with a negative correlation. Also, diurnal patterns ofpCO2 seem to appear, with a peak before lunch and minimum levels in the afternoon, which could indicate that pCO2 are dependent onphotosynthesis/respiration and/or temperature. These conclusions are of interest to understand how C acts in freshwater and respond to the climatechange. The study has to be extended with investigation of how more factors affect pCO2 and also some improvement for the method, before itcan be fully used. / Forskning har visat att små skogsbäckar släpper ut CO2 och på så sätt bidrar de till naturliga utsläpp av växthusgaser ochklimatförändringar. Studiernas resultat är dock debatterade då de till att börja med används olika metoder för att dra dessa slutsatser,vilka pekar på både olika kvantiter av CO2 utsläpp och också på olika påverkan från hydrologiska och kemiska faktorer. På grund avdetta har en alldeles ny metod utvecklats. Den grundar sig på en uppochnervänd kammare placerad i vatten som med hjälp av eninbyggd sensor fångar upp och mäter partialtrycket CO2 (pCO2) i vattnet. En fördel är att den är byggd av enkelt material til l lågt pris,vilket gör att metoden kan användas på många platser samtidigt, då man har råd med ett stort antal kammare. Målet för avhandlingenär att utvärdera nyttan av denna nya metod genom att köra flera statistiska analyser på de insamlade uppgifterna och även genom attjämföra utvecklingen från statistiska resultaten till andra metoder statistiska trender av pCO2. Studien kan visa att vattenhastighetenpåverkar pCO2 från bäckarna, och korrelationens struktur är betydande på vattennivån i bäcken. Man kan även dra slutsatser om attdet finns en dygnsrytm i hur CO2 släpps ut från bäckar med högsta utsläpp under förmiddagen och lägsta på eftermiddagen. Dettaskulle kunna bero på att CO2 utsläpp beror på fotosyntes/respiration och/eller temperaturskillnader. Dessa slutsatser är väldigtintressanta för att bygga på kunskapen om hur kolemissioner från sötvatten påverkas av klimatförändringarna. Om man utökar studienmed fler möjliga variabler för att studera hur andra miljöfaktorer påverkas pCO2 och modifiera metoden och datainsamlandet något såkan detta vara en metod värd att fortsätta användas.

Simulation is a powerful and efficient tool for studying wireless networks. Despite the widespread use of simulation, particularly in the study of IEEE 802.11-style networks (e.g., WLAN, mesh, and ad hoc networks), doubts about the credibility of simulation results still persist in the research community. These concerns stem, in part, from a lack of trust in some of the models used in simulation as they do not always accurately reflect reality. Models of the physical layer (PHY), in particular, are a key source of concern. The behavior of the physical layer varies greatly depending on the specifics of the wireless environment, making it difficult to characterize. Validation is the primary means of establishing trust in such models. We present an approach to validating physical layer models using the direct execution of a real PHY implementation inside the wireless simulation environment. This approach leverages the credibility inherent to testbeds, while maintaining the scalability and repeatability associated with simulation. Specifically, we use the PHY implementation from Hydra, a software-defined radio testbed, to validate the sophisticated physical layer model of a new wireless network simulator, called WiNS. This PHY model is also employed in other state-of-the-art network simulators, including ns-3. As such, this validation study also provides insight into the fidelity of other wireless network simulators using this model. This physical layer model is especially important because it is used to represent the physical layer for systems in 802.11-style networks. Network simulation is a particularly popular method for studying these kinds of wireless networks. We use direct-execution to evaluate the accuracy of our PHY model from the perspectives of different protocol layers. First, we characterize the link-level behavior of the physical layer under different wireless channels and impairments. We identify operating regimes where the model is accurate and show accountable difference where it is not. We then use direct-execution to evaluate the accuracy of the PHY model in the presence of interference. We develop "error-maps" that provide guidance to model users in evaluating the potential impact of model inaccuracy in terms of the interference in their own simulation scenarios. This part of our study helps to develop a better understanding of the fidelity of our model from a physical layer perspective. We also demonstrate the efficacy of direct-execution in evaluating the accuracy of our PHY model from the perspectives of the MAC and network layers. Specifically, we use direct-execution to investigate a rate-adaptive MAC protocol and an ad hoc routing protocol. This part of our study demonstrates how the semantics and policies of such protocols can influence the impact that a PHY model has on network simulations. We also show that direct-execution helps us to identify when a model that is inaccurate from the perspective of the PHY can still be used to generate trustworthy simulation results. The results of this study show that the leading physical layer model employed by WiNS and other state-of-the-art network simulators, including ns-3, is accurate under a limited set of wireless conditions. Moreover, our validation study demonstrates that direct-execution is an effective means of evaluating the accuracy of a PHY model and allows us to identify the operating conditions and protocol configurations where the model can be used to generate trustworthy simulation results. / text

This study intended to examine the effects of Direct-to-Consumer prescription drug advertising (DTCA). Looking specifically for the behavioral effects that exposure to DTCA had on consumers, data was collected about respondents’ actions after seeing or hearing an advertisement for a prescription drug. Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Theory of Uses and Gratifications demonstrated the potential psychological factors at play throughout consumers’ decision making process. Advertising congruence with media use was an important aspect of the study as well as grasping respondents’ perception of behavioral control with regard to requesting prescription drugs from their doctor. A small portion of this study examined how physician prescribing behavior was affected by DTCA. / text

