Woodbe Engineering AB is a freshly started company that has developed a new type of joint for cross-laminated timber (CLT). The joint does not include any metallic fasteners, which improves sustainability, the ergonomics for the workers and time efficiency. The joint is designed to connect floor and wall elements in multi-storey buildings, by milling a dovetail in the floor element, and a fitting track in the wall element using a CNC machine. Before the product can be used on the market, it needs to be verified. This verification can either be done using physical tests, calculations, or a combination of both. The company has performed experimental small-scale tests, where the load-bearing capacity was tested. Later this year, large scale tests are to be performed. The purpose of this work is to develop a simulation model that can predict the results of the physical test. A simulation model that yields accurate results can be a good substitution for physical testing, due to a lower cost, better time efficiency, and parameters that can easily be changed. CLT is made up of several layers of wooden plates with different directions. The wood itself is quite complex to model. It has different properties in different directions, both ductile and brittle fracture modes and a large scatter of material properties. To capture this behaviour, a material model which incorporates orthotropic elasticity with linear fracture mechanics has been used. The behaviour of the material model has been evaluated with tests in both tension and compression in different directions. The accuracy of the material model was investigated by a simulation of the small-scale tests where the load-bearing capacity and the mode of fracture was investigated. A simulation of the large-scale experiment has also been conducted, where predictions of the load-bearing capacity and the first mode of failure was investigated. Also, a calculation script has been developed, which calculates the shear stress in the dovetail.  The results of the simulations clearly show the capability of the material model. Load-displacement graphs show ductile and brittle behaviour in compression and tension respectively. The strength is the highest along the fibres of the wood, with a fast decrease as the angle is increased. The simulation of the small-scale tests showed the initiation of rolling shear damage in the bottom transverse layer of the dovetail at a load level of 87 kN. The load continued to rise until a maximum load of 112 kN, while the damaged region grew upwards into the next layer. As compared to the physical tests, the mean maximum capacity of the joint was 125 kN, where rolling shear cracks could be found in the upper transverse layer in all tested specimens. Some of the tested specimens showed damage initiation at a load level of 84 kN. For the larger experiment, the same mode of damage was initiated at a load level of 161 kN which continued to rise until a maximum load level of 165 kN. The calculated values of the shear stress showed a critical shear force of 26 kN per dovetail. This value is 60 and 63 % of the simulated critical shear forces. The results of the simulation are in good agreement with the reference experiment in terms of damage initiation and maximum load. However, a large scatter of material properties, approximations of material orientations and interactions between individual layers results in a low level of predictability in terms of damage evolution and ductility in the material. / Woodbe Engineering AB är ett nystartat företag som har utvecklat en ny typ av knutpunkt för korslimmat trä (KLT). Förbandet innefattar inga metalliska förbindare, vilket förbättrar hållbarheten, ergonomin för arbetarna och tidseffektiviteten. Förbandet är konstruerat för att binda samman golv- och väggelement i flervåningsbyggnader, genom att fräsa tappar i golvelementen och motsvarande spår i väggelementen med hjälp av en CNC-maskin. Innan produkten kan användas på marknaden, behöver den verifieras. Verifikationen kan antingen ske genom fysiska tester eller beräkningar, alternativt en kombination av båda. Företaget har gjort experimentella tester i mindre skala där bärförmågan provades. Senare i år ska prover i större skala utföras. Syftet med arbetet är att utveckla en simuleringsmodell som kan förutspå resultaten hos de fysiska proverna. En simuleringsmodell som ger tillförlitliga resultat kan vara ett bra substitut till fysiska prover genom en lägre kostnad, de är mer tidseffektiva och parametrar kan enkelt ändras. KLT är uppbyggt av flera lager av träskivor med olika riktningar. Träet själv är relativt komplext att modellera. Det har olika egenskaper i olika riktningar, samtidiga duktila och spröda brottmoder och har en stor spridning av materialegenskaper. För att fånga upp dessa egenskaper, har en materialmodell