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Conflict between managers and employees is inevitable in any organization, whether public or private. Often, the source of the conflict is employee non-compliance. Managers are responsible for disciplining those employees whose performance or conduct is sub-standard or inappropriate. Therefore, the ability to effectively address employee non-compliance is an essential skill for all managers. Most employee discipline systems fall into one of three categories: traditional, progressive, and affirmative. Traditional systems were prevalent in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. An autocratic, demanding manager would mete out punishment to non-compliant employees both as an action against the employee and as a warning to other employees. Employees were often terminated for their first offense. With the advent of labor unionism and fair labor practices in the first half of the twentieth century, organizational leaders were required to develop more progressive employee discipline systems which protected employee "due process" and which allowed time and opportunity for improvement by the non-compliant employee. Progressive employee discipline systems are the most prevalent discipline systems in America's workforce today. These systems entail three or four steps, with each successive step usually resulting in more severe penalties for the same offense or more severe offenses. Progressive employee discipline allows the employee an opportunity to respond to non-compliance issues and to try to improve it to the extent required to maintain their position. A new employee discipline system, affirmative discipline, has gained adherents in the private sector primarily. Affirmative employee discipline systems do not use punishment to correct employee non-compliance but instead, ask managers to "coach" and "counsel" the non-compliant employee to better behavior and performance. Rehabilitating the employee's non-compliance is the primary goal of affirmative systems. The emphasis is not only upon the non-compliant employee, but on rehabilitating the "marriage" of non-compliant employee and direct supervisor. Little evidence exists to determine the extent to which progressive and affirmative employee discipline systems are being utilized in the modern organization. No evidence exists that indicates the prevalence of these systems in Florida's healthcare institutions. A survey-based analysis of the use of progressive and affirmative employee discipline systems in Florida's hospitals resulted in respondents indicating frequent utilization of formal progressive employee discipline systems. Designed in three or four steps, these progressive systems allow the employee to improve his/her behavior. Two common tools in progressive systems, the verbal warning and the performance counseling statement, are utilized frequently based upon those respondents surveyed. The use of affirmative employee discipline systems, on the other hand, is relatively rare. The use of written behavior contracts to elicit improved employee compliance is also quite rare. The vast majority of respondents appear to be unfamiliar with the use of written behavior contracts to elicit improved employee compliance.

Basata sul reperimento di un’ampia mole di testi giornalistici (come cronache, interviste, elzeviri e articoli di “Terza”) dedicati alle pratiche coreiche e pubblicati in Italia nel corso del ventennio fascista, la tesi ricostruisce i lineamenti di quello che, seppure ancora embrionale e certo non specialistico, si può comunque ritenere una sorta di “pensiero italiano” sulla danza del Primo Novecento. A partire dalla ricognizione sistematica di numerose testate quotidiane e periodiche e, pertanto, dalla costruzione di un nutrito corpus di fonti primarie, si è proceduto all’analisi dei testi reperiti attraverso un approccio metodologico che, fondamentalmente storiografico, accoglie tuttavia alcuni rudimenti interpretativi elaborati in ambito semiotico (con particolare riferimento alle teorizzazioni di Jurij Lotman e Umberto Eco), il tutto al fine di cogliere, pur nell’estrema varietà formale e contenutistica offerta dal materiale documentario, alcune dinamiche culturali di fondo attraverso le quali disegnare, da un lato, il panorama delle tipologie di danza effettivamente praticate sulle scene italiane del Ventennio,e, dall’altro, quello dell’insieme di pensieri, opinioni e gusti orbitanti attorno ad esse Ne è scaturita una trattazione fondamentalmente tripartita in cui, dopo la messa in campo delle questioni metodologiche, si passa dapprima attraverso l’indagine dei tre principali generi di danza che, nella stampa del periodo fascista, si ritenevano caratteristici della scena coreica internazionale – qui definiti nei termini di “ballo teatrale”, “ballo russo” e “danze libere” – e, successivamente, si presenta un approfondimento su tre singolari figure di intellettuali che, ognuno con un’attitudine estremamente personale, hanno dedicato alla danza un’attenzione speciale: Anton Giulio Bragaglia, Paolo Fabbri e Marco Ramperti. Un’ampia antologia critica completa il lavoro