Direct methods are an alternative for power system transient stability analysis to avoid the enormous computational efforts of conventional time-domain method. The development of direct methods in last three decades makes it an effective potential approach to both on-line security assessment and off-line analysis tools. Among the direct methods, the Boundary of stability region based Controlling Unstable equilibrium point (BCU) method is the most successful, having a sound theoretical basis and practical application in power systems. It finds the controlling UEP of the original system via a reduced-state system. This thesis investigates the development of direct methods and the related theoretical foundation. Several widely used direct methods are presented and compared. The theoretical foundation and computational issues of BCU methods are discussed. Incorporation of more realistic power system models can be incorporated in BCU methods is introduced. Based on BCU method, some small system cases are tested for a given fault. / text

Giving students opportunities to ground mathematical concepts in physical activity has potential to develop conceptual understanding. This study examines the role direct embodiment, an instructional strategy in which students act out concepts, plays in learning mathematics. I compared two conditions of high school geometry students learning about similarity. The embodied condition participated in eight direct embodiment activities in which the students represented mathematical concepts and explored them through their movements. The observer condition participated in eight similar activities that did not involve physical activity. The students in the embodied condition had greater learning gains on a pre- and post-test, and those gains were driven by larger increases in conceptual understanding. There were also differences in the way the two conditions remembered the activities. On a survey given at the end of the unit, students in the embodied condition were more likely to write about the activities from a first person point-of-view, indicating that they had likely adopted a first person viewpoint during the activities. The embodied condition was also more likely to switch points-of-view when writing about the activities, indicating that they had likely translated among multiple viewpoints during the activities. This suggests translating between viewpoints is one mechanism for learning through direct embodiment. Students in the embodied condition also wrote more about the activities, which suggests that they remembered more about their experiences. Their survey responses included more mathematical and non-mathematical details than the responses from students in the observer condition. / text

Television is a medium through which dominant cultural ideologies about health and illness circulate. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) drug advertisements, such as those for antidepressants, communicate a distinct image of illness and intervention, and have the potential to shape how we understand these experiences. Though there has been much debate on whether such advertising should be permitted, as well as explorations of their impact, there is an absence of qualitative research on how the public interacts with and makes meaning of these ads. The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which the public interacts with the messages related to depression and its treatment in DTC antidepressant ads shown on television. Six semi-structured focus groups of 1-2 hours, with 4-6 female participants per group were conducted. Within each group, 2-3 DTC antidepressant ads were viewed, followed by a discussion after each viewing. Focusing on the function of language, discourse analysis was the methodology chosen to explore how the women took up and negotiated the messages within the ads. I show how the women problematized the presentation of depression and its treatment within the ads, often positioning the ads as falling short due to various oversimplifications of depression and treatment. More specifically, they evidenced a reclaiming of normal and depression, as well as a caution in engaging with and staking claims to these categories. This research provides a more in-depth understanding as to how these ads can impact women, who are over-represented in those who are prescribed antidepressants, and how women can take on and challenge the messages in these ads.

Research Article / This paper intends to observe and compare the R&D output on ‘Buffaloes’ by the researchers in India and Pakistan. The chosen study period is 55 years (1955-2009) and CAB Direct Online is the source database for this research. During the period (1955 – 2009) a total of 9,096 and 706 publications were published by the scientists of India and Pakistan respectively on buffalo research and India is the top producing country with 9,096 papers (92.80%) followed by Pakistan with 706 papers (7.20%). The average number of publications published per year by India and Pakistan were 165 and 12 respectively. The spurt in the literature output of India and Pakistan were reported during 2001-2009 and 1991-2000 respectively. The study also reports the most preferred journals and most productive authors in India and Pakistan. This study also provides an inventory and scientometric dimensions of publications on buffalo research by India and Pakistan.

Asynchronous machines are considered nowadays the most commonly used electrical machines, which are mainly used as electrical induction motors. Starting the induction motor is the most important and dangerous step. The theory behind this project is based on representing the real motor by a set of equations and values in Matlab using the subsystem feature, forming a corresponding idealistic motor in a way where all the physical effects are similar. The motor is started under different loads in two methods: Direct and Soft starting. Each method is studied and discussed using supporting simulation of currents, torque, speed, efficiency and power factor curves.

Trust in direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical advertising is declining among consumers. Survey findings suggest providing more information about side effects and benefits to address this issue. Some scholars also criticize the ads for their emotional content despite the key role emotion can play in health-related decision making and trust. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted to assess the relative effectiveness of functional and emotional benefit communication as well the preferred balance of side effects and benefits information provided in DTC pharmaceutical ads in terms of perceived credibility/trust and persuasive outcomes. Results suggest a message including a combination of functional and emotional benefits is considered more credible and informative than an ad describing only emotional benefits. In addition, a high amount of side effect information produces lower brand attitudes and greater perceptions of manipulative intent compared to a low amount of side effect information. Implications for pharmaceutical advertising practitioners and researchers are discussed. / text