som innefattar ortotrop elasticitet och linjär brottmekanik använts. Beteendet hos materialmodellen har utvärderats med tester i både drag och tryck i olika riktningar. Noggrannheten hos materialmodellen har undersökts genom en simulering av redan testade småskaleprover, där bärförmågan och brottmoden undersöktes. En simulering av fullskaleproverna har också gjorts, där en förutsägelse av bärförmågan och den första brottmoden har gjorts. Dessutom har ett beräkningsskript tagits fram som beräknar skjuvspänningen i tappen. Resultaten av simuleringarna visar tydligt förmågan hos materialmodellen. Kraft-förskjutningskurvor visar duktila och spröda beteenden i tryck respektive drag. Hållfastheten är högst i fiberriktningen, med en snabb minskning när vinkeln till fibrerna ökar. Simuleringen av småskaleproverna visade initiering av rullskjuvningsbrott i det undre tvärgående lagret i tappen vid en last av 87 kN. Lasten ökade till den maximala lasten 112 kN, medan det skadade området växte uppåt in i nästa lager. I jämförelse med de fysiska testerna var den maximala medellasten 125 kN, och rullskjuvningssprickor i det övre tvärgående lagret kunde hittas i alla provexemplar. Några av de provade exemplaren visade brottinitiering vid en last av 84 kN. Simuleringen av den större uppställningen visade samma typ av brottinitiering vid en last av 161 kN som ökade till en maximal last av 165 kN. Beräknade värden av skjuvspänning i tappen visade en kritisk skjuvkraft av 26 kN per tapp. Detta värde är 60 och 63 % av de simulerade kritiska skjuvkrafterna. Resultatet av simuleringen stämmer bra överens med referensexperimentet gällande brottinitiering och maxkapacitet. Dock, på grund av en stor spridning av materialegenskaper, approximationer gällande materialriktningar och samverkan mellan individuella lager, är nivån av förutsägbarhet låg gällande brottillväxt och duktilitet i materialet.

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are a class of materials that maintain their structural integrity at high temperatures, e.g. 2000 °C. They have been limited in their aerospace applications because of their relatively high density and the difficulty involved in forming them into complex shapes, like leading edges and inlets. Recent advanced processing techniques have made significant headway in addressing these challenges, where the introduction of multiscale porosity has resulted in lightweight UHTCs dubbed multiscale porous UHTCs. The effect of multiscale porosity on material properties must be characterized to enable design, but doing so experimentally can be costly, especially when attempting to replicate hypersonic flight conditions for relevant testing of selected candidate samples. As such, this dissertation seeks to computationally characterize the thermomechanical properties of multiscale porous UHTCs, specifically titanium diboride, and validate those results against experimental results so as to build confidence in the model. An implicit quasi-static variant of the Material Point Method (MPM) is developed, whose capabilities include intrinsic treatment of large deformations and contact which are needed to capture the complex material behavior of the as-simulated porous UHTC microstructures. It is found that the MPM can successfully obtain the elastic thermomechanical properties of multiscale porous UHTCs over a wide range of temperatures. Furthermore, characterizations of post-elastic behavior are found to be qualitatively consistent with data obtained from uniaxial compression experiments and Brazilian disk experiments. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation explores a class of materials called ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs). These materials can sustain very high temperatures without degrading, and thus have the potential to be used on hypersonic aircraft which routinely experience high temperatures during flight. In lieu of performing experiments on physical UHTC specimens, one can perform a series of computer simulations to figure out how UHTCs behave under various conditions. This is done here, with a particular focus what happens when pores are introduced into UHTCs, thus rendering them more like a sponge than a solid block of material. Doing computer simulations instead of physical experiments is attractive because of the flexibility one has in a computational environment, as well as the significantly decreased cost associated with running a simulation vs. setting up and performing an experiment. This is especially true when considering challenging operating environments like those experienced by high-speed aircraft. The ultimate goal with this research is to develop a computational tool than can be used to design the ideal distribution of pores in UHTCs so that they can best perform their intended functions.

