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No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOFERNANDACOPPIETERS.pdf: 2846731 bytes, checksum: 927a31c5284c38879d1543663f6c78ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-09 / A constatação da degradação ambiental, notadamente pela ação humana, provoca reflexões em relação à finitude dos recursos disponíveis no planeta e sua conservação, e aponta para a necessidade de um entendimento entre os povos que supere o discurso da escassez e traga o debate para a própria relação sociedade-natureza; afinal, compreender a questão ambiental significa pensar num mundo diferenciado por práticas sociais distintas e por diversos valores históricos e culturais dados ao ambiente, gerando usos muitas vezes conflitivos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o recente projeto municipal de requalificação do Parque da Cidade de Salvador, no tocante ao atendimento da legislação ambiental e propor uma forma de minimização dos possíveis danos ambientais. O método utilizado foi o da pesquisa jurídico-sociológica exploratória, tendo por objeto a análise da norma jurídica no contexto da realidade social em que se manifesta e utilizando-se do raciocínio dedutivo, abrangendo a coleta e análise de documentos, legislações e jurisprudência. O trabalho abrangeu a história e a definição de espaço público, com a formação do Parque Joventino Silva, além das questões legais envolvidas, através da análise da legislação ambiental brasileira, da teoria jurídica, dos princípios norteadores da Constituição Federal e do histórico da evolução da temática de preservação e conservação no cenário mundial, bem como de exemplos de danos ambientais. Partindo-se de comprovação hipotética do não atendimento do projeto municipal de requalificação do Parque às prerrogativas da legislação ambiental, a qual seria obtida mediante inquérito civil, o trabalho apresenta indicativo para uma futura Ação Civil Pública, com efeito de Termo de Ajuste de Conduta, que poderá ser proposta pelo Ministério Público em desfavor da Prefeitura Municipal de Salvador, com vistas a suprir os danos ambientais. Tal proposta de indicativo de ação se adequa ao perfil do Mestrado Profissional Ambiental. Nesse sentido, buscou-se oferecer ao cidadão os procedimentos jurídicos disponíveis, relativamente à minimização de danos ambientais, especialmente quando causados por agentes ou órgãos públicos, que tem o dever de zelar pelo meio ambiente natural e artificial, garantindo um ambiente saudável às futuras gerações. / The observation of environmental degradation, especially by human action, provokes reflections regarding the finitude of resources available on the planet and their conservation, and points to the need for an understanding among peoples that surpasses the discourse of scarcity and brings the debate to itself Society-nature relationship; After all, understanding the environmental issue means thinking about a world differentiated by distinct social practices and diverse historical and cultural values given to the environment, generating often conflicting uses. In this context, the objective of this study is to evaluate the recent municipal redevelopment project of the City Park of Salvador, in terms of compliance with environmental legislation and propose a way of minimizing possible environmental damages. The method used was exploratory juridical-sociological research, whose object is the analysis of the legal norm in the context of the social reality in which it is manifested and using the deductive reasoning, covering the collection and analysis of documents, laws and jurisprudence. The work covered the history and definition of public space, with the formation of Joventino Silva Park, as well as the legal issues involved, through the analysis of Brazilian environmental legislation, legal theory, guiding principles of the Federal Constitution and the history of the evolution of Preservation and conservation on the world stage, as well as examples of environmental damage. Based on hypothetical proof of non-attendance of the municipal project to requalify the Park to the prerogatives of environmental legislation, which would be obtained through a civil inquiry, the work presents an indicative for a future Public Civil Action, with the effect of Term of Adjustment of Conduct, Which may be proposed by the Public Prosecutor's Office in detriment of the Municipal Government of Salvador, in order to compensate for environmental damages. This proposal for an action letter is adequate to the profile of the Environmental Professional Master. In this sense, we sought to offer the citizen legal procedures available, regarding the minimization of environmental damage, especially when caused by agents or public agencies, which has the duty to watch over the natural and artificial environment, ensuring a healthy environment for future generations.

