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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Implication de la protéine Staufen 2 dans les voies de réponse aux dommages à l’ADN

Condé, Lionel 10 1900 (has links)
De nombreuses voies de signalisation cellulaire complexes permettent de répondre à la présence de dommages à l’ADN. Cette réponse cellulaire est indispensable afin d’éviter l’accumulation de mutations pouvant éventuellement conduire à la transformation tumorale. Ces différentes voies de réponse aux dommages à l’ADN sont hautement coordonnées et sont regroupées au sein d’un mécanisme global appelé DNA damage response (DDR). Les facteurs du DDR sont régulés à plusieurs niveaux de la cascade de l’expression des gènes. De façon notable, plusieurs protéines de liaison à l’ARN (RBP) participent à la régulation de l’expression des gènes du DDR via la régulation post- transcriptionnelle de leur ARN messager. La RBP STAU2 est connue pour lier plusieurs ARNm codant pour des protéines impliquées dans le contrôle du cycle cellulaire ainsi que dans les voies du DDR. La protéine STAU2 est elle-même régulée au niveau transcriptionnel par le facteur de transcription E2F1. De récentes observations laissent penser que la kinase centrale du DDR, CHK1, pourrait être impliquée dans la régulation de la stabilité de STAU2. Par ailleurs, les conséquences cellulaires de la diminution du niveau d’expression de STAU2 sont à ce jour très peu connues. Ce mémoire a d’abord été entrepris dans le but de mieux comprendre l’implication de la voie de la kinase CHK1 dans la régulation de la protéine de liaison à l’ARN STAU2. CHK1 est une protéine centrale des voies du DDR ainsi que du contrôle de la progression du cycle cellulaire en l’absence de dommages à l’ADN. Nos résultats montrent que la diminution de CHK1 induit une dégradation rapide de STAU2 par les caspases d’une façon indépendante de l’apoptose. Nous avons également renforcé ce lien entre STAU2 et les mécanismes de réparation des dommages à l’ADN en identifiant plusieurs protéines des voies de réparation dans l’environnement immédiat de STAU2. D’autre part nos travaux visent à mettre en évidence les conséquences de la déplétion de STAU2 dans plusieurs types cellulaires. STAU2 étant une RBP, sa dérégulation impacte inévitablement le devenir de plusieurs ARNm. Afin de caractériser ces différentes conséquences, nous avons dans un premier temps réalisé la déplétion totale de STAU2 dans des cellules hTert-RPE par la technique de CRISPR/Cas9. Nos résultats montrent que ces cellules accumulent anormalement des dommages à l’ADN et prolifèrent plus rapidement que des cellules normales. En outre plusieurs gènes impliqués dans la réparation des dommages à l’ADN se retrouvent diminués dans ces cellules. Dans un second temps, afin de définir si cet effet est dépendant du type cellulaire, nous avons induit la diminution de l’expression de STAU2 dans des cellules IMR90. Nous avons montré que dans ce cas, la diminution de STAU2 induit un arrêt du cycle cellulaire et une entrée des cellules en sénescence. Ainsi, les données présentées dans ce mémoire contribuent à mieux comprendre l’implication de STAU2 dans les processus cellulaires majeurs que sont la régulation du DDR et le contrôle du cycle cellulaire. / Many complex cellular pathways are induced in response to DNA damages. This cellular response is indispensable to prevent the accumulation of mutations and to avoid malignant transformation. These different pathways are highly coordinated and are organized in a global mechanism called DNA damage response (DDR). Proteins involved in the DDR are regulated at different levels of the gene expression process. Notably, several RNA binding proteins are involved in the regulation of DDR gene expression through the post-transcriptional control of their mRNA. The RBP STAU2 is known to bind various mRNAs coding for proteins involved in the DDR or cell cycle control. STAU2 is regulated at the transcriptional levels by the major transcription factor E2F1. Recent observations suggest that CHK1 could be implicated in the control of the steady-state level of STAU2. Otherwise, the cellular consequences of STAU2 downregulation remain elusive. The purpose of this research was first to elucidate the implication of CHK1 pathway in STAU2 regulation. CHK1 is a major protein involved in the DDR regulation as well as in the control of cell cycle progression in the absence of DNA damage. Our data show that the downregulation of CHK1 rapidly leads to a caspase-dependent degradation of STAU2 independently of apoptosis. The link between STAU2 and mechanisms of DNA repair was reinforced by our BioID2 experiment that identified several proteins of the DDR in close proximity with STAU2. On the other hand, the aim of this study was to determine the consequences of STAU2 downregulation in different cell lines. Given that STAU2 is an RBP, its dysregulation will inevitably change the fate of several mRNA. In order to increase our understanding of theses consequences, we generated an hTert-RPE1 STAU2-KO cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Our data show that these cells accumulate DNA damage and have an increased proliferation rate. Moreover, several genes involved in the DNA repair pathway are downregulated. We also downregulated STAU2 in IMR90 to determine if the previous observations are cell-type specifics. In the latter case, STAU2 diminution triggers cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. Altogether, these results contribute to improve our knowledge of STAU2 function, especially in DNA damage response pathway and in cell cycle regulation.
132

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an essential regulator of the cellular response to ionizing radiation and a therapeutic target to enhance radiation therapy for prostate cancer treatment

Jacob Louis Owens (9133214) 05 August 2020 (has links)
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and failure to manage localized disease contributes to the majority of deaths. Radiation therapy (RT) is a common treatment for localized prostate cancer and uses ionizing radiation (IR) to damage DNA. Although RT is potentially curative, tumors often recur and progress to terminal disease. The cellular response to RT is multidimensional. For example, cells respond to a single dose of IR by activating the DNA damage response (DDR) to repair the DNA. Targeting proteins involved in the DDR is an effective clinical strategy to sensitize cancer cells to RT. However, multiple radiation treatments, as in fractionated ionizing radiation (FIR), can promote neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). FIR-induced NED is an emerging resistance mechanism to RT and tumors that undergo NED are highly aggressive and remain incurable.<br><br> Currently, the only clinical approach that improves RT for prostate cancer treatment is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT blocks androgen receptor (AR) signaling which inhibits the repair of DNA damage. In 2017, my lab reported that targeting Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) blocks AR protein expression. Therefore, targeting PRMT5 may also sensitize prostate cancer cells to RT via a novel mechanism of action.<br><br> This dissertation focuses on the role of PRMT5 in the cellular response to IR and the goal of my work is to validate PRMT5 as a therapeutic target to enhance RT for prostate cancer treatment. I demonstrate that PRMT5 has several roles in the cellular response to IR. Upon a single dose of IR, PRMT5 cooperates with pICln to function as a master epigenetic activator of DDR genes and efficiently repair IR-induced DNA damage. There is an assumption in the field that the methyltransferase activity and epigenetic function of PRMT5 is dependent on the cofactor MEP50. I demonstrate that PRMT5 can function independently of MEP50 and identify pICln as a novel epigenetic cofactor of PRMT5. During FIR, PRMT5, along with both cofactors MEP50 and pICln, are essential for initiation of NED, maintenance of NED, and cell survival. Targeting PRMT5 also sensitizes prostate cancer xenograft tumors in mice to RT, significantly reduces and delays tumor recurrence, and prolongs overall survival. Incredibly, while 100% of control mice died due to tumor burden, targeting PRMT5 effectively cured ~85% of mice from their xenograft tumor. Overall, this work provides strong evidence for PRMT5 as a therapeutic target and suggests that targeting PRMT5 during RT should be assessed clinically.<br>

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