Les matériaux composites, et en particulier les sandwichs, sont très étudiés depuis des décennies. En effet, l'alliance entre légèreté et résistance de ces structures entraîne le développement de leur utilisation. Leur méthode de fabrication et éventuellement leur caractérisation restent des points essentiels dans la plupart des études. Ce travail s’inscrit dans le projet FUI SOLLICITERN qui vise à développer une citerne routière en matériau composite sandwich pour un véhicule d’hydrocurage. Comme première étape, et à partir du principe de l’enroulement filamentaire classique, l’objectif consiste à chercher des conceptions qui sont les mieux adaptées à l’enroulement d’un matériau sandwich sur un mandrin cylindrique, tout en respectant les paramètres de l’enroulement et leur influence sur la structure et les propriétés. La solution optimale étant validée, les matériaux constitutifs ont été étudié en mesurant de nombreuses propriétés mécaniques. L’objectif est de pouvoir aider le bureau d’étude à valider une solution de fabrication et de vérifier que les propriétés sont celles attendues. Pour ce faire, des caractérisations statique et dynamique ont menée sur des échantillons incurvés fabriqués par le procédé optimisé pour notre application. Cette partie comporte notamment différents essais expérimentaux dans le but de valider le comportement de la structure visée avec les dimensions et les combinaisons de matériaux les plus appropriées, en tenant compte du processus de fabrication. La meilleure configuration structurelle est retenue à la fin pour la fabrication de la citerne routière prototype. / Composite materials, and especially sandwich structures, have been studied for decades. Indeed, the association between lightness and resistance of these structures leads to the development of their use. Their manufacturing method and their characterization remain as essential points in most studies. This work is part of the FUI SOLLICITERN project, which aims to design a composite water treatment tank for vehicles intended for this purpose. As a first step, and based on the classical filament winding principal, we aim to search designs that are best adapted to the fabrication of a curved sandwich material on a cylindrical mandrel, while respecting the process parameters of and their influence on structural properties. Since an optimal solution was validated, the constituent materials were studied by measuring mechanical properties. The objective is to help our industrial partner to validate a manufacturing solution and verify that such properties are the expected ones. For that, several static and dynamic characterizations were carried out on curved samples manufactured by the optimized process designed for our application. This part includes various experimental tests in order to validate the structure behavior with the most appropriate dimensions and material combinations, taking into account the manufacturing process. At the end, the best structural configuration is retained for the first tank prototype fabrication.

A corrosão de armaduras é uma das causas mais comuns de degradação mecânica em estruturas em concreto armado. Esse processo leva à redução da vida útil e, consequentemente, a prejuízos econômicos. Desse modo, o presente trabalho visa contribuir com a análise dos fenômenos associados à degradação mecânica do concreto armado sujeito a processos corrosivos devido à carbonatação e à ação de cloretos. Para tal finalidade, modelos analíticos baseados na segunda lei de Fick são usados para quantificar a difusão de CO2 e de íons cloreto no concreto, os quais permitem determinar o tempo de início da corrosão. A degradação mecânica de estruturas em concreto armado é considerada por meio de um modelo em dano concentrado que contempla perda da rigidez, redução da área de aço e da tensão de escoamento de armaduras devido ao processo corrosivo. A formulação de dano concentrado foi modificada de forma a incluir uma variável de estado de corrosão e uma lei de evolução da corrosão, baseada em equações semi-empíricas disponíveis na literatura. Essas equações determinam a redução no diâmetro das armaduras e a perda da capacidade resistente do aço. O problema da corrosão é formulado como um processo estocástico sendo resolvido por meio do método de simulação de Monte Carlo para dois exemplos: uma viga isostática e um pórtico plano com grau de hiperestaticidade igual a três. A formulação da equação de estado limite é baseada em um valor de dano aceitável. Curvas de probabilidade de início da corrosão e de probabilidade de falha da estrutura são obtidas ao longo de 50 anos. No caso da estrutura hiperestática, o caminho mais provável de falha, também chamado de caminho crítico, é determinado. Observa-se que o processo corrosivo provoca mudanças no caminho crítico, e portanto, deve ser considerado nas análises de reparo estrutural. Mapas de dano e de probabilidade de falha foram desenvolvidos para mostrar as mudanças no comportamento estrutural devido à corrosão. / The reinforcement\'s corrosion is one of the most common causes of mechanical degradation in reinforced concrete structures. This process leads to the