When a devastating event such as a forest fire occurs, multiple actions have to be taken. The first priority is to ensure people's safety during the fire, then the fire has to be kept under control and finally extinguished. After all of this, what remains is a damaged area in the forest. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate medium and high-resolution satellite imagery for the classification of different burn severities in a wildfire damaged forest. The classification can then be used to plan where to focus restoration efforts after the fire to achieve a safe and economically beneficial usage of the affected area. Trängslet fire in Dalarna and Lillhärdal fire in Härjedalen, the two of the 2018 forest fire sites in Sweden were chosen for this study. Satellite imagery over both study areas at medium spatial resolution from Sentinel-2 were acquired pre-fire in early July, 2018 and post-fire on October 2, 2018 while imagery at high spatial resolution from Pleiades were acquired on September 13, 2018. Image processing, analysis and classification were performed using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and PCI Geomatica. To ensure the quality of the classifications, field data were collected during a field trip to the Lillhärdal area using Open Data Kit (ODK). ODK was used since it is an application that can collect/store georeferenced information and images. The result that this thesis found is that while both the medium and high-resolution classifications achieved accurate results, the Sentinel-2 classification is the most suited method in most cases since it is an easy and automated classification using differential Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) compared to the Pleiades classification where a lot of manual work has to be put in. There are however cases where the Pleiades classification would be preferable, such as when the affected area usually is obscured by clouds and Sentinel-2 thus finds it hard to achieve good images and when a good spatial resolution is required to more easily display the classification with the original image. The most accurate result according to the data collected at the site in Lillhärdal also showed that the Pleiades classification had a precise match of 61.54% and a plausible match of 92.31%. This can be compared to the Sentinel-2 classification that had a precise match of 48.72% and a plausible match of 94.87%. These percentages are based on the visual analysis of collected images at the Lillhärdal site compared to the classifications. This thesis could have been improved if more information regarding the groundwork that had been done after the fire, but before the acquiring of the satellite imagery, were available. The result would also most likely be better if a satellite with better spatial resolution than Sentinel-2 but still with near infrared and short-wave infrared bands would have been used. The reason being that dNBR, which gave a good result, only needs those two bands.

Introduktion – Statistik visar att småskaliga explosioner har ökat i Sverige. Under 2023 rapporterades över 159 fall av småskaliga explosioner (Regeringskansliet, 2024). En explosion kan, utöver strukturella skador, även leda till andra skador på byggnader. Detta ger ett ökat behov av återuppbyggnad av byggnader som skadats av småskaliga explosioner. Aktörer såsom Brandskyddsföreningen önskar en förbättrad skadehanteringskedja (Brandskyddsföreningen, u.å.). Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om det finns etablerade tillvägagångssätt som tillämpas vid återuppbyggnadsprocessen efter en småskalig explosion på en byggnad, möjligheter till eventuell förbättring och hur samordningen mellan olika yrkesgrupper kan förbättras. Metod – Studiens mål uppnås genom att analysera dokumentation från utredningar av byggnader som skadats vid småskaliga explosioner. Dokumentstudien kompletteras med intervjuer där aktörer som varit involverade i utredningen samt aktörer som arbetar med skadebedömning och skadehantering intervjuats. Resultat – Inget standardiserat, etablerat tillvägagångssätt används vid utredningar och återuppbyggnad av explosionsskador på byggnader idag. Aktörer som arbetar med skadeutredningar och skadebedömningar arbetar utifrån erfarenhet. Det finns en positiv attityd till att utveckla tydliga riktlinjer och checklistor som skulle kunna effektivisera återuppbyggnadsprocessen. Samordning och kommunikation är nyckeln till framgång i aktörernas arbete och även där finns en positiv attityd till effektivisering. Analys – Utförd analys visar att det finns förbättringsmöjligheter i återuppbyggnadsprocessen. Att utveckla tydliga riktlinjer för utredningar och hantering av skador som uppstår på byggnader skulle effektivisera processen. Det finns även förbättringsmöjligheter i kommunikationen mellan aktörer i återuppbyggnadsprocessen. Arbetet skulle kunna effektiviseras genom kortare kommunikationsled mellan inblandade aktörer. Diskussion – Våra resultat bekräftar tidigare forskning på flera punkter, bland annat att bristen på samordning är en kritisk faktor vid katastrofhantering och att koordinerade insatser är av stor vikt vid katastrofhantering. Ur ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv kan förbättrad kommunikation och jourverksamhet öka tryggheten och användarvänligheten vid hantering av explosionsrisker. Ur ett ekonomiskt hållbarhetsperspektiv kan snabb och samordnad insats minska de långsiktiga kostnaderna för återuppbyggnad och minimera ekonomiska förluster för drabbade individer och samhällen. / Introduction - Statistics show that small-scale explosions have increased in Sweden. In 2023, over 159 cases of small-scale explosions were reported (Regeringskansliet, 2024). An explosion can, in addition to structural damage, also lead to other damage to buildings. This increases the need for reconstruction of buildings damaged by smallscale explosions. Stakeholders such as the Fire Protection Association want an improved damage management chain (Brandskyddsföreningen, u.