ripercorrendone gli snodi principali. / The dissertation investigates the relationship between dance and press during the fascist period in order to reconstruct the narrative on dance dominating in Italy in the first half of the Twentieth Century and aims to think about the birth of dance criticism in Italy. Unlike what happens in the rest of Europe and in America, in fact, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, Italian press can’t boast the presence of an authentic dance criticism. Grounded on these assumptions, my inquiry focuses on a particular and controversial phase of Italian history such as the Fascist period, aiming, on the one hand , to reconstruct the discourses on dance elaborated by Italian journalism in the early twentieth century, and trying, on the other hand, to wonder about the cultural dynamic underlying the lack of a authentic dance criticism in Italy during the Fascism . Starting from the recognition of some formal and conceptual elements characterising the discourses on dance published on daily newspapers and periodicals, I propose a methodological approach that intertwines an historiographical perspective with concepts derived from semiotics of culture. By this I analyze the discourses mentioned above by posing the following questions: how can dance become one of the topics of journalistic discourse? What's the image of the dancing body developed in Italian journalism during the fascist period? What kind of cultural dynamics can generate the development of a critical discourse on dance? And, on the contrary, in which case is the emergence of a dance criticism inhibited? A special attention is dedicated to three intellectuals who wrote about dance during the fascist period adopting a particularly interesting insight: Anton Giulio Bragaglia, Paolo Fabbri and Marco Ramperti.

This study investigated the management of learner discipline by female primary school principals in the Bojanala Region of the North-West Province. The main focus was on strategies used by female primary school principals to manage learner discipline and the challenges they encounter in managing learner discipline in their schools. A qualitative research approach was used. Participants included four female principals, four deputy principals as well as four senior teachers in primary schools. Data was collected by means of an open-ended qualitative questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis began as soon as the first set of data was collected. Recorded data was transcribed verbatim. The main findings were that the gender of the principal does not matter in the management of learner discipline and that it all depends on the character and the leadership style of the principal. Female managers are capable of changing behaviours and attitudes of their subordinates and handle discipline by applying effective discipline strategies in the running and managing of primary schools. Role modeling and use of guidelines for discipline in the school are some of the strategies used by female principals. Disciplinary problems stem from both the home and the school and this presents a challenge for the effective management of learner discipline. It is recommended that a uniform well-communicated system of discipline and effective leadership styles be adopted in order to manage learner discipline appropriately. / Thesis (M.Ed ( Educational Management) North-West University, Mafikeng campus, 2013

This study was underpinned by the view of the researcher that classroom discipline is gradually collapsing in South African schools. Learners seem to be uncontrollable thus affecting the quality of teaching and learning. Educators worldwide have many responsibilities in managing classroom discipline and shaping the behaviour of learners in schools. For educators to undertake these many responsibilities there is need for them to carryout effective teaching and learning through maintaining a disciplined classroom without enforcing corporal punishment. This might seem difficult from the view of certain attitudes learners display in classroom, but it is possible if educators are groomed with contemporary classroom discipline strategies which conform to the demands of the Department of Education. The study investigated the phenomenon of managing classroom discipline in Ngaka Modiri Molema District to determine the extent to which educators are conversant with the legal framework for managing classroom discipline and to determine strategies currently employed by educators to establish discipline in the classroom. The study also state and describe disciplinary challenges currently faced by educators in the classroom and make recommendations and guidelines on the findings with regard to managing classroom discipline. A literature review was done on conceptual literature relating to issues on managing classroom discipline. Learner's misconduct in class, causes of disciplinary problems and how to prevent and manage classroom discipline by applying the legal framework in class was also reviewed. The research approach was qualitative. Purposively selected participants included experienced teachers and