reduction of the service life and, consequently, economic loss. Thereby, this study aims to contribute with the analysis of the phenomena associated to the mechanical degradation of reinforced concrete, due to the carbonation and the chloride ions. For this purpose, analytical models based on second Fick\'s law are used to quantify CO2 and chloride ions diffusion, which enables to determine the corrosion time initiation. The mechanical degradation of reinforced concrete structures is modeles by the lumped damage model which accounts for stiffness loss, reinforcement mass loss and yield stress reduction due to the corrosive process. The lumped damage formulation was modified to include the state corrosion variable and the corrosion evolution law based on semi-empirical equations available in the literature. These equations determine the reinforcement\'s diameter reduction and the loss of resistant capacity of the reinforcement\'s bar. The corrosion problem is formulated as a stochastic process and solved by the Monte Carlo simulation for two examples: an isostatic beam and a hyperstatic frame. The limit state functions are based on the acceptable damage value. Curves of probability of corrosion initiation and probability of failure are obtained over a range of 50 years. In the hyperstatic case, the most probable failure path, also named the critical path, is determined. It is observed that the corrosive process causes changes on the critical path and, therefore, it must be accounted on structural repair analysis. Damage and probability of failure maps were developed to show the changes on the structural behavior due to the corrosion.

Este trabalho apresenta um novo modelo numérico para simulação de juntas de argamassa em estruturas de alvenaria no plano via método dos elementos finitos. Neste modelo, blocos de alvenaria e juntas de argamassa são representados separadamente. Elementos finitos com alta razão de aspecto são utilizados para representar as juntas de argamassa e são inseridos na malha de elementos finitos através de uma técnica de fragmentação de malha. A principal vantagem desta técnica consiste na utilização de modelos constitutivos contínuos para representar regiões descontínuas, uma vez que seu campo de deformações quando a altura do elemento de interface tende a zero é semelhante ao apresentado pela abordagem de aproximação contínua de descontinuidades fortes. Um modelo constitutivo contínuo baseado na mecânica do dano foi desenvolvido para representar o comportamento dos elementos de interface. Este modelo consegue representar a abertura e fechamento de fraturas, bem como o efeito de atrito em função da tensão de confinamento nas interfaces. Como o objetivo deste trabalho consiste na simulação da formação e propagação de fraturas ao longo das juntas de argamassa, comportamento elástico linear foi atribuindo aos elementos triangulares de três nós utilizados na discretização dos blocos de alvenaria. Vários exemplos numéricos são apresentados. Inicialmente, testes básicos são realizados para demonstrar as principais características do modelo quando submetido a carregamentos de tração, compressão e cisalhamento. Posteriormente, estruturas de alvenaria submetidas a carregamentos estáticos são analisadas e os resultados comparados com as respostas experimentais a fim de validar o modelo proposto. A técnica proposta se mostrou bastante promissora para simulação da formação e propagação de fratura em juntas de argamassa de estruturas de alvenaria. / This work presents a novel numerical model to simulate the failure process in masonry structures subjected to static loads via finite element method. Brick and mortar joints are modeled separately with their own constitutive equations. Interface finite element with high aspect ratio are used to simulate the mortar interface and inserted by the mesh fragmentation technique. The main advantage of this strategy is supported by the fact that, as the aspect ratio of a standard low-order solid finite element increases, the element strains also increase, approaching the same kinematics as the Continuum Strong Discontinuity Approach. A constitutive model was developed, based on the continuum damage mechanics, in order to represent the behavior of the interface finite elements. This model is able to simulate the creation and propagation of cracks, as well as, the frictional effects in dependence on stress confinement on the interfaces. Furthermore, as the objective of this work aims to simulate the failure in the mortar joints, the brick elements are assumed as linear elastic material. Three node standard triangular finite element are used to represent the bricks. Several numerical models are carried out. Initially, basics tests are show in order to demonstrate the main characteristics of the proposed model subjected to tensile, compression and shear loads. Subsequently, masonry structures are subjected to static loads are analyzed and the results compared with the experimental responses in order to validate the proposed model. This technique proved to be very promising for the simulation of failure onset and propagation in mortar joints of masonry structures.

