Magistro baigiamuoju darbu „Europos Teisingumo Teismo jurisprudencija tiesioginių mokesčių srityje” siekiama atskleisti svarbiausias Europos Teisingumo Teismo suformuluotas Europos Bendrijos steigimo sutarties interpretavimo tiesioginių mokesčių srityje taisykles. Autorė trumpai pristato pagrindinius tiesioginių mokesčių ir netiesioginių mokesčių atribojimo kriterijus, apžvelgia, kokiomis Europos Bendrijos sutarties nuostatomis vadovaujantis Europos Sąjungos institucijos yra kompetentingos priimti teisės aktus tiesioginių mokesčių srityje, detaliai analizuoja Europos Bendrijos sutartyje įtvirtintų pagrindinių laisvių taikymo tiesioginiams mokesčiams klausimus, pateikia detalią diskriminaciją ir nediskriminacinius apribojimus tiesioginių mokesčių srityje pateisinančių argumentų analizę, atskleidžia pagrindines Europos Teisingumo Teismo suformuluotos taisykles tiesioginių mokesčių srityje. / The thesis Jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice in the Field of Direct Taxes seeks to reveal the essential rules set by the European Court of Justice for the interpretation of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (further – the Treaty) in the field of direct taxes. The author gives a short presentation on criteria for the separation of direct and indirect taxes, reviews the provisions of the Treaty which are being followed by the European Union institutions to be competent to adopt legal acts in the field of direct taxes, thoroughly examines the issues of the application of the fundamental freedoms established by the Treaty to the direct taxes, provides a detailed analysis of arguments justifying discriminatory and non-discriminatory restraints for direct taxes, reveals the main rules formulated by the European Court of Justice for direct taxes.

Filter-to-waste infrastructure is now commonly incorporated in recently constructed treatment plants and is required by many jurisdictions, including the Nova Scotia Standard for Surface Water Treatment. In the absence of filter-to-waste, operational backwash procedures, such as filter resting, decreased backwash duration, and extended terminal subfluidization wash (ETSW), have shown promise for decreasing ripening time and intensity. Halifax Water’s J.D. Kline Water Supply Plant (JDKWSP) is not equipped with filter-to-waste. Due to the high cost associated with implementing this infrastructure an assessment of filter ripening was performed at this facility to determine if filter-to-waste was needed. The assessment consisted of four studies, including microbial monitoring during filter ripening, testing backwash procedural concepts and backwash water chemistry concepts, and an analysis of the current full-scale procedure.

This dissertation investigates the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade on firm level decisions and examines the effect of policy changes on aggregate productivity and welfare in open economies. The first two chapters build an open economy model of FDI and trade where heterogeneous firms make simultaneous foreign investment and export decisions. The theoretical model is estimated using Indonesian manufacturing data. The estimated model is then used to perform a variety of counterfactual experiments to assess the positive and normative effects of international barriers to trade and FDI. I find that the impact of FDI on aggregate productivity is at least three times the impact of international trade on aggregate productivity. The third chapter, co-authored with Hiroyuki Kasahara, investigates whether importing intermediate goods improves plant performance. While addressing the issue of simultaneity between productivity shocks and the decision to import intermediates, we estimate the impact of the use of foreign intermediates on plants' productivity using plant-level Chilean manufacturing panel data. We find that by importing foreign intermediates, manufacturing plants can improve productivity. / Thesis (Ph.D, Economics) -- Queen's University, 2008-06-20 10:21:01.069

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</style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal" / mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0 / mso-tstyle-colband-size:0 / mso-style-noshow:yes / mso-style-priority:99 / mso-style-qformat:yes / mso-style-parent:"" / mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt / mso-para-margin-top:0in / mso-para-margin-right:0in / mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt / mso-para-margin-left:0in / line-height:115% / mso-pagination:widow-orphan / font-size:11.0pt / font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif" / mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri / mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman" / mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast / mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri / mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman" / mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi / } </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">The objective of this study was thus to prepare highly proton condictivity membranes that are cheap to manufacture and have low methanol permeability. &nbsp / &nbsp / </span></p>

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Emanating from the proceedings of CIGRE 2004, a new idea for higher power transmission by recycling and up rating high voltage alternating current transmission lines for high voltage direct current application was presented at the HYDC working group session. To date, there is no known application of the idea. Globally, transmission congestion, power transfer bottlenecks with restricted and limited power transfers and unobtainable servitudes challenge electric power utilities. The literature review shows that since the early sixties, several authors have studied this proposal. However, no applications were done. Admittedly, early HYDC technology was troubled by problems with multi-terminal designs, external insulation breakdown in the presence of DC stress and mercury valve rectifiers struggled with arc backs. To date, power electronic and external insulation technology has grown and matured for confident application both in point to point and multi-terminal application. The economic costs of introducing the DC technology are also more affordable given reducing prices due to higher volume of purchases. With promising developments in insulation and power electronic technology and driven by South Africa's surging growth in the consumption of electrical energy; the subject of upgrading HYAC transmission for HYDC application is revisited. For the research, the emphasis is beyond FACTS and towards a solution that could develop into a new supergrid that could overlay the existing national grid. Thus, the solution is prepared specifically for the case of recycling existing assets for higher power transfers. The working environment is defined by the difficulty in acquiring new powerline servitudes, transmission congestion in complex networks, the need for electrical islands within complex interconnections, and the need for enhanced power system stability and to promote new ancillary services energy management. The focus of this research study was to determine the technical feasibility of upgrading of existing HYAC circuits for HYDC application. It is assumed that the transmission line will remain as is in structure, layout and mechanical design. The changing of external line insulators using live line technology is an accepted modification to the original HYAC line, if required. From the study, we conclude that not all HYAC lines are recommended for upgrade to HYDe. We introduce boundary conditions as a first step towards checking on the suitability of the proposed upgrade from HVAC to HYDC mode. Emanating from this study, the first paper published introduced the initial boundary conditions as being only those lines where the "unused gap" between surge impedance loading and conductor current carrying capability is appreciable and large; generally three to four times surge impedance loading. In the case where the unused gap is the smallest or negligible, then we do nothing. In between, where the unused gap is about two to three times the surge impedance loading, then we can consider active or passive compensation using the HVAC FACTS technology options as proposed by EPRl. Having determined the candidate transmission line configuration for the proposed upgrade to HYDC application, we select the DC operating voltage as based on the voltage withstand capability of external insulation for varying environmental conditions. In addition, the DC voltage will generate allowable electrical fields and corona effects within and outside the transmission servitude. The optimum DC operating voltage would satisfy the conditions of minimum transmission power losses and volt drop for the case of maximum power transfers; within the limits of electrical fields and corona effects. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.

