A organização da sociedade atual acontece em decorrência dos encontros entre culturas, sejam por meio de tragédias naturais, guerras mundiais, diásporas, reconfiguração de fronteiras ou da hibridização cultural. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a construção da multiplicidade do Ser de fronteira a partir da perspectiva da escritora chicana Gloria Anzaldúa e do amazonense Milton Hatoum nas narrativas Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987), e Dois Irmãos (2000), respectivamente. Partindo das questões identitárias, o caminho para a análise das narrativas transita pelo espaço ficcional na intenção de evidenciar os deslocamentos e os fluxos migratórios das personagens como articuladores para compreender as feridas abertas nos espaços de fronteira. No decorrer da investigação foi possível ressignificar a fronteira como locus da diferença cultural e fragmentação para contrapor a ideia de que os lugares fronteiriços são fixos ou funcionam com divisores de sistemas culturais. Para desenvolver o trabalho, utilizo os métodos comparatistas e de aporte teórico da corrente culturalista. Uso os conceitos-chave de Walter Mignolo sobre a colonialidade do saber e de Stuart Hall e Homi Bhabha sobre as identidades heterogêneas. Na corrente filosófica, Jacques Derrida, com a teoria desconstrucionista, e Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, com o rizoma e a teoria dos agenciamentos. Esse aporte é o fio condutor do debate sobre a modernidade tardia e da diferença cultural, tendo em vista espaços elaboradores de sujeitos marginalizados, periféricos, excluídos e silenciados. Sendo assim, a negação da postura essencialista, a partir da leitura das obras, serve de estratégia analítica e de compreensão da ferida aberta como espaço da multiplicidade dos sujeitos em regiões de fronteira. / Nowadays society’s structure is built upon/on encounters between cultures, natural tragedies, world wars, diasporas, reconfiguration of borders and cultural hybridization. Thus, the aim of this research is to investigate the construction of the multiplicity of the Frontier Self as it is through the approach of the Chicano writer Gloria Anzaldúa and in the approach of the Amazonian writer Milton Hatoum in Borderlands/La frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) and Dois Irmãos (2000), respectively. Considering the identity issues, the analysis of the narratives transits/moves/focuses on through the fictional space to highlight the displacements and the migratory flows of the characters as articulators in order to understand the open wounds in border spaces. Therefore, during the research, it was possible to re-signify the frontier as a locus of cultural difference and fragmentation to counteract the idea that frontier places are fixed or function as divisors of cultural systems. To develop this work, I apply comparative and theoretical methods within the culturalist approach as well as the key concepts of Walter Mignolo on the coloniality of knowledge, and Stuart Hall and Homi Bhabha on heterogeneous identities. The denial of the essentialist position, based on the reading of the works, serves as an analytical strategy and understanding of the open wound as the space of the multiplicity in border regions.

L'étude de la structure du nucléon est actuellement l'un des principaux défis rencontrées en physique nucléaire. Le présent travail représente une contribution à l'étude de la structure du nucléon et consiste, en particulier, à étudier le rôle des quarks étranges dans le nucléon. Ce dernier peut être examiné en déterminant la distribution des quarks étranges dans le nucléon ainsi que la contribution des spins des quarks étranges au spin du nucléon ($\Delta s$). Ce travail présente une mesure de $\Delta s$ effectuée en utilisant des données de diffusion profondément inélastique de muons polarisés sur une cible de protons et de deutons polarisés, collectées par la collaboration COMPASS. Le résultat dépend fortement des fonctions de fragmentation des quarks en hadrons, qui définissent la probabilité qu'un quark d'une certaine saveur se fragmente en un hadron dans l'état final. Actuellement, les fonctions de fragmentation sont mal connues, en particulier, la fonction de fragmentation des quark étranges en kaons, qui joue un rôle essentiel dans la détermination de $ \Delta s$. En diffusion profondément inélastique, l'accès à ces fonctions est assuré par les multiplicités des hadrons qui, à leur tour, définissent le nombre moyen de hadrons produit par évènement de diffusion inélastique. Les multiplicités des pion et des kaons ont été extraites en fonction de différentes variables cinématiques, en utilisant les données de COMPASS. Une première extraction au leading order des fonctions de fragmentation des pions et des kaons est présentée. / Understanding the nucleon structure is currently one of the main challenges encountered in nuclear physics. The present work represents a contribution to the study of the nucleon structure and deals, in particular, with the study of the role of strange quarks in the nucleon. The latter can be investigated by determing the strange quark distribution in the nucleon as well as the contribution of the spins of strange quarks to the nucleon spin ($\Delta s$). This work first presents a measurement of $\Delta s$ performed via Deeply Inelastic Scattering of a muon beam off polarized proton and deuterium targets. The result is found to be strongly dependent on the quark fragmentation functions into hadrons (FFs), which define the probability that a quark of a given flavour fragments into a final state hadron. The FFs are poorly known, in particular, the FF of strange quark into kaons, which play an important role in the determination of $\Delta s$. In deep inelastic scattering process, the access to the FFs is provided by the hadron multiplicities which, in turn, define the average number of hadrons produced per DIS event. Pion and kaon multiplicities have been extracted versus different kinematic variables, using DIS data collected by deeply inelastic scattering of a $160$ GeV muons off a deuterium target. A first LO extraction of the fragmentation functions has then been performed using the measured pion and kaon multiplicities.