å.). This study aims to investigate whether there are established approaches applied in the reconstruction process after a small-scale explosion on a building, possibilities for possible improvement and how the coordination between different professional groups can be improved. Methodology - The objectives of the study are achieved by analyzing documentation from investigations of buildings damaged by small-scale explosions. The document study is supplemented with interviews where actors involved in the investigation as well as actors working with damage assessment and damage management are interviewed. Results - No standardized, established approach is used in the investigation and reconstruction of explosion damage to buildings today. Stakeholders involved in damage investigation and assessment work on the basis of experience. There is a positive attitude towards developing clear guidelines and checklists that could streamline the reconstruction process. Coordination and communication are key to the success of the actors' work and there is also a positive attitude towards streamlining. Analysis - The analysis carried out shows that there is room for improvement in the reconstruction process. Developing clear guidelines for the investigation and management of damage to buildings would streamline the process. There is also room for improvement in the communication between actors in the reconstruction process. The work could be streamlined by shortening the communication lines between the actors involved. Discussion - Our results confirm previous research on several points, including that the lack of coordination is a critical factor in disaster management and that coordinated efforts are of great importance in disaster management. From a social sustainability perspective, improved communication and emergency response can increase safety and ease of use in managing explosive hazards. From an economic sustainability perspective, rapid and coordinated response can reduce the long-term costs of reconstruction and minimize economic losses for affected individuals and communities.

When an earthquake happens, one of the most important tasks of disaster managers is to conduct damage assessment; this is mostly done from remotely sensed data. This study presents a new method for building detection and damage assessment using high-resolution satellite images and LiDAR data from Port-au-Prince, Haiti. A graph-cut method is used for building detection due to its advantages compared to traditional methods such as the Hough transform. Results of two methods are compared to understand how much our proposed technique is effective. Afterwards, sensitivity analysis is performed to show the effect of image resolution on the efficiency of our method. Results are in four groups. First: based on two criteria for sensitivity analysis, completeness and correctness, the more efficient method is graph-cut, and the final building mask layer is used for damage assessment. Next, building damage assessment is done using change detection technique from two images from period of before and after the earthquake. Third, to integrate LiDAR data and damage assessment, we showed there is a strong relationship between terrain roughness variables that are calculated using digital surface models. Finally, open street map and normalized digital surface model are used to detect possible road blockages. Results of detecting road blockages showed positive values of normalized digital surface model on the road centerline can represent blockages if we exclude other objects such as cars.

Orientador: Fernando Braz Tangerino Hernandez / Resumo: A ocorrência de geadas nas pastagens causa perdas de alimento para os animais, reduzindo a produção de leite e carne. Existe uma diversidade de espécies forrageiras com grande potencial produtivo e ampla adaptação térmica, que podem ser cultivadas em áreas de risco desse fenômeno. No entanto é necessário caracterizar a tolerância dessas espécies a baixas temperaturas e as regiões com condições climáticas adequadas. Os métodos de avaliação de danos por baixas temperaturas são predominantemente qualitativos, baseados em critérios visuais que têm o viés da subjetividade. Esta tese teve como objetivos determinar as temperaturas mínimas de início de danos para sete espécies forrageiras e efetuar o zoneamento de risco de geadas para o estado do Paraná. Foram incluídas no estudo as forrageiras: Alfafa (Medicago sativa), Sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), Aveia Preta (Avena strigosa), Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), capim Mombaça (Panicum maximum) e Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp). As plantas foram conduzidas em vasos em casa de vegetação até 60 dias e submetidas a baixas temperaturas no interior de uma câmara de crescimento com condições de luminosidade e temperatura controladas, atingindo valores mínimos de 0,2 -0,9, -1,8, -2,7, -4,1, -4,6 e -6,2oC, durante uma hora. Foram realizadas avaliações quantitativas pós testes de fluorescência da clorofila, condutividade elétrica de solução embebida com discos de folhas e atividade das enzimas ascorbato peroxidase (APX), cata... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sistemas estruturais em suas variadas aplicações incluindo-se veículos espaciais, automóveis e estruturas de engenharia civil tais como prédios, pontes e plataformas off-shore, acumulam dano durante suas vidas úteis. Em muitas situações, tal dano pode não ser visualmente observado. Do ponto de vista da segurança e da performance da estrutura, é desejável monitorar esta possível ocorrência, localizá-la e quantificá-la. Métodos de identificação de sistemas, que em geral, são classificados numa categoria de Técnicas de Avaliação Não-Destrutivas, podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade. Usando dados experimentais tais como frequências naturais, modos de vibração e deslocamentos estáticos, e um modelo analítico estrutural, parâmetros da estrutura podem ser identificados. As propriedades estruturais do modelo analítico são modificadas de modo a minimizar a diferença entre os dados obtidos por aquele modelo e a resposta medida. Isto pode ser definido como um problema inverso onde os parâmetros da estrutura são identificados. O problema inverso, descrito acima, foi resolvido usando métodos globais de otimização devido à provável presença de inúmeros mínimos locais e a não convexidade do espaço de projeto. Neste trabalho o método da Evolução Diferencial (Differential Evolution, DE) foi utilizado como ferramenta principal de otimização. Trata-se de uma meta-heurística inspirada numa população de soluções sucessivamente atualizada por operações aritméticas como mutações, recombinações e critérios de seleção dos melhores indivíduos até que um critério de convergência seja alcançado. O método da Evolução Diferencial foi desenvolvido como uma heurística para minimizar funções não diferenciáveis e foi aplicado a estruturas planas de treliças com diferentes níveis de danos. / Structural systems in a variety of applications including aerospace vehicles, automobiles and civil engineering structures such as tall buildings, bridges and offshore platforms, accumulate damage during their service life. In several situations, such damage may not be visually observable. From the standpoint of both safety and performance, it is desirable to monitor the occurrence, location and extent of such damage.System identification methods, which may be classified in a general category of nondestructive evaluation techniques, can be employed for this purpose. Using experimental data, such as eigenmodes, eigenvectors and static displacements, and an analytical structural model, parameters of the structures can be identified. The approach used in the present work is one where the structural properties of the analytical model are varied to minimize the difference between the analytically predicted and empirically measured response. This is an inverse problem where the structural parameters are identified. In this work a reduced number of vibration modes were used as the measured response. For the damage assessment problem a close analytical model of the structural system is available and the model of the damaged structure will be identified. Damage will be represented by a reduction in the elastic stiffness properties of the structure.The problem described above was solved using global methods of optimization due to the fact that depending on the number of variables or the location of damage the resulting design space is nonconvex presenting several local minima. In the present work, the Differential Evolution Optimization Technique (DE) was used. It is a metaheuristic inspired by a population of solutions that is successively updated by arithmetic operations such as mutation and recombination, until convergence. The approach was applied to simple truss structures with different levels of damage.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sistemas estruturais em suas variadas aplicações incluindo-se veículos espaciais, automóveis e estruturas de engenharia civil tais como prédios, pontes e plataformas off-shore, acumulam dano durante suas vidas úteis. Em muitas situações, tal dano pode não ser visualmente observado. Do ponto de vista da segurança e da performance da estrutura, é desejável monitorar esta possível ocorrência, localizá-la e quantificá-la. Métodos de identificação de sistemas, que em geral, são classificados numa categoria de Técnicas de Avaliação Não-Destrutivas, podem ser utilizados para esta finalidade. Usando dados experimentais tais como frequências naturais, modos de vibração e deslocamentos estáticos, e um modelo analítico estrutural, parâmetros da estrutura podem ser identificados. As propriedades estruturais do modelo analítico são modificadas de modo a minimizar a diferença entre os dados obtidos por aquele modelo e a resposta medida. Isto pode ser definido como um problema inverso onde os parâmetros da estrutura são identificados. O problema inverso, descrito acima, foi resolvido usando métodos globais de otimização devido à provável presença de inúmeros mínimos locais e a não convexidade do espaço de projeto. Neste trabalho o método da Evolução Diferencial (Differential Evolution, DE) foi utilizado como ferramenta principal de otimização. Trata-se de uma meta-heurística inspirada numa população de soluções sucessivamente atualizada por operações aritméticas como mutações, recombinações