INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular drift is a phenomenon, which appears after 10 - 20 minutes of prolonged moderate - intensity exercise (50 - 75% VO2max). CVD appears in a neutral or hot environment. It is characterized by a decline in stroke volume and systemic mean arterial pressures and a parallel increase in heart rate. Cardiac output is maintained nearly constant. The theory of CVD shows increase of core temperature and sympathetic nervous system as cause of increase of heart rate. GOALS: The goal of this thesis was find out the change of heart rate depending on time. Then we found out changes of oral, tympanic, axillary, vaginal and superficial skin temperature. We found out correlation between vaginal temperature and heart rate and then between skin temperature and vaginal temperature. METHODS: Blood pressure, heart rate, oral, tympanic, axillary, vaginal and superficial skin temperature were measured during 60 minutes of cycling (intensity 55% VO2max; 1,99 ± 0,14 W/kg). It was measured at 13 women (25,5 ± 1,3 years; 69,1 ± 7,7 kg). RESULTS and CONCLUSION: There was statistically significant increase of heart rate compared to value from 10. minute. during. There was increase of tympanic temperature compared to value from 10. minute only at the end of exercise. There was significant increase of vaginal and...

[pt] Na produção de gás e petróleo em campos de águas profundas são comumente encontrados trechos verticais de dutos (risers) na aproximação final à plataforma. Nesta configuração, podem ocorrer escoamentos bifásicos no regime de golfadas severas (severe slug) que gera alternância na produção da fase gasosa e líquida. Esta alternância é caracterizada por períodos de produção de gás sem líquido seguido de altas taxas de produção de ambas as fases. O regime severo de golfadas é geralmente descrito em quatro fases: formação da golfada, produção da golfada, rompimento da golfada pela fase gás e fluxo reverso do que restou da fase líquida. Este regime induz o escoamento a condições mais extremas do que um outro regime, visto que resultam em um aumento de pressão no duto durante a formação da golfada e em um aumento na taxa de produção durante a expulsão da mesma. O presente trabalho consiste da simulação numérica do regime de golfadas severas para um trecho de tubulação horizontal seguido de outro vertical, assim como apresentar uma análise de um regime estatisticamente permanente. A previsão do escoamento é obtida utilizando-se uma formulação unidimensional baseada no modelo de Drift. A freqüência das golfadas é comparada com outros estudos numéricos da literatura, obtendo-se uma concordância bastante satisfatória. / [en] In the gas and oil offshore deep water production is usual to find risers in Production Unit final approach. Regarding to this configuration, two-phase flows can evolve to a severe slug regime that create gas and liquid alternate production. This cyclic behavior is characterized by periods of gas production followed by very high liquid and gas flow rates. The severe slug flow regime is normally described as occurring in four phases: slug formation, slug production, blowout, and liquid fallback. This flow regime introduces new conditions that can be found in other regimes because of the pressure increase during the slug formation and the large flow rates during the slug production. The present work consists of the numerical simulation of the severe slug flow regime into a horizontal pipeline section followed by a vertical section, as well as to present an statistically steady state analysis. The flow prediction is obtained through a one-dimensional formulation based on the Drift Flux Model. The slug frequency is compared with other numerical studies available in the literature, and a very satisfactory agreement is obtained.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-08-06T14:45:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisângela Marlize Dalpiaz de Azeredo_.pdf: 1506700 bytes, checksum: 0a85bcb1bedded10aaf79f106d4afee8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T14:45:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisângela Marlize Dalpiaz de Azeredo_.pdf: 1506700 bytes, checksum: 0a85bcb1bedded10aaf79f106d4afee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O interesse pelos negócios de impacto social vem crescendo nas últimas décadas, tendo em vista que estes negócios representam uma fonte promissora de geração de valor social, econômico e financeiro. Entretanto, ao aliarem criação de valor social e sustentabilidade financeira, combinam elementos provenientes de lógicas institucionais diferentes, podendo enfrentar desafios inerentes a esta junção. Desta forma, a fim de que estes negócios obtenham êxito, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de um ecossistema de suporte robusto. Dentre os atores do ecossistema, destacam-se as aceleradoras, que visam apoiar o crescimento destes negócios, na fase inicial ou de expansão, exercendo, desta forma, um papel importante na construção e desenvolvimento das lógicas institucionais nestes negócios. Por consequência, influenciam a forma pela qual evitam mission drift, fenômeno que consiste no distanciamento do negócio da sua missão social. