La maladie d'Alzheimer est une maladie neurodégénérative sénile, entrainant une perte progressive et irréversible des fonctions cognitives et comportementales. Les deux principales caractéristiques pathologiques observées chez les patients atteints d'Alzheimer sont la présence d'enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires intracellulaires (majoritairement constitués par la protéine Tau hyperphosphorylée) et l'agrégation extracellulaire de plaques séniles ou amyloïdes (majoritairement constituées du peptide Amyloïde-β (Aβ)).Si l'étiologie complexe de la maladie reste à établir, la participation du stress oxydant (en partie induit par le peptide Aβ) est largement admise. Il a ainsi été proposé que la mort neuronale puisse être due à l'accumulation de dommages oxydatifs au niveau de la molécule d'ADN, qui pourrait en outre être associée à un dysfonctionnement du système de réparation de ce dernier. Dans notre étude, nous avons cherché à préciser les effets spécifiques du peptide Aβ sur les systèmes de réparation de l'ADN d'une lignée de neuroblastome humain (APP751). Cette dernière sécrète le peptide Aβ à des concentrations très physiologiques. Nous avons observé dans ce modèle une augmentation des dommages oxydatifs à l'état basal et plus encore à l'issue d'un stress additionnel, métallique ou oxydant. De manière surprenante le système BER, associé à la réparation des lésions oxydatives, est apparu sous-exprimé en présence d'Aβ, et réduit d'avantage après l'application d'un stress. Ces observations suggèrent une incapacité de la lignée sécrétrice d'Aβ à répondre à une attaque extérieure, ce qui est vraisemblablement susceptible d'engendrer une accumulation de dommages au niveau de la molécule d'ADN. L'autre fait marquant de ce travail, est la surexpression de facteurs généralement associés au NER, en présence d'Aβ couplé à un stress oxydant. Ces facteurs présentent une multifonctionnalité au sein de la cellule et leur stimulation pourrait représenter la mise en place d'un processus apoptotique plutôt que l'initiation de la réparation de l'ADN. Ces travaux nous ont permis d'établir pour la première fois un lien entre la sécrétion du peptide Aβ et la perturbation des systèmes de réparation de l'ADN, phénomènes susceptibles d'entrainer la mort cellulaire observée en excès dans la maladie d'Alzheimer. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder which leads to a progressive and irreversible loss of cognitive and behavioral functions. Two major pathological hallmarks are affecting patients with AD: intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (mostly constituted of the hyperphosphorylated Tau protein) and extracellular senile plaques deposits (mostly constituted of the amyloid- β peptide (Aβ)). If the complex etiology of AD remains to be defined, the role played by oxidative stress (partly generated by Aβ) is widely accepted. Thus, it has been proposed that the neuronal death in AD could be due to the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage over life that could be moreover associated to a deficient DNA repair capacity. In this study we focused on the Aβ peptide specific effects on DNA repair systems. We worked on a human neuroblastoma cell line which possesses the ability to secrete the Aβ to a very physiological level. In this model, we observed an increase in oxidative DNA damage, under basal conditions and even more following exposure to a metallic or oxidative stress. Surprinsingly, the oxidative lesions-associated BER system, appeared to be downregulated in the presence of Aβ, and to a greater extent diminished after stress. These observations suggest that the Aβ-secreting cell line is not able to respond to a harmful environment, which is likely to trigger the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage. The other highlight of this work is the over-expression of generally NER-associated proteins, in the presence of Aβ coupled to an oxidative stress. These proteins exhibit a multifunctionnality within cells and their stimulation could reveal the set up of an apoptotic pathway rather than the induction of a DNA repair process. Taken together, these results lead us to establish for the first time a strong link between Aβ secretion and the impairment of DNA repair capacities, which are inclined to cause the neuronal death that is observed in excess in AD.