Des mesures de sections efficaces des processus courant chargé et courant neutre ont été réalisées pour la première fois en utilisant l'ensemble des données accumulées à HERA-II avec un faisceau d'électrons ou de positrons polarisés en collision avec un faisceau de protons. Les données prises par le détecteur H1 à 319 GeV d'énergie dans le centre de masse correspondent à une luminosité intégrée de 149.1 pb^−1 et 180.0 pb^−1 pour les collisions e^−p et e^+p respectivement, et représentent une augmentation d'environ un facteur 10 et 2 respectivement par à rapport à la prise de données de HERA-I. Les sections efficaces mesurées couvrent un très grand domaine cinématique de plus de deux ordres de grandeur à la fois en Q^2 (jusqu'à 30000 GeV^2) et en x (jusqu'à 0.003). Les mesures sont comparées avec les prédictions du Modèle Standard montrant un très bon accord. La précision de la mesure de l'asymétrie sur la polarisation en fonction de Q^2 a confirmé l'observation précédente de la violation de parité dans le processus courant neutre pour une distance allant jusqu'à 10^-18 m. Les sections efficaces intégrées pour Q^2 > 400 GeV^2 et pour des inélasticités y < 0.9 dans le processus courant chargé ont été mesurées pour quatre échantillons indépendants avec les faisceaux e± et à différentes valeurs de polarisation. Ces données et celles mesurées à HERA-I avec les faisceaux d'électrons et de positrons non-polarisés ont permis de vérifier la dépendance linéaire des sections efficaces du processus courant chargé en fonction de la polarisation, confirmant l'absence de courants droits dans les données en accord avec la prédiction du Modèle Standard. Les nouvelles sections efficaces ont été combinées avec celles de HERA-I pour maximiser la précision de ces mesures. Les données combinées ont ensuite été utilisées pour déterminer la fonction de structure xF^γZ_3 qui est pratiquement une mesure directe des quarks de valence. Les nouvelles sections efficaces ont aussi été utilisées avec celles de HERA-I dans un fit combinant à la fois les paramètres de la théorie électrofaible et de QCD pour extraire non seulement les densités de partons mais aussi les couplages des quarks légers u et d au boson Z. La précision obtenue sur les valeurs de ces couplages est bien meilleure que celle obtenue au Tevatron et au LEP, en particulier pour les couplages vectoriel et axial du quark u.