Segundo modelos teóricos disponíveis na literatura, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo, com a correspondente implementação de um código computacional, baseado no método dos elementos finitos, a ser aplicado a análises não-lineares físicas e geométricas de pórticos planos em concreto armado, nas quais são levadas em consideração as influências da tensão cisalhante e do processo de danificação do concreto associado ao nível de solicitação da estrutura. Levando-se em conta as hipóteses de Timoshenko, comprovou-se a eficiência da formulação proposta e a aproximação via método dos elementos finitos para a análise de estruturas aporticadas e para a determinação da rigidez de barras elásticas ou danificadas; o modelo é caracterizado como uma aproximação mais precisa que o modelo de Bernoulli para análise de vigas e de pórticos planos. Verificou-se que a formulação lagrangiana atualizada gera resultados bastante satisfatórios para a NLG, tanto para vigas como para pórticos planos, como ressaltado pelos exemplos e que o modelo físico proposto, baseado no modelo de dano de Mazars, apesar de muito rigoroso, leva a resultados de boa aplicabilidade prática. A combinação dos modelos de NLF e NLG, juntamente com a influência da distorção, levou a resultados muito bons. No entanto, para uma comprovação mais realista quanto a acuidade da formulação implementada, seria importante a comparação desses resultados a valores experimentais, que não foi possível nesse trabalho / Following some well-known theoretical models, a numerical algorithm for reinforced concrete frames has been developed and the corresponding computer code implemented. The numerical model was based on the finite elements method and can be applied to geometrical and physical non-linear plane frames analysis. The influences of the shear stresses are taken into account for both, linear and non-linear analyses. In the first case, the stiffness is modified according to Timoshenko’s hypothesis. For physical non-linear analysis, the stiffness is penalized on basis of a well-known damage model for which shear stresses are considered. The geometrical non-linear analysis has been introduced using an updated Lagrangean model. This accurate structural model has proved to be efficient and easily handled for practical purposes, therefore can replace safely similar codes based on Bernoulli’s hypothesis. The combination of physical and geometrical non-linearties seems to be very accurate for practical applications, but experimentations maybe required confirming the accuracy of the proposed combined model

Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição ao emprego do Método dos Elementos Finitos Generalizados (MEFG) na análise tridimensional não-linear de sólidos. A análise numérica em campo não-linear, com modelos de dano e plasticidade, é original. O MEFG é uma formulação não-convencional do Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), que resulta da incorporação a este último de conceitos e técnicas dos denominados métodos sem malha, especialmente o enriquecimento da aproximação inicial (partição de unidade) por funções convenientes. Apresenta-se uma breve revisão bibliográfica dos métodos sem malha e do método dos elementos finitos generalizados, bem como suas principais características. Apresenta-se, com base no MEFG, a formulação de elementos tetraédricos e hexaédricos. Três modelos constitutivos são considerados visando análises não-lineares: o de plasticidade (perfeita ou com encruamento isótropo linear) com critério de plastificação de von Mises; o de dano frágil em concreto sob carregamento monótono crescente (modelo de Mazars) e o de dano e plasticidade acoplados (modelo de Lemaitre), próprio para materiais metálicos. São apresentados detalhes do código computacional, baseado no MEFG e nos modelos constitutivos acima mencionados, bem como resultados de análises numéricas. Esses resultados ressaltam algumas das vantagens do MEFG aplicado à análise não-linear, tais como: o enriquecimento da aproximação inicial limitado a regiões de interesse no domínio, como por exemplo, as que exibem elevados gradientes de deformação e tensão; uma definição mais precisa da distribuição de grandezas como a variável de dano e a tensão equivalente de von Mises, evitando a necessidade de alterações na malha; e a superação do travamento volumétrico associado a modelos de plasticidade / This work presents a contribution to the generalized finite element method (GFEM) employment in three-dimensional nonlinear analysis of solids. The nonlinear numerical analysis conduced with damage and plasticity models is original. GFEM is a