Les centrosomes sont les centres organisateurs des microtubules et jouent un rôle crucial dans l’organisation du fuseau bipolaire pendant la mitose. Plus récemment, le rôle des centrosomes dans la régulation de l’entrée en mitose a été mis en évidence. Les centrosomes semblent également contribuer à l’activation du point de contrôle en G2/M en réponse aux lésions de l’ADN en servant de point de rencontre pour les régulateurs du cycle cellulaire et les gènes de réponse aux dommages à l’ADN. L’amplification du nombre de centrosomes est une caractéristique des cellules tumorales mais de façon intéressante, elle constitue aussi une réponse des cellules aux dommages à l’ADN. Les mécanismes qui régulent l’homéostasie et la dynamique des centrosomes sont encore mal compris. Pour mieux comprendre le rôle des centrosomes dans la régulation du point de contrôle en G2/M en réponse aux dommages à l’ADN, le recrutement et/ou l’activation au niveau des centrosomes des kinases impliquées dans les voies de signalisation de ce point de contrôle ont été étudiés par immunofluorescence indirecte sur cellules HeLaS3 ou par Western blot sur des fractions enrichies en centrosomes. Nos résultats montrent que les kinases ATM, ATR, CHK1 et CHK2 sont actives dans les centrosomes de cellules en phase G2. En réponse à l’activation du point de contrôle en G2/M, les formes actives de ces kinases diminuent au niveau des centrosomes. Pour identifier de nouveaux acteurs centrosomaux potentiellement impliqués dans la régulation de ce point de contrôle, une analyse comparative des protéomes de centrosomes purifiés a également été réalisée par spectrométrie de masse. Pour étudier plus particulièrement la fonction de CHK2 au niveau des centrosomes, nous avons développer des outils moléculaires qui serviront à déterminer le rôle de la sous population de CHK2 localisée aux centrosomes 1) dans la régulation de l’entrée en mitose au cours d’un cycle normal 2) dans l’activation et la stabilité du point de contrôle en G2/M en réponse aux lésions l’ADN et 3) dans l’homéostasie et la dynamiques des centrosomes en réponse aux dommages à l’ADN. Cette étude permettra de mieux comprendre la fonction des centrosomes dans la réponse cellulaire au stress génotoxiques anti-cancereux et de révéler de nouvelles fonctions potentielles pour la kinase CHK2. / Centrosomes function primarily as microtubule-organizing centres that play a crucial rôle in the equal segregation of chromosomes by organizing the bipolar spindle during mitosis. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of centrosomes in regulating G2/M transition during normal cell cycle progression. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that centrosomes also play roles in the DNA damage response and cell cycle checkpoint signalling by serving as “meeting points” where DNA-damage-responsive genes and cell cycle regulators communicate. Numerical centrosome aberrations, or centrosome amplification, is a common feature of most human cancers that promotes aneuploidy and is involved in tumorigenesis as well as tumor progression. Interestingly, centrosome amplification and fragmentation have also been shown to constitute a cellular response to impaired DNA integrity that triggers cell death by mitotic failure. Although their roles are critical in tumorigenesis and the DNA damage response, the mechanisms that regulate centrosome homeostasis and dynamics remain poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of the role of the centrosomes in checkpoint regulation at G2/M transition in response to DNA damage; the recruitment and/or centrosomal activation of the kinases implicated in this checkpoint pathways were studied by indirect immunofluorescence on HeLaS3 cells or western blot on purified centrosomal fractions. Our results showed that the kinases CHK1, CHK2, ATM and ATR are activated at the centrosomes in cell synchronised in G2. However, after activation of the G2/M checkpoint, these activated kinases moved from centrosomes. Finally, to identify new centrosomal actors potentially involved in the regulation of this checkpoint, a comparative analysis of the proteome of purified centrosomes was also realized by mass spectrometry. To study more specifically the function of CHK2 at the centrosomes, we developped molecular tools wich will serve to determine the role of the sub-population of CHK2 localized at the centrosomes in 1) in regulating entry into mitosis during unperturbed cell cycle progression, 2) in checkpoint regulation at G2/M transition in response to DNA damage induced by ionizing radiations and genotoxic drugs and 3) in centrosomal homeostasis and dynamics by regulating centrosomal amplification, fragmentation and clustering during normal cell cycle progression and in response to genotoxic drugs. This study will further elucidate the importance of centrosomes in regulating the cell response to genotoxic stress induced by anti-cancer treatments and reveal potential new functions for the kinase CHK2 in unperturbed cell cycle progression and in response to DNA damage.