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar as estratégias utilizadas pelas aceleradoras para assegurar e monitorar que os negócios de impacto mantenham a lógica híbrida, alcançando o equilíbrio entre a criação de valor social e a sustentabilidade financeira, evitando mission drift. A fim de atingir o objetivo proposto, foi realizado um estudo de caso múltiplo, com quatro aceleradoras, que atuam com negócios de impacto social. Por meio da compreensão do papel que exercem na manutenção da lógica híbrida dos negócios impulsionados por elas, identificaram-se as fontes de mission drift, bem como as estratégias para evitar o fenômeno durante o programa de aceleração, contribuindo, desta forma, com o campo teórico e gerencial. As implicações teóricas do estudo consistem na identificação da influência que as aceleradoras exercem nos negócios de impacto impulsionados por elas, por meio das estratégias utilizadas para assegurar a manutenção da lógica híbrida, contribuindo tanto para o estudo das lógicas institucionais quanto do fenômeno mission drift. No que tange às contribuições gerenciais, fornece um conjunto de estratégias a serem utilizadas pelas aceleradoras, a fim de assegurar e monitorar a manutenção do equilíbrio entre a criação de valor social e a sustentabilidade financeira nos negócios que aceleram. / The interest by the social enterprises has been growing in recent decades, considering that these organizations represent a promising source for generating social, economic and financial value. However, as they ally social value creation and financial sustainability, they combine elements from different institutional logics and may face challenges inherent to this combination. In this way, in order that these organizations achieve success, it is necessary to develop a robust support ecosystem. Among the actors of the ecosystem, the accelerators stand out. They aim to support the growth of social enterprises at an early stage or an expansion stage, exercising, in this way, an important role in the construction and development of institutional logics in these organizations. Consequently, they influence the way in which them avoid mission drift, a phenomenon that consists in the detachment of a business from its social mission. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the strategies used by the accelerators to ensure and to monitor that the social enterprises maintain the hybrid logic, achieving the balance between the creation of social value and financial sustainability, avoiding mission drift. In order to achieve the proposed objective, it was conducted a multiple case study, with four accelerators, working with social enterprises. The sources of mission drift, as well as the strategies to avoid the phenomenon during the acceleration were identified through the understanding of the role that the accelerators exercise in maintaining the hybrid business logic in the business fueled by them, contributing, in this way, with the theoretical and managerial field. The theoretical implications of the study consist in the identification of the influence that the accelerators exert over the social enterprises boosted by them, through the strategies used to ensure the maintenance of the hybrid logic, contributing to the study of institutional logics as well as to the phenomenon of mission drift. Regarding the managerial contributions, the study provides a set of strategies to be used by the accelerators, in order to ensure and monitor the maintenance of the balance between the creation of social value and the financial sustainability in the business accelerated by them.

Abstract This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in Jönköping. In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on external contractors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to winter road upkeep. The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make sure to get what has been paid for. In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed. The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the contractor. It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how it affects the possibilities of the contractor to come as a newcomer to a new area of administration. Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of changes that the contractors feel affect their work in any sense. Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where the same contractor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of changing rules and the other one was area where the contractor was a newcomer. The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the contractors and the road users. The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and contractor.