student members of school student governments (prefects) of two purposefully selected schools. Views and experience of participants to this study were captured and explained through interviews, observations and document analysis. Results are discussed in relation to relevant literature, allowing the flow of an open coding process in inductive qualitative analysis. Findings from the research indicated that participants are experiencing varying forms of continued ill discipline in their classrooms. Some of which are; learners not doing their school and homework, absenteeism, disruption of classes by noise making, learners bullying fellow learners and even educators. Literature review revealed that there are nationwide guidelines and legal framework for managing discipline in schools as embedded in SASA. Participants know the guidelines and a legal framework for managing discipline in classrooms that has been used to design a school code of conduct and classroom rules. Most educators are not very conversant with the legal framework for managing classroom discipline except for the fact that they know they are not allowed to use corporal punishment. The findings of this study suggested that educators, through the help of the Department of Education, should familiarise themselves with legal documents on managing discipline in order for them to establish and maintain positive classroom discipline management. / Thesis (M.Ed) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2011

La tesi indaga l’esperienza del teatro comunitario, una delle espressioni artistiche più originali e pressoché sconosciute nel panorama teatrale novecentesco, che ha avuto in Argentina un punto di riferimento fondamentale. Questo fenomeno, che oggi conta cinquanta compagnie dal nord al sud del paese latinoamericano, e qualcuna in Europa, affonda le sue radici nella Buenos Aires della post-dittatura, in una società che continua a risentire degli esiti del terrore di Stato. Il teatro comunitario nasce dalla necessità di un gruppo di persone di un determinato quartiere di riunirsi in comunità e comunicare attraverso il teatro, con l'obiettivo di costruire un significato sociale e politico. La prima questione messa a fuoco riguarda la definizione della categoria di studio: quali sono i criteri che consentono di identificare, all’interno della molteplicità di pratiche teatrali collettive, qualcosa di sicuramente riconducibile a questo fenomeno. Nel corso dell’indagine si è rivelata fondamentale la comprensione dei conflitti dell’esperienza reale e l’individuazione dei caratteri comuni, al fine di procedere a un esercizio di generalizzazione. La ricerca ha imposto la necessità di comprendere i meccanismi mnemonici e identitari che hanno determinato e, a loro volta, sono stati riattivati dalla nascita di questa esperienza. L’analisi, supportata da studi filosofici e antropologici, è volta a comprendere come sia cambiata la percezione della corporeità in un contesto di sparizione dei corpi, dove il lavoro sulla memoria riguarda in particolare i corpi assenti (desaparecidos). L’originalità del tema ha imposto la riflessione su un approccio metodologico in grado di esercitare una adeguata funzione euristica, e di fungere da modello per studi futuri. Sono stati pertanto scavalcati i confini degli studi teatrologici, con particolare attenzione alle svolte culturali e storiche che hanno preceduto e affiancato l’evoluzione del fenomeno. / The thesis investigates the community theater experience as one of the most original and least known artistic expressions of the 20th century theater scene, which had a fundamental reference point in Argentina. To date this phenomenon, which counts fifty companies all over Latin America and some in Europe, has its roots in post-dictatorship Buenos Aires, in a society that continues to be affected by State Terror. Community theatre came to light from the need of a group of neighbors to gather in community and communicate through theatre to build social and political meaning. The first issue is the definition of study category: what criteria allow to identify, within the multiplicity of collective theatre practices, something to clearly trace back to this phenomenon. During the investigation, essentials were the understanding of real experience conflicts and the identification of common traits in order to carry out generalization. Research has imposed the need to understand identitarian and mnemonic mechanisms that in turn determined and have been reactivated by the birth of this experience. The analysis, supported by studies in philosophy and anthropology, is intended to understand how the perception of corporeality changes in the context of the disappearance of the body, in particular where the work on memory concerns the absent bodies (desaparecidos). The uniqueness of the topic has imposed the research of a methodological approach suitable to exert an adequate heuristic function, and act as a model for future studies. Therefore, Theatrological studies boundaries were crossed, paying special attention to the cultural and historical turns that preceded and accompanied the phenomenon's evolution.