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4461.pdf: 864627 bytes, checksum: 65403dae241e7d12b25fab4c53a4ee0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / The use of biomarkers can provide a great help in the evaluation of the damages caused by pesticides in aquatic organisms. The present study aimed to verify the toxicity of clomazone and ametryn for a tropical freshwater fish Prochilodus lineatus by using different parameters in fish exposed for 96h to clomazone (1, 5 and 10 mg.L-1) and to ametryn, as the commercial product GesapaxR500 or in its pure form, in the concentrations 2.5 and 5.0 mg.L-1, or only to water (CTR). The parameters used were: hematological; metabolic (concentration of glucose); osmoionic (osmolarity and plasmatic Cl-, Na+ e K+); biochemical and genotoxic (DNA damage). Clomazone caused hematological disturbances in P. lineatus as noted in the lowervalues of hematocrit (Hct) in 10 mg.L-1; hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (HCM) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (CHCM) in 5 and 10 mg.L-1, which, in general, may indicate anemia. The number of erythrocytes (RBC) presented increased values in the lowerconcentration tested for clomazone, which probable is related to the stress response, with the releasing of immature erythrocytes in the blood stream. Clomazone also activated the detoxification and antioxidant pathways of the tested animals, as shown by the increased activity of the hepatic biotransformation enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) in 5 and 10 mg.L-1. The reduced activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) observed in 5 and 10 mg.L-1 indicated efficient performance of CAT removing the H2O2, or even a competition with GST for the substratereduced glutathione (GSH). The activity of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in P. lineatus was inhibited in the concentrations of 5 and 10 mg.L-1 of clomazone, showing that this herbicide has an anticholinesterasic effect on the studied fish species. Fish exposed to ametrynshowed hematological disturbances such as lower values of Hct in 2.5 and 5.0 mg.L-1 and of RBC in the concentration of 5.0 mg.L-1. The reduction of plasmatic K+ in the concentration of 2.5 mg.L-1, and the hematological alterations mentioned above, may indicate a rupture of the erythrocytes. Fish exposed both to pure ametrynand the formulated product, showed higher values of glucose as a stress response, in both concentrations tested. The two products also caused inhibition of the gill activity of Na+/K+ATPase in 5.0 mg.L-1. The concentration of 5.0 mg.L-1 caused significant decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, leading to the conclusion that ametrynor its formulated product do not generate lipidic peroxidation. DNA damages in the erythrocytes of P. lineatus were x observed in the concentration of 5.0 mg.L-1 of ametryn and GesapaxR 500, showing the genotoxicity of ametryn, probably because it binds directly to the genetic material of the fish. The results presented here allow concluding that the pesticides ametryn and clomazone interfere in the functional parameters of P. lineatus and can compromise the health of these animals / O uso de biomarcadores é importante para avaliar os efeitos causados por agrotóxicos em organismos aquáticos como os peixes. No presente estudo foram utilizados os parâmetros hematológicos, metabólico (glicose plasmática), osmoiônicos (íons Na+, K+ e Cl-), bioquímicose genotóxico (ensaio do cometa), para avaliar a toxicidade dos herbicidas ametrina e clomazone para a espécie de peixe neotropical Prochilodus lineatus. Peixes jovens foram expostos a três concentrações de clomazone: 1, 5 e 10 mg.L-1 , além do grupo controle (CTR) por 96 h. Este herbicida provocou alterações sanguíneas em P. lineatus como diminuição do hematócrito (Hcto) em 10 mg.L-1; hemoglobina (Hb), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) em 5 e 10 mg.L- 1, que podem indicar anemia. O número de eritrócitos (RBC) apresentou aumento na menor concentração testada, refletindo provável resposta de estresse com liberação de eritrócitos jovens na corrente sanguínea. O clomazone também ativou as vias de desintoxicação e as vias antioxidantes dos animais testados, como foi demonstrado pelo aumento da atividade hepática da enzima de biotransformação glutationa-Stransferase (GST) e da enzima antioxidante catalase (CAT) em 5 e 10 mg.L-1. A redução da atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) observada em 5 e 10 mg.L-1 indica atuação eficiente da CAT na remoção do H2O2, ou competição com a GST pelo substrato glutationa reduzida (GSH). A atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) cerebral de P. lineatus foi inibida nas concentrações de 5 e 10 mg.L-1 de clomazone, mostrando que este produto tem ação anticolinesterásica para a espécie em questão. O herbicida ametrina foi testado de duas formas: utilizado na sua forma pura e também como produto formulado GesapaxR500, nas concentrações de 2,5 e 5,0 mg.L-1. Os peixes expostos a estes produtos durante 96 h apresentaram alterações hematológicas como diminuição do Hcto em 2,5 e 5,0 mg.L-1 e do RBC na concentração de 5,0 mg.L-1. O aumento do K+ plasmático na concentração de 2,5 mg.L-1, juntamente com as alterações hematológicas podem ser indicativos de rompimento dos eritrócitos. Os peixes expostos tanto à ametrina pura quanto ao produto formulado, apresentaram aumento da glicemia como resposta de estresse em ambas as concentrações testadas. A ametrina pura e o GesapaxR500 causaram inibição da atividade branquial da Na+/K+ATPase em 5,0 mg.L-1. Foi verificado diminuição significativa de malondialdeído (MDA) nos peixes expostos à concentração de 5 mg.L-1 de ametrina e de GesapaxR500, indicando que estes não viii geraram peroxidação lipídica. Danos no DNA de eritrócitos de P. lineatus foram observados na concentração de 5,0 mg.L-1 de ametrina e GesapaxR500, evidenciando a genotoxicidade destes, provavelmente por ação direta sobre material genético. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os herbicidas ametrina e clomazone interferem nos parâmetros funcionais de P. lineatus, podendo comprometer a saúde desses animais.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O câncer é uma doença de alta incidência e é considerado um problema de saúde pública no mundo todo. O resveratrol é um polifenol de defesa que tem a habilidade de inibir a carcinogênese em múltiplos estágios. Este polifenol é sintetizado por uma grande variedade de plantas em resposta a exposição à radiação ultravioleta (UV) ou também, pelo estresse mecânico produzido pela ação de patógenos, agentes químicos e físicos. As videiras são consideradas as plantas que têm uma capacidade elevada de produzir o resveratrol, portanto suco de uva e vinho, principalmente o vinho tinto são considerados uma boa fonte de resveratrol. Os efeitos protetores exercidos pelo resveratrol promovem efeitos como indução da resposta antiinflamatória, atividade antitumoral, prevenção ou inibição de doenças degenerativas, diminuição da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares, inibição da agregação plaquetária, entre outros. Assim, o resveratrol é considerado um protetor celular. Porém, em concentrações mais elevadas, o resveratrol promove o efeito contrário, sensibilizando as células a algum tipo de efeito, como por exemplo, o efeito da radiação ionizante. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito radiomodificador do resveratrol em cultura de células RD (rabdomiossarcoma humano) aplicando o teste do cometa para avaliação do dano e capacidade de reparo celular. Foi obtida a DL50 das células RD em 403 Gy e o índice de citotoxicidade do resveratrol (IC50%) nas células RD foi de 150 μM. A partir destes resultados foram definidas as doses de radiação gama (50 Gy e 100 Gy) e as concentrações de resveratrol (15 μM 30 μM 60 μM) que foram analisadas no trabalho. Foram evidenciados os efeitos do resveratrol como protetor celular na concentração de 15 μM e seu efeito citotóxico em 60 μM. Com a interação da radiação gama, a concentração de 60 μM não mostrou efeito radiossensibilizador estatisticamente significante. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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L'exposition aux ultraviolets solaires constitue un facteur de risque majeur dans le développement de cancers cutanés. L'initiation de ces cancers est cependant pondérée par des mécanismes cellulaires de protection qui contrecarrent l'instabilité génomique éventuellement promue par les UV. Dans ces mécanismes, le suppresseur de tumeur p53 joue un rôle fondamental en régulant l'expression de nombreux gènes permettant de bloquer le cycle cellulaire et de réparer l'ADN ou, si les dommages cellulaires sont trop importants, d'activer l'apoptose. Les régulateurs de la stabilité de la protéine p53 en réponse au stress UV sont ainsi capitaux pour assurer la stabilité du génome. En réponse au stress UV in vivo et in vitro, nous mettons en évidence que le facteur de transcription USF1 est primordial à l'activation du programme génétique contrôlé par la protéine p53. Nos données convergent vers un modèle dans lequel USF1 agit sur la voie p53 par deux moyens. D'une part, USF1, assure par interaction physique la stabilité de p53 en contrecarrant de manière mutuellement exclusive l'association du suppresseur de tumeur à MDM2 son inhibiteur physiologique. D'autre part, USF1 agit synergiquement avec le suppresseur de tumeur pour transcrire certains gènes cibles de p53 comme le régulateur du cycle cellulaire CDKN1A (p21). Ces deux niveaux de régulation dépendent étroitement du niveau de stress et permettent d'assurer un contrôle optimal de l'arrêt du cycle cellulaire en réponse à l'exposition UV. Collectivement, nos données montrent qu'USF1, par le contrôle de la voie p53, est un facteur essentiel contre l'instabilité génomique induite par les UV. / Ultraviolets (UV) solar exposure is a critical risk factor in skin cancers development. Initiation of these cancers is however lowered by cellular protective mechanisms that counteract the genomic instability potentially promoted by UV. In these mechanisms p53 protein is critical in regulating a large number of genes that blocks the cell cycle to allow DNA repair or, if damages are beyond repair, to activate apoptosis. The regulators of p53 stability in response to UV are thus crucial to ensure genomic stability. In response to UV stress, we found by in vivo and in vitro studies that USF1 is essential in the activation of p53 genetic program. Our data converge to a model whereby USF1 acts on p53 pathway by two means. On one hand, USF1 stabilizes p53 from MDM2 mediated degradation by a physical association to the tumor suppressor in a MDM2 mutually exclusive manner. On the other hand USF1 synergizes with the tumor suppressor in the transcription of several targets of p53 protein and particularly the CDKN1A inhibitor of the cell cycle. These two levels of regulation are closely dependent in the stress level and ensure an optimal control of the cell cycle progression in response to UV. Collectively, our results show that USF1, by controlling p53 pathway, is a critical factor against the genomic instability promoted by UV.