<p>The purpose of this degree project is to study a work evaluation project in a municipality, on the basis of key participants. The municipality is the employer, per-forming the workplace project and the chief objective is to reach gender equality between the employees. Equal pay for equal work. Through work evaluation is it pos-sible to find out which of a lot of different jobs, which have equal requirements. The jobs, which have equal requirements, should have equal pay. </p><p>According to Swedish law, all employers need to analyse and survey their salary/wage distribution, to identify and remedy sexual discrimination concerning that area. One way to do that is to do a work evaluation and to study the result. Studying the result was what the municipality was doing, when got in contact with it. My focus is to find out what the central issues, problems and hinders are, or can occur when an employer is trying to follow the law.</p><p>This study is based on qualitative research. The empirical material (interviews and ob-servations) from key participants, who took part in the project in the municipality, is presented through excerpts. They speak about different problems and other aspects they have experienced during the work process with the result from the evaluation project. The material is then analysed in the light of different theories. The theories treat areas as gender and organisation. </p><p>For example is not al of the involved unions of the same opinion about the project. Money is one aspect that the key persons talk about and the circumstances around how to reach the goals of the project is another subject. The result of the study has shown that it could be useful within the project to have greater concern about the system of gender and to stronger point out the gains of ex-tended gender equality. Thou a lot of money are needed if equal pay for equal work should be reached, the gain in efficiency from the employed might compensate that.</p>

Today, there is a general notion that water resources are best managed according to their river basins. River basin management may be approached from a wide variety of angles. This thesis focuses on information management, institutional arrangements and strategic policy support, with special reference to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). The overall objective is to examine strategies, possibilities and hindrances for river basin management, with the ultimate goal of identifying key aspects to be considered - and prioritised - for “successful” European water management and WFD implementation. An assessment of the information management of three transboundary water regimes in Europe showed that a technical/scientific paradigm ap-pears to dominate in river basin accords. This is visible, for example, in the data collection, which is dominated by state and environmental impact information, and the use of passive channels for communicating with stakeholders and other interest groups. The studies addressing institutional arrangements for river basin management according to the WFD showed that the implementa-tion level of the directive is relatively low – both at national and international levels. For instance, competent authorities have not been established (strictly) according to the borders of the estab-lished River Basin District (RBDs). Further, in international RBDs, the ambitions and plans for cooperation vary considerably. Despite the general low implementation level, steps have still been taken in the “direction” of river basin management. At the national level, all examined countries have established RBDs according to river basins, and at the international level, joint river basin management plans will probably be coordinated for a majority of river basins shared by EU Member States. However, the same pattern could not be discerned for river basins extending outside the borders of the EU. In order to support strategic policy making on issues related to the implementation of the WFD, two assessments were made, one addressing international co-operation and water quality in the Baltic Sea Region, and one encompassing rankings of all the newly established RBDs based on a number of identical indicators. Although there is a need to refine these assessments, they may be regarded as simple – but yet robust – models for bench-marking. / QC 20100914

The cross sections for neutral current (NC) deep inelastic scattering (DIS) in e+p collisions with a longitudinally polarised positron beam are measured at high momentum transfer squared (Q2 > 185 GeV2) at the ZEUS detector at HERA. The HERA accelerator provides e+-p collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 318 GeV, which allows the weak contribution to the NC process to be studied at high Q2. The measurements are based on a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 135.5 pb-1 collected with the ZEUS detector in 2006 and 2007. The single differential NC cross sections dsigma/dQ2, dsigma/dx and dsigma/dy and the reduced cross section are measured. The structure function xF3 is determined by combining the e+p NC reduced cross sections with the previously measured e-p measurements. The interference structure function xF 3^gamma,Z is extracted at Q2 = 1500 GeV2. The cross-section asymmetry between the positive and negative polarisation of the positron beam is measured and the parity violation effects of the electroweak interaction are observed. The predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics agree well with the measurements.