Published Article / Learner discipline is an important aspect of schooling. Historically, teachers applied a number of measures to maintain discipline, including corporal punishment. In 1996 the use of corporal punishment in South African schools was banned. However, some parents and teachers believed that the banning of corporal punishment was directly responsible for poor discipline among learners in the township schools. The purpose of this article was to investigate this perception, as well as to investigate what teachers were doing to address disciplinary problems among learners. A questionnaire was developed, and distributed among 20 teachers from primary schools in the Matjhabeng Municipality (16 teachers responded). The data collected was quantitatively analysed. It was found that although cases of learner mischief were still experienced in the primary schools, the level of discipline has not increased disproportionately after the banning of corporal punishment; the majority of learners behaved fairly well. However, some teachers were found to use harsh measures of disciplining learners, including corporal punishment. The involvement of parents in learner discipline was not preferred by many teachers. To help teachers to effectively handle discipline, the Ministry of Education has to find ways of training teachers in democracy, stress management and conflict management.

La tesi si pone l'obiettivo di investigare la scena performativa contemporanea concentrandosi sull’evoluzione, durante il Novecento, di due aspetti principali, o forme: il corpo e l’abito. In primo luogo, si tratta di porre la lente d'ingrandimento su ciò che ha comportato la modificazione del concetto di presenza del corpo sulla scena, attraverso il triplice filtro della tecnologia, della moda e del movimento. Diviene utile indagare, quindi, come il modo di pensare e agire sul corpo si sia modificato negli anni attraverso la realizzazione di costumi e di strumenti scenici in cui la componente tecnologica e multimediale ha acquisito sempre maggior importanza. Declinato dal campo della moda a quello delle arti sceniche, il design, infatti, si trova oggi a essere espressione di una ricerca che esplora le possibilità nascoste dell'interazione tra sistemi tecnologici multimediali e l'ambito artistico. Diviene importante, quindi, non sottovalutare la questione del costume nella composizione complessiva dell'opera ma sfruttare, invece, le infinite risorse che la moda può apportare all'estetica e alla percezione finale dello spettacolo stesso. Rispetto alla forma abito, si prenderà, quindi, in considerazione proprio la sua evoluzione attraverso il lavoro compiuto da stilisti all'avanguardia che collaborano, in maniera diretta o indiretta, con il mondo della live art. Un rapporto che è interessante esplorare nelle reciproche influenze tecniche ed estetiche. Basti pensare alle collaborazioni tra William Forsythe e Issey Miyake; o ancora al lavoro del designer inglese Garreth Pugh, i cui abiti sono il prodotto di ispirazioni molteplici, dalle esibizioni serpentine di Loïe Fuller, così come dai costumi geometrici schlemmeriani. Procedendo attraverso un lavoro di sovrapposizioni in trasparenza rispetto ai tre domini di teatro, moda e tecnologia, l'obiettivo sarà allora quello di verificare l'apporto, in termini di sviluppo estetico e compositivo, che le loro reciproche ibridazioni possono apportare alla scena performativa contemporanea. / The dissertation investigates the evolution and the relation, along the last century, of two main aspects of the contemporary performing arts, indicated here as forms, such the body and the garment, through the implication of the new technologies. First of all, pointing out how the modification of the concept of presence worked for a re-consideration of both the two forms, through the triple filter of technology, fashion and movement. Then, analysing how the development of technological and multimedia garments and stage devices change the way of thinking and acting to the body on stage itself. As well as in the field of fashion and in the context of the performing live arts, design is today the expression of a research that explores the possible interactions and contaminations between technology and arts. The garment issue, then, becomes relevant in the whole composition of the performing artwork, and as well to consider how fashion can be a rich and important source in terms of aesthetic and perception for the theatre world. About the analysis of the form – garment, as the second main object after the form-body in the structure of this thesis, is important considering how the dress item is evolving by means of the work of avant-garde fashion designers who collaborate, directly or not, with the live art domain. Therefore, the relation between fashion and performing arts will be explored through their mutual influences, in a technical and aesthetic point of view. Along the dissertation, there will be also presented several examples of the collaborations between designers and theatre directors/choreographers. Leading the research by overlapping the three domains of theatre, fashion and technology, finally the main object will be to verify the aesthetic and the structural contribution that their interaction have on the contemporary performing arts.