A cryogenic (325-80 K) ion mobility-mass spectrometer was designed and constructed in order to improve the analytical figures-of-merit for the chemical analysis of small mass analytes using ion mobility-mass spectrometry. The instrument incorporates an electron ionization source, a quadrupole mass spectrometer, a uniform field drift cell spectrometer encased in a cryogenic envelope, and an orthogonal geometry time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The analytical benefits of low temperature ion mobility are discussed in terms of enhanced separation ability, ion selectivity and sensitivity. The distinction between resolving power and resolution for ion mobility is also discussed. Detailed experimental designs and rationales are provided for each instrument component. Tuning and calibration data and methods are also provided for the technique. Proof-of-concept experiments for an array of analytes including rare gases (argon, krypton, xenon), hydrocarbons (acetone, ethylene glycol, methanol), and halides (carbon tetrachloride) are provided in order to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of the instrument for obtaining analytically useful information. Trendline partitioning of small analyte ions based on chemical composition is demonstrated as a novel chemical analysis method. The utility of mobility-mass analysis for mass selected ions is also demonstrated, particularly for probing the ion chemistry which occurs in the drift tube for small mass ions. As a final demonstration of the separation abilities of the instrument, the electronic states of chromium and titanium (ground and excited) are separated with low temperature. The transition metal electronic state separations demonstrated here are at the highest resolution ever obtained for ion mobility methods. The electronic conformational mass isomers of methanol (conventional and distonic) are also partially separated at low temperature. Various drift gases (helium, neon, and argon) are explored for the methanol system in order to probe stronger ion-neutral interaction potentials and effectuate higher resolution separations of the two isomeric ions. Finally, two versatile ion source designs and a method for axially focusing ions at low pressure (1-10 torr) using electrostatic fields is presented along with some preliminary work on the ion sources.

Maximum interstory drift and the distribution of this drift along the height of the structure are the main causes of structural and nonstructural damage in frame type buildings subjected to earthquake ground motions. Estimation of maximum interstory drift ratio is a good measure of the local response of buildings. Recent earthquakes have revealed the susceptibility of the existing building stock to near-fault ground motions characterized by a large, long-duration velocity pulse. In order to find rational solutions for the destructive effects of near fault ground motions, it is necessary to determine drift demands of buildings. Practical, applicable and accurate methods that define the system behavior by means of some key parameters are needed to assess the building performances quickly instead of detailed modeling and calculations. In this study, simple equations are proposed in order for the determination of the elastic interstory drift demand produced by near fault ground motions on regular and irregular steel frame structures. The proposed equations enable the prediction of maximum elastic ground story drift ratio of shear frames and the maximum elastic ground story drift ratio and maximum elastic interstory drift ratio of steel moment resisting frames. In addition, the effects of beam to column stiffness ratio, soft story factor, stiffness distribution coefficient, beam-to-column capacity ratio, seismic force reduction factor, ratio of pulse period to fundamental period, regular story height and number of stories on elastic and inelastic interstory drift demands are investigated in detail. An equation for the ratio of maximum inelastic interstory drift ratio to maximum elastic interstory drift ratio developed for a representative case is also presented.

<p>Abstract</p><p>This report was undertaken at the request of the Management and maintenance</p><p>department of Swedish National Road Authority (Vägverket Region Sydöst) in</p><p>Jönköping.</p><p>In 1992, the management and maintenance of Swedish roads were laid out on</p><p>external contractors. When putting out a tender for the work, the foundation is</p><p>from a national set of rules which are in constant change. This report is limited to</p><p>winter road upkeep.</p><p>The trend in the invitation for tenders is that it is moving from the more</p><p>conventional executional demands towards the less controlling demands. The</p><p>downside of functional, less controlling demands is that it is difficult to articulate</p><p>how to measure them. The order authority therefore has to find ways to make</p><p>sure to get what has been paid for.</p><p>In connection to the invitation for tender of winter road upkeep for 2005, the new</p><p>set of rules, ATB Vinter 2003 was deployed.</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to see which the big changes in the set of rules</p><p>are and how these changes affect the organisation and activities of the contractor.</p><p>It is also studied how the changes in execution is perceived by road users and how</p><p>it affects the possibilities of the contractor to come as a newcomer to a new area</p><p>of administration.</p><p>Interviews and examination of sets of rules has led to a list of a number of</p><p>changes that the contractors feel affect their work in any sense.</p><p>Views from road users that have come in to the order authority have been</p><p>scrutinized to see how they have experienced the change. When selecting which</p><p>areas of administration to examine, care was taken to ensure that one was where</p><p>the same contractor secured a renewed contract for the area over the gap of</p><p>changing rules and the other one was area where the contractor was a newcomer.</p><p>The result shows a number of changes and how these affect both the contractors</p><p>and the road users.</p><p>The report describes how winter road upkeep is maintained in the south of</p><p>Sweden and the cooperation between buyer and contractor.</p>

No description available.

Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une étude détaillée des mécanismes responsables de la perte de données dans les mémoires à changement de phase enrichies en germanium (Ge-rich PRAMs), à savoir la dérive de la résistance au cours du temps et la recristallisation de la phase amorphe. Nous commençons par une présentation du contexte dans lequel s'inscrit cette étude an donnant un aperçu rapide du marché des mémoires à semiconducteur et une comparaison des mémoires non volatiles émergentes. Les principes de fonctionnement de la technologie PRAM sont introduits, avec ses avantages, ses inconvénients, ainsi que la physique régissant le processus de cristallisation dans les matériaux à changement de phase, avant de décrire les problèmes de fiabilité qui nous intéressent.Une caractérisation électrique complète de dispositifs intégrant des alliages de GST enrichi en germanium est ensuite proposée, en commençant par la caractérisation des matériaux utilisés dans nos cellules, introduisant alors les avantages des alliages enrichis en Ge sur le GST standard. Les performances électriques des dispositifs intégrant ces matériaux sont analysées, avec une étude statistique des caractéristiques SET & RESET, de la fenêtre de programmation, de l'endurance et de la vitesse de cristallisation. Nous nous concentrons ensuite sur le thème principal de cette thèse en analysant la dérive en résistance de l'état SET de nos dispositifs Ge-rich, ainsi que les performances de rétention de l'état RESET.Dans la dernière partie, nous étudions les mécanismes physiques impliqués dans ces phénomènes en fournissant une étude détaillée de la structure des cellules, grâce à l'utilisation de la Microscopie Électronique en Transmission (MET). Les conditions et configurations expérimentales sont décrites, avant de présenter les résultats qui nous ont permis d'aller plus loin dans la compréhension de la dérive en résistance et de la recristallisation de la phase amorphe dans les dispositifs Ge-rich. Une discussion est finalement proposée, reliant les résultats des caractérisations électriques avec ceux des analyses TEM, conduisant à de nouvelles perspectives pour l'optimisation des dispositifs PRAMs. / In this thesis we provide a detailed study of the mechanisms responsible for data loss in Ge-rich Ge2Sb2Te5 Phase-Change Memories, namely resistance drift over time and recrystallization of the amorphous phase. The context of this work is first presented with a rapid overview of the semiconductor memory market and a comparison of emerging non-volatile memories. The working principles of PRAM technology are introduced, together with its advantages, its drawbacks, and the physics governing the crystallization process in phase-change materials, before describing the reliability issues in which we are interested.A full electrical characterization of devices integrating germanium-enriched GST alloys is then proposed, starting with the characterization of the materials used in our PCM cells and introducing the benefits of Ge-rich GST alloys over standard GST. The electrical performances of devices integrating those materials are analyzed, with a statistical study of the SET & RESET characteristics, programming window, endurance and crystallization speed. We then focus on the main topic of this thesis by analyzing the resistance drift of the SET state of our Ge-rich devices, as well as the retention performances of the RESET state.In the last part, we investigate on the physical mechanisms involved in these phenomena by providing a detailed study of the cells' structure, thanks to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The experimental conditions and setups are described before presenting the results which allowed us to go deeper into the comprehension of the resistance drift and the recrystallization of the amorphous phase in Ge-rich devices. A discussion is finally proposed, linking the results of the electrical characterizations with the TEM analyses, leading to new perspectives for the optimization of PRAM devices.