nonconventional formulation of finite element method (FEM) which results from the addition to the latter of concepts and techniques of the so called Meshless methods, specially the enrichment of the initial approximations (partition of unity) by customized functions. A brief review of Meshless methods and generalized finite element method bibliography is presented, as well as their main features. Based on GFEM, the formulation of tetrahedral and hexahedral elements is shown. Three material laws are considered aiming nonlinear analysis: plasticity (perfectly plastic or linear isotropic hardening), with von Mises yield criterion; brittle damage on concrete under monotonic increasing loading (Mazars model) and damage coupled with plasticity (Lemaitre model), a suitable model for metals. Details of the computational code, based on GFEM and material laws mentioned above, are presented, as well as results of numerical analysis. These results emphasize some of the advantages of GFEM applied to nonlinear analysis, such as: enrichment of the basic approximations limited to some regions of interest in the domain, for instance, those exhibiting high strain and stress gradients; an accurated definition of the distributions of quantities like damage variable and von Mises equivalent stress, avoiding remeshing; and overcoming of volumetric locking associated to plasticity models

No presente trabalho desenvolve-se um modelo constitutivo baseado na mecânica do dano contínuo para representar o acúmulo da degradação do concreto produzido por cargas repetidas. O modelo de dano apresenta as condições necessárias exigidas na chamada aproximação de descontinuidades fortes proposta por Simó, Oliver e Armero e, conseqüentemente, pode ser empregado na formulação de elementos finitos com descontinuidade forte incorporada. Em decorrência de sua capacidade de descrever o comportamento do meio descontínuo independentemente da posição dos contornos do elemento finito, essa classe de formulação constitui uma alternativa valiosa para remediar a forte dependência da malha observada nos modelos de fissuras distribuídas, assim como para evitar as sofisticadas técnicas de reconstrução da malha exigidas nos modelos de fissura discreta, nos quais a fissura é introduzida na interface entre elementos. O trabalho traz contribuições no sentido de proporcionar uma ferramenta alternativa para a análise de propagação de fissuras por fadiga em elementos estruturais de concreto, dentro do contexto da mecânica do dano contínuo. Verifica-se a eficiência da formulação mediante análise numérica de problemas de fadiga em elementos estruturais de concreto. / A constitutive model based on the continuum damage mechanics is proposed to describe the accumulation of the degradation produced by repeated loads in concrete materials. The proposed damage model presents the necessary conditions required in the strong discontinuity approach advocated by Simó, Oliver and Armero and, consequently, it can be used in the embedded strong discontinuity finite element approach. This class of approach has been recognized by its capability to model discontinuities independently on the element boundaries. In fracture mechanics, the embedded strong discontinuity element has been proved to be a efficient alternative to remedy the strong mesh dependence verified in smeared crack approaches, as well as to avoid the sophisticated remeshing techniques required in the discrete crack approaches, in which the crack is introduced in the element interfaces. This work provides an alternative tool for the analysis of crack propagation in concrete structures under fatigue in the context of the continuum damage mechanics. Numerical analysis of concrete elements under fatigue are performed to access the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Submitted by Luis Ricardo Andrade da Silva (lrasilva@uefs.br) on 2017-11-28T23:42:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Mercurie Janeai Mateus Araujo Rocha.pdf: 2758370 bytes, checksum: 944f4fc5f24c7c08b8ca7abcf999414a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-28T23:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Mercurie Janeai Mateus Araujo Rocha.pdf: 2758370 bytes, checksum: 944f4fc5f24c7c08b8ca7abcf999414a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / In this work the influence of the shear strength of the concrete in the bending of reinforced concrete slabs was studied through two models of analysis. The first model (proposed model 1) combines an isotropic damage model for concrete, proposed by Oliver et al., and the perfect elastoplastic model for steel reinforcement. The second