Η δημοτική εκπαίδευση αποτελεί τη βάση του εκπαιδευτικού συστήματος και ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον έχει αποδοθεί και συνεχίζει να αποδίδεται σε αυτήν ακόμα και σήμερα ώστε να βελτιώνεται μέσω της αποφυγής λαθών του παρελθόντος . Ο εκπαιδευτικός από τη μεριά του είναι η καρδία της εκπαιδευτικής διαδικασίας και καλείται να υλοποιεί τους εκάστοτε εκπαιδευτικούς στόχους . Στην παρούσα μελέτη γίνεται μια προσπάθεια να παρουσιαστεί μια συνήθης σχολική πρακτική των εκπαιδευτικών , αυτή των ποινών, ως μέσο επιβολής της πειθαρχίας στην τάξη από την περίοδο της Τουρκοκρατίας ως και την περίοδο του Τρικούπη. Ο εκπαιδευτικός καλείται να επιβάλλει ποινές στους μαθητές του θεωρημένες υπό την έννοια της σχολικής εξουσίας και μέσα στο ευρύτερο κοινωνικό ,πολιτικό και εκπαιδευτικό πλαίσιο.Η ρύθμιση της συμπεριφοράς των μαθητών επιτυγχάνεται διαμέσω κανόνων , κανονισμών και μέτρων , προκαθορισμένων από τους αρμοδίους και με χαρακτηριστικά που πηγάζουν από τις συνθήκες της εκάστοτε εποχής. Στο πρώτο μέρος της μελέτης παρουσιάζεται το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο ανάλυσης: η βιβλιογραφική επισκόπηση καθώς και ο σκοπός και τα ερωτήματα της έρευνάς μας , η σχέση της πειθαρχίας με την κοινωνία και το σχολείο , η θέση της ποινής στο σχολείο ως μέσο επιβολής πειθαρχίας ενώ γίνεται αναφορά στη μακρά παράδοση των ποινών .Ακόμα παρουσιάζονται οι απόψεις εκείνων που αμφισβητούν την θέση της ποινής στο σχολείο και το πρώτο μέρος κλείνει με τις ιστορικές αναφορές που παρουσιάζουν τις εκάστοτε πολιτικές , κοινωνικο-οικονομικές και εκπαιδευτικές συνθήκες. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζεται η μεθοδολογία της έρευνας και η θεωρία περί εξουσίας. Ακολουθεί η παρουσίαση των ευρημάτων και η εργασία κλείνει με την ανάλυσή τους . / The educational system is based on the municipal education. It has been given special attention and is still to this day the foundation of the educational system and a security hatch that provides a foolproof method of error avoidance. The cornerstone of the system is the human element, the teacher, the heart and soul of the educational system and the one who gives and implements the education goals. The present research paper deals with the Turkish-based educational practice, which is based on a penalty doctrine as a method of achieving the educational goals. The era continues through the years of the newly established Greek State with Harilaos Trikoupis as a governor. The teacher is expected to impose punishment on the students under the authority given by the society inside the school premises and the general political and socio-cultural environment. Students’ behavior is set by a preset framework of rules and regulations, provided by the authorities with characteristics that derive from the current situation. In the first part of the research the theoretical framework is presented: the bibliographical aspects as well as the purpose and questions that arose from our research, the relationship between punishment the society and the educational system, and the role of the punishment inside the school premises as a way to express authority. The long punishment tradition is also reflected in the study. The study also documents the opposing side that disagrees with the use of punishment as an educational method and the first section finishes with the historical references that describe the current political, economical, social and educational aspects of the specific time period. In the next part, the methodology is analyzed and the theory that deals with authority. This is followed by the presentation of the findings and the research is concluded with the final analysis.

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