Les  catalyseurs impliqués dans le procédé d’hydrodésulfurisation des essences (HDS) reposent sur l’utilisation principale d’une phase active MoS2 promue par du cobalt et supportée sur alumine. L’enjeu de cette thèse est de faire le lien entre les propriétés spécifiques propres du catalyseur et ses performances catalytiques. Trois paramètres ont été étudiés afin de tenter de comprendre l’origine de leurs propriétés catalytiques : la nature du support (γ-Al2O3, δθ-Al2O3, SiO2), la densité surfacique en molybdène et le ratio cobalt/molybdène. L’activité HDS et la sélectivité ont été mesurées en réalisant des tests catalytiques sous haute pression en présence de molécules modèles. En parallèle, la phase CoMoS a été caractérisée  par XPS et HRTEM pour déterminer sa spéciation et sa structure (taille de feuillet et empilement). De plus, ces deux techniques combinées aux calculs quantiques ab initio ont permis de développer un modèle morphologique 2D d’un feuillet de phase CoMoS en dénombrant la nature (Co ou Mo) des atomes localisés aux bords du feuillet. Pour les supports étudiés, une corrélation entre l’activité HDS et le nombre d’atomes de cobalt aux bords du feuillet CoMoS a été établie. Ceci a été possible en considérant aussi l’empilement, paramètre pertinent. Ensuite, les analyses en HRSTEM réalisées sur les catalyseurs CoMoS sur γ et δ-Al2O3 ont révélé l’effet des facettes de l’alumine d d’une part, et le possible effet des arrêtes et coins de γ-Al2O3 d’autre part, sur la taille des feuillets CoMoS.Une étude spectroscopique FTIR de l’adsorption de la molécule sonde NO combinée à des calculs ab initio, a permis de mettre en évidence la nature des sites actifs de la phase CoMoS en fonction du support étudié. Les résultats spectroscopiques obtenus en présence du catalyseur supporté sur silice se sont révélées en adéquation avec la faible activité HDS observée.Une unité a également été conçue dans le but d’étudier ces catalyseurs par GC-DRIFT and GC-ATR in situ. La mise en contact de réactifs modèles en présence de la phase CoMoS et de son support dans des conditions de réaction d’HDS a alors pu être réalisée pour la première fois. Lors de l’adsorption et désorption du 3-methylthiophene (non réversible et réversible) sur les catalyseurs supportés sur γ-Al2O3 et SiO2, une réactivité particulière en présence de 3MT a été observée selon le support et la présence de la phase CoMoS. En présence d’H2, de nouveaux modes  vibrationnels liés à l’adsorption et/ou à la réactivité du 3MT ont été mis en évidence. / Catalysts used in the selective gasoline hydrodesulphurization (HDS) process are mainly cobalt promoted MoS2 active phase (CoMoS) supported on alumina. The aim of this work is to explore correlation between specific features of those HDS catalysts and their catalytic performances. Three parameters are studied to understand the catalytic performances of HDS catalysts: the nature of the support (γ-Al2O3, δθ-Al2O3, SiO2), the molybdenum surface density and the cobalt/molybdenum ratio. HDS activity and selectivity are measured by performing high pressure catalytic tests on model molecules. In parallel, characterizations of the CoMoS phase were performed by XPS and HRTEM analysis to determine the chemical speciation and structure (size and stacking) of the active phase. Additionally, these techniques are combined with previous ab initio quantum calculations to develop a 2D morphology model of the CoMoS slab by considering the location of cobalt atoms at the edges of the slab. For the three supports, a correlation is found between the HDS activity and the number of Co atoms at the slab edges. The normalization by stacking appears to be necessary to obtain this correlation. Moreover, HRSTEM analysis on CoMoS on δθ-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 reveals the impact of the facets of dq-alumina crystallites and the possible role of corner and edges of g-Al2O3 crystallites on the size of the CoMoS slabs. The FTIR spectroscopic study of the adsorption of the NO probe molecule combined with ab initio calculations enables the identification of the nature of the active sites of the CoMoS phase as a function of the support. The spectroscopic features revealed for the silica supported catalyst are in line with its lower HDS activity. Simultaneously, an innovative experimental set up for in situ GC-DRIFT and GC-ATR analysis has been built on-purpose for studying the catalysts. It allows the investigation of the interactions of model reactants contacting the CoMoS phase and its supports close to HDS reaction conditions. This technique shows distinct behaviors of the adsorption and desorption process (non-reversible and reversible) of 3-methylthiophene (3MT) on γ-Al2O3 and SiO2 supported catalysts due to specific surface reactivity towards 3MT depending on the support and the presence of the CoMoS phase. Moreover, the presence of H2 modified the vibrational adsorption modes of 3MT linked to its adsorption and/or reactivity.