model (proposed model 2), which is in fact a modification of the previous model, introduces a unique damaging to the concrete transverse modulus of elasticity, based on a proposal by Matzenbacher. The behavior of slabs was simulated through the Classical Theory of Laminates and the variational formulation of the problem was developed through the Principle of Virtual Works. The numerical treatment of the problem was based on the Finite Element Method, using a finite rectangular element with 24 degrees of freedom, incorporating Newton-Raphson's incremental-iterative process with load control and displacement control. The validation of the two models was based on the simulation of four rectangular slabs under bending, whose analysis revealed that it is essential to damage the concrete modulus of elasticity when using the damage mechanics. / Neste trabalho foi estudada a influ?ncia da resist?ncia ao cisalhamento do concreto na flex?o de lajes de concreto armado, atrav?s de dois modelos de an?lise. O primeiro modelo (modelo proposto 1) combina um modelo de dano isotr?pico para o concreto, proposto por Oliver e colaboradores, e o modelo elastopl?stico perfeito para o a?o das armaduras. O segundo modelo (modelo proposto 2), que na verdade ? uma modifica??o do modelo anterior, introduz uma danifica??o exclusiva para o m?dulo de elasticidade transversal do concreto, baseado em uma proposta de Matzenbacher. O comportamento das lajes foi simulado atrav?s da Teoria Cl?ssica de Laminados sendo desenvolvida a formula??o variacional do problema por meio do Princ?pio dos Trabalhos Virtuais. O tratamento num?rico do problema foi baseado no M?todo dos Elementos Finitos, utilizando um elemento finito retangular com 24 graus de liberdade, incorporando o processo incremental-iterativo de Newton-Raphson com controle de carga e controle de deslocamento. A valida??o dos dois modelos se deu a partir da simula??o de quatro lajes retangulares sob flex?o, cujas an?lises revelaram ser imprescind?vel a danifica??o do m?dulo de elasticidade transversal do concreto ao se usar a mec?nica do dano.

On étudie le comportement thermomécanique de colis de déchets vitrifiés par modélisation multi- physiques. Les colis sont réalisés avec un conteneur en acier inoxydable dans lequel est coulé un verre borosilicaté. Pour le verre, la méthode des éléments finis est employée pour les calculs thermiques, la relaxation structurale du volume massique, le comportement viscoélastique et l’endommagement. Ces lois consécutives modélisent l’influence de la sollicitation thermique initiale. La relaxation structurale du verre, issue du modèle TNM-KAHR, permet la prise en compte d’effets fondamentaux quant à la transition vitreuse, en fonction des traitements thermiques expérimentaux et simulés. Lorsque le verre dépasse localement une criticité du champ de contrainte, on procède au couplage du calcul de structure viscoélastique, pour le verre solide en relaxation,avec la mécanique de l’endommagement qui réactualise la rigidité et les contraintes en mode I et en mode II. On applique cette méthodologie complète de simulation à l’issue des adaptations nécessaires au cas de blocs de verre massifs en solidification. Ces modèles permettent alors l’obtention de surfaces de fracturation quantifiées, dans le verre, à partir de l’énergie dissipée par le modèle d’endommagement. / We study the thermomechanical behavior of vitrified waste packages by multiphysics modeling. The packages are manufactured by the cast of borosilicate glass into stainless steel canisters. The finite element method is used for the thermal computations.In the glass, the finite element analysis is also used to compute the specific volume evolution and the viscoelastic behavior, due to the structural relaxation of glass, as well as the simulation of the damage behavior. These consecutive behavior laws model theinfluence of the initial thermal response. Glass structural relaxation is computed using the TNM-KAHRmodel, which allows us to take into account fundamental phenomena of the glass transition, depending on the results of experimental and simulated thermal treatments. For the solid glass within this relaxation process, the stress may locally increase beyond critical values. The viscoelastic structure simulation is then coupled with continuum damage mechanics where stresses and stiffness are updated in mode I and mode II. We apply this simulation protocol after adopting conditions relative to the case of these manufactured bulky solidifying glass casts. The models then allow us to quantify the cracking surfaces inside the glass fromthe energy dissipated within the damagemodel.