The main purpose of this study is to conduct a contrastive analysis on a corpus of Swedish and Spanish family conversations with respect to two adjacency pairs: opinion-agreement/disagreement (OADs) and offer-acceptance/rejection (OARs). On one hand, from a structural perspective, based on the methodology of Conversation Analysis, one of the objectives is to observe how (dis)preferred turns of the OADs and OARs are managed by the interlocutors. On the other hand, from a functional perspective, based on the methodology of Sociocultural Pragmatics, the intention is to study how face is constructed and how politeness is managed by the family members when expressing OADs and OARs. The structural analysis of OADs and OARs shows that the majority of agreements and acceptances follow the rules for preferred turns proposed by orthodox conversation analysts, i.e. they appear directly after the first part of the adjacency pair (opinion or offer), and they are brief and unambiguous. However, the structural analysis also reveals that 70% (Swedish corpus) and 72% (Spanish corpus) of the disagreements as well as 64% (Swedish corpus) and 70% (Spanish corpus) of the rejections have a tendency to not follow the proposed rules for dispreferred turns, i.e. they are not delayed or accompanied by hesitations, justifications, etc. and nor are they evaluated as dispreferred by the participants. This indicates that social perspective, especially face, has to be considered when deciding what is considered (dis)preferred. The functional analysis of the OADs indicates that the majority of the disagreements in both Swedish (68%) and Spanish (79%) corpus are not mitigated, but rather are expressed in a fairly direct manner. Swedes tend to avoid disagreements, and therefore we expected to find a major difference between the two groups. One explanation could be that family members enjoy close relationships, and therefore the Swedes feel free to express their disagreements. As for the impact on the family members face, in both groups, it is both autonomy face and affiliation face that are influenced when OADs are expressed. As for agreement, for example, it is usually autonomy face that is affected. We interpret this as a way for the participants to show that both speakers and listeners have valuable opinions that deserve to be both voiced and commented on. This reveals the more discursive (rather than ritual) nature of OADs. In addition, the functional study of OARs shows that acceptances and rejections in both corpora are expressed using both ritual and attenuating politeness according to the norms required by the situation. Concerning the impact on face, autonomy face has different requirements in the two cultures: in the Swedish conversations, it is important to offer food without insisting several times, and in the Spanish corpus, it is important to offer food more than one or two times, and there is also a tendency to refuse the offer several times before accepting it. Therefore, according to one’s situational role, one has to know how to both give and receive offers, which points to the more ritual nature of OARs. Finally, we want to emphasize that by adding a social perspective to the structural one, we can interpret the meaning of the conversations in a way that provides a broader understanding of what is being said as participants express OADs and OARs.

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This thesis explores how the body and femininity are constructed by starting from the subjective experiences of 12 young women labelled with an intellectual impairment. The methodological approach is inspired by so-called participatory research. The study combines the concepts of (dis)ability and gender from a sociological perspective. It shows how the young women negotiate norms regarding the body and femininity to pursue the coveted body and femininity ideals, but also to do the opposite: resist these ideals. The thesis is based on the following four articles: Theorizing the Body: Conceptions of Disability, Gender and Normality addresses different perspectives on the body in relation to conceptions of disability, gender and normality. The article highlights the importance of integrating disability and gender when exploring an understanding of conceptions and constructions of the body. Negotiating Normality: The Complexity of Showing (off) Bodies identifies four different strategies the young women use to make themselves visible as fashionable young women of today, e.g. as non-disabled. It shows that these strategies comply with conceptions of fashion, and that they are at the same time expressions of different marks of resistance.                                                                            Risky Transitions in an Ableist Environment: The Experience of Frequent Critical Looks presents an exemplification of social construction of the body by focusing on critical looks. The concept of critical looks is analysed from an intersectional perspective, specifically in relation to how (dis)ability, gender and, to some extent, age interact. It shows how the body is made visible by being stared at, both to oneself and to others depending on place and interactions. Reflections on Collaborative Research: to What Extent, and on Whose Terms? discusses the possible methodological and ethical dilemmas found in different research phases, and in relation to the participants, in collaborative research within disability research. It shows that collaborative research can benefit from being problematized and discussed further regarding the categorization of disability as well as participation.

The cross sections for neutral current (NC) deep inelastic scattering (DIS) in e+p collisions with a longitudinally polarised positron beam are measured at high momentum transfer squared (Q2 > 185 GeV2) at the ZEUS detector at HERA. The HERA accelerator provides e+-p collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 318 GeV, which allows the weak contribution to the NC process to be studied at high Q2. The measurements are based on a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 135.5 pb-1 collected with the ZEUS detector in 2006 and 2007. The single differential NC cross sections dsigma/dQ2, dsigma/dx and dsigma/dy and the reduced cross section are measured. The structure function xF3 is determined by combining the e+p NC reduced cross sections with the previously measured e-p measurements. The interference structure function xF 3^gamma,Z is extracted at Q2 = 1500 GeV2. The cross-section asymmetry between the positive and negative polarisation of the positron beam is measured and the parity violation effects of the electroweak interaction are observed. The predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics agree well with the measurements.