e critérios de seleção dos melhores indivíduos até que um critério de convergência seja alcançado. O método da Evolução Diferencial foi desenvolvido como uma heurística para minimizar funções não diferenciáveis e foi aplicado a estruturas planas de treliças com diferentes níveis de danos. / Structural systems in a variety of applications including aerospace vehicles, automobiles and civil engineering structures such as tall buildings, bridges and offshore platforms, accumulate damage during their service life. In several situations, such damage may not be visually observable. From the standpoint of both safety and performance, it is desirable to monitor the occurrence, location and extent of such damage.System identification methods, which may be classified in a general category of nondestructive evaluation techniques, can be employed for this purpose. Using experimental data, such as eigenmodes, eigenvectors and static displacements, and an analytical structural model, parameters of the structures can be identified. The approach used in the present work is one where the structural properties of the analytical model are varied to minimize the difference between the analytically predicted and empirically measured response. This is an inverse problem where the structural parameters are identified. In this work a reduced number of vibration modes were used as the measured response. For the damage assessment problem a close analytical model of the structural system is available and the model of the damaged structure will be identified. Damage will be represented by a reduction in the elastic stiffness properties of the structure.The problem described above was solved using global methods of optimization due to the fact that depending on the number of variables or the location of damage the resulting design space is nonconvex presenting several local minima. In the present work, the Differential Evolution Optimization Technique (DE) was used. It is a metaheuristic inspired by a population of solutions that is successively updated by arithmetic operations such as mutation and recombination, until convergence. The approach was applied to simple truss structures with different levels of damage.

L’objectif de cette thèse est, d’une part, de proposer une amélioration des méthodes d’estimation des cuvettes d’affaissement et des méthodes d’évaluation des dommages susceptibles de se produire sous leurs effets et de l’autre, de développer des outils basés sur ces méthodes pour étudier les affaissements et les dommages sur des cas pratiques. L’étude de l'influence de la topographie sur les cuvettes d'affaissement dans des conditions d’exploitation simplifiées grâce à des modèles numériques avec des profondeurs d'exploitation et des pentes du sol variables a permis de proposer une nouvelle fonction d’influence basée sur une densité de probabilité normale asymétrique lorsque la surface du sol est non-plane. Une modélisation simplifiée des habitations en maçonnerie sous la forme de deux modèles de structures bidimensionnels croisés, alignés avec les axes d’inertie de la structure étudiée et dans lesquels la méthode des déplacements est mise en œuvre pour calculer les efforts internes et les déformations sous l’effet de déplacements imposées des fondations. Ces modèles simplifiés dont les caractéristiques géométriques et mécaniques sont définis pour chaque type de bâtiment étudié permettent d’estimer les efforts appliqués à chaque bâtiment d’une ville exposée à un affaissement de terrain et de fournir de nouveaux critères d’évaluation des dommages prenant en compte davantage d’informations que les méthodes habituelles. Une estimation des dommages dans la ville de Joeuf sur la base des nouvelles méthodes proposées, tant pour le calcul de l’affaissement que pour l’estimation des dommages, a été réalisée / The objective of this thesis is to improve the methods of subsidence computation and building damage evaluation, and to develop some tools based on these methods to study the mining subsidence and building damage cases in Lorraine. By investigating the topography influence on subsidence under simplified mining conditions, and using numerical models with varying mining depths and ground surface angles, a new influence function method, which is based on a probability density function of a skew normal distribution, to simulate the element subsidence, was firstly developed and can be used to compute the mining subsidence caused by the excavation under non-flat surface. Then, plane framed structural models were chosen to study the mechanical behavior of 3D buildings. For each building, two plane models located in the vertical sections passing through the principle inertia axes of the building’s projective polygon were considered. Their geometry and mechanical characteristics were chosen according to the construction type and used materials of the building under consideration. Then, by using the matrix displacement method with some modifications, the internal forces and displacements for the entire structure could be computed. The achieved internal forces could then be compared to damage grade criteria to determine the extent of building damage.Finally, by using the improved methods of subsidence computation and building damage evaluation, a real case application was performed in Joeuf city (France). The subsidence was computed and applied to the defined structural models as support displacements, and then the damage extents of the buildings in Joeuf were predicted