HVDC transmission is today widely used in modem Power Systems as an alternative to HVAC. Current trends indicate that many future conventional HVDC systems will be systems of increasing power ratings, delivered over larger distances as well as multi-terminal systems. In order to ensure the security and dependability of such systems, the current protection schemes need to be evaluated to assess their ability to provide adequate protection for the envisaged HVDC systems. This research work firstly reviews the present HVDC transmission line protection systems, and highlights their advantages and disadvantages, including factors that adversely influence their performance. The author critically evaluates the current protection schemes and reveals the drawbacks and other factors that render them unsuitable for the protection oflong dc transmission lines. The author then goes on to propose and develop an HVDC line protection system that will be able to provide adequate protection for proposed long HVDC transmission lines. The proposed protection system is able to make decisions based solely on local detection increasing its overall reliability. The author then recommends that the proposed protection system be used in conjunction with the existing main protection system in order to optimise the protection response times for both close in and distant faults. The author also proposes and develops a method of further enhancing the reliability of the protection system by the use of the telecommunication infrastructure when available. Finally the performance and feasibility of the proposed protection system is evaluated using the results obtained from the extensive fault simulations performed in EMTDC and Matlab. The simulations are performed using a bipole model of an HVDC System on which the required line and protection systems are modelled. The simulation results obtained are very favourable and promote the use of this proposed protection system, for the protection of long HVDC transmission lines. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.

The main aim of this study was concerned with the design and commissioning of a corona cage, which could be used under Direct Current (DC) conditions. The cage was designed based on empirical formulas and equations as well as electric field simulations. The designed cage was then fabricated. The commissioning of the cage was undertaken in the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) laboratory at the University of Durban - Westville (UDW). Tests to determine the effects of a silicone coating as well as wind on the corona performance of conductors were undertaken. The tests were done in order to determine ways of improving the corona performance of conductors under HVDC potential. The tests were carried out using various conductor surface conditions. The wind tests were made possible by using a powerful fan. A silicone coating was also used to determine the effects that it would have in mitigation of corona activity on HVDC conductors. The conductors were tested without the coating, with half of their length coated and then fully coated. Results showed that the effect of wind on corona generation in a corona cage is minimal. The effect of the silicone coating was that it increased the corona currents measured in the corona cage. The conductors with no coating generated the lowest currents, the half coated conductors generated the second highest measured currents and the fully coated conductors generated the most corona. Analysis of the increased currents showed that the increase in corona currents due to the silicone coating could be attributed to three factors. Firstly the coating caused an increase in conductor to cage capacitance. Secondly, partial discharges could have occurred in the silicone due to microscopic air particles and lastly, the increase in corona currents could be ascribed to the effect of the boundary conditions on the boundary between the conductor and the coating. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2003.

The main aim of this project was to determine the extent to which the study of electric fields and ions in a laboratory can be used to study the electrical environment below High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines. The focus of the study was to set up small scale laboratory experiments and to compare these results to actual line measurements and to software simulations. The laboratory tests were undertaken at the HVDC Centre at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus). The software simulations that were conducted as part of this study were done using EPRI TL 3.0 and Microsoft Excel. Initially tests conducted were the measurement of the induced voltage and corona leakage current on a floating object. The next set of laboratory tests conducted was the measurement of ion current density and the electric field at ground level. The ion current density was measured with a Wilson Plate (lm2) and the electric field at ground level was measured using a JCI static monitor field meter (JCI 140) and a Monroe (257D) Portable Electrostatic Fieldmeter, with an elevated earth plane. Measurements of ion current density and electric field at ground level were also taken under an operating HVDC transmission line (Cahora Bassa to Apollo), in order to compare the laboratory measurements and simulations with real line measurements. The results have shown that the electrical parameters (i.e. ion current, induced voltages, corona currents, electric field, ion density, space charge) are higher under the negative pole as compared to the positive pole. The results of the laboratory measurements show that the ion currents under the negative polarity are almost double the ion currents that were measured under positive polarity, while the electric field under negative polarity was 20 percent higher than under positive polarity. Measurements of the electric field show that the total electric field below the line is greatly enhanced when corona generated space charge is present. The results of the EPRI TL Workstation simulations show good correlation with the EXCEL® simulations. However, there was poor correlation between EPRI simulations and test line measurements in the laboratory. The EPRI simulations show good correlation to the measured electric field values below the Cahora Bassa line. The comparison between the actual measurements on the test line and the Cahora Bassa line showed poor correlation and this was attributed to factors such as scaling, laboratory size constraints, ion concentration in laboratory, line loading and wind speeds. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.