Les rayonnements ionisants sont connus pour induire des dommages critiques au sein de la matière biologique et spécialement au sein de l’ADN. Parmi ces dommages, les cassures doubles brins de l’ADN (DSB) sont considérées comme les principales responsables des effets létaux des rayonnements. Comprendre et prédire comment ces cassures sont créées et réparées dans les noyaux cellulaires demeure un défi dans la recherche en radiobiologie. Ce travail s’inscrit dans ce contexte, dans la modélisation des cassures double brin de l’ADN (DSB) à partir des dépôts d’énergie créés par l’irradiation au niveau intracellulaire. Le détail topologique au niveau nanométrique des dépôts d’énergie nécessaire à ce travail est obtenu par modélisation Monte Carlo à l’aide du code Geant4 et, en particulier son extension Geant4-DNA pour des processus à très faible énergie. Les dommages étudiés étant ceux localisés dans l’ADN, le premier objectif de ce travail a été de réaliser une géométrie détaillée de celui-ci afin de l’implémenter dans les calculs Monte Carlo. Deux types de noyaux cellulaires, représentant un fibroblaste et un endothélium, ont été décrits afin d’évaluer l’influence de la densité d’ADN dans les résultats sur la topologie des dépôts pouvant donner lieux à des cassures de la molécule. Cette géométrie nous permet d’effectuer une première sélection des dépôts d’énergie pouvant contribuer aux cassures car situées sur la chaîne sucre-phosphate. Ces dépôts sont ensuite analysés à l’aide d’un algorithme de clustérisation de manière à les regrouper sous forme d’agrégats afin d’étudier leur localisation et complexité. Néanmoins, dans cette étude, seule les interactions physiques entre les rayonnements ionisants et la cible sont modélisées, il n’est donc pas possible d’obtenir un nombre absolu de cassures de brins car cette modélisation n’inclue pas l’étape de création et de transport des radicaux libres pouvant donner lieu à des dommages indirects. Ainsi, le but de ce travail était d’évaluer la dépendance relative des dommages radio-induits directs avec la densité d’ADN, la qualité du rayonnement, la morphologie du noyau ou encore la condensation de la chromatine. Les différentes modélisations réalisées ont permis de quantifier l’influence de ces différents paramètres dans le nombre et la complexité des dommages directs induits dans l’ADN, pouvant ensuite contribuer aux effets tardifs sur le devenir cellulaire. / Ionizing radiations are known to induce critical damages on biological matter and especially on DNA. Among these damages, DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are considered as key precursor of lethal effects of ionizing radiations. Understand and predict how DNA double and simple strand breaks are created by ionising radiation and repaired in cell nucleus is nowadays a major challenge in radiobiology research. This work presents the results on the simulation of the DNA double strand breaks produced from the energy deposited by the irradiation at the intracellular level. At the nanometric scale, the only method to accurately simulate the topological details of energy deposited on the biological matter is the use of Monte Carlo codes. In this work, we used the Geant4 Monte Carlo code and, in particular, the low energy electromagnetic package extensions, referred as Geant4-DNA processes.In order to evaluate DNA radio-induced damages, the first objective of this work consisted in implementing a detailed geometry of the DNA on the Monte Carlo simulations. Two types of cell nuclei, representing a fibroblast and an endothelium, were described in order to evaluate the influence of the DNA density on the topology of the energy deposits contributing to strand breaks. Indeed, the implemented geometry allows the selection of energy transfer points that can lead to strand breaks because they are located on the backbone. Then, these energy transfer points were analysed with a clustering algorithm in order to reveal groups of aggregates and to study their location and complexity.In this work, only the physical interactions of ionizing radiations are simulated. Thus, it is not possible to achieve an absolute number of strand breaks as the creation and transportation of radical species which could lead to indirect DNA damages is not included. Nevertheless, the aim of this work was to evaluate the relative dependence of direct DNA damages with the DNA density, radiation quality, cell nuclei morphology or also chromatin condensation. The results presented in this work have allowed the quantification of the influence of these different parameters in the number and complexity of directs DNA damages which can then contribute to the late effects on cell fate.