No description available.

No description available.

Individual cells employ mechanisms of cell-autonomous immunity to defend their cytosol against bacterial invasion. One such mechanism involves indirect detection of the pathogen through recognition of pathogen-induced disturbances causing the appearance of specific host molecules in an abnormal location. For example, glycans, which are located on the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane under homeostatic conditions, become hidden inside bacteria-containing vacuoles (BCVs) during bacterial entry into the cell. Upon BCV rupture, glycans become exposed to the cytosol where they act as a danger signal and are detected by the cytosolic danger receptor, Galectin 8. My research reveals that sphingomyelin, a host lipid predominantly located on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, is exposed to the cytosol on damaged BCVs. I visualised the appearance of intracellular sphingomyelin by utilising Lysenin - a sphingomyelin-specific toxin from earthworms – as a cytosolic sphingomyelin reporter. Lysenin is recruited to BCVs in a sphingomyelin-dependent manner upon cytosolic entry of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Lysenin co-localises with Galectin 8 on a proportion of BCVs, indicating that sphingomyelin exposure occurs upon membrane damage. Moreover, I elucidated that sphingomyelin exposure occurs before glycan exposure on damaged BCVs indicating that BCV rupture may proceed through two stages: ‘minor’ and ‘major’ damage. My investigations into possible causes of vacuole rupture are on going. To identify endogenous cellular receptors for cytosol-exposed sphingomyelin, I established and executed an assay to compare enrichment of mammalian cell lysate proteins on liposomes containing or lacking sphingomyelin. Following mass spectrometry analysis, 49 candidate proteins were tested for recruitment to Salmonella. Twelve candidates were recruited to BCVs upon infection. Of these twelve, I pursued five candidates in greater detail due to their recruitment to Salmonella being either entirely unknown, or known, but via a non-sphingomyelin mechanism. Further analysis of one candidate in particular, TECPR1, elucidated that TECPR1 is recruited to Salmonella in a sphingomyelin-dependent manner and possesses sphingomyelin-specific binding properties in vitro. Therefore, my thesis research identifies TECPR1 as an endogenous sphingomyelin-binding protein.

Cells defend their cytosol against pathogen invasion using cell-autonomous immunity. When pathogens enter the cytosol they can damage host endomembranes, causing the mislocalisation of host molecules not normally found in the cytosol that are sensed as Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). Glycans exposed on damaged endomembranes are detected by danger receptors such as Galectin8. Galectin8 is recognised by the autophagy cargo receptor NDP52, specifically targeting the bacteria to autophagy. I hypothesised that other proteins would also be recruited to damaged endomembranes, which may initiate downstream mechanisms involved in cell-autonomous immunity or endomembrane repair. Identifying novel damage recruited proteins (DRPs) is difficult due to the short-lived and dynamic nature of damaged endomembranes. Therefore, I developed an unbiased approach for the identification of novel DRPs by proximity-dependent biotinylation using the ascorbate peroxidise enzyme APEX. This approach preferentially labels proteins located at damaged endomembranes for subsequent identification by TMT mass spectrometry. Four enriched proteins CCDC50, FBXO21, STAMBP and PDCD6 were identified as novel damage recruited proteins, recognising damaged SCVs. An alternative form of cell-autonomous immunity is the induction of cell death, for example by pyroptosis. Cell death destroys the bacteria's replicative niche and exposes them to the extracellular space where they may be phagocytosed. I hypothesised that host cells might tag cytoplasmic bacteria with intracellular opsonins to assist in their phagocytosis following their release from host cells. However, my work revealed that intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium acquire phagocytosis protection, thus becoming internalised by phagocytes less efficiently than control bacteria. Phagocytosis protection was acquired rapidly after S.Typhimurium infection and was not observed with dead bacteria. Phagocytosis protection is only partially reversed by opsonisation in human serum. My results indicate that intracellular S.Typhimurium-induces an evasion mechanism to prevent its subsequent recognition by extracellular phagocytes.

No description available.

L’action sanitaire publique en matière d’habitat s’organise à travers des objectifs menés en fonction d’une époque ou une société donnée. En France aujourd’hui, la lutte contre les risques sanitaires à l’intérieur, à l’extérieur des habitations, la mise en place des dispositifs de prévention contre les risques sanitaires détectés dans les habitations et la garantie à tous d’accéder à un logement décent sont des objectifs présentant des limites au regard des résultats attendus. Il est possible de développer des orientations par une meilleure association de tous à une habitation protectrice de la santé. La mise en place d’un projet d’habitat sain élaboré dans le cadre d’orientations locales est l’un des nouveaux moyens de rapprocher l’action des besoins locaux. / Public health action in habitat is organized through goals led the function of a period or a society. In France today, the fight against health risks inside, outside homes, the prevention against health risks found in homes and the guarantee everyone access to a decent housing are goals with borderline against the expected result. It is possible to develop guidelines for greater involvement of all in a protective housing of health. The establishment of a healthy housing project developed within the framework of local orientations is one of the new ways to bring the action of local needs.

The diploma thesis put its focus on the origin of harmful species in food during the production processes, and their subsequent optimization thus, that ought to decrease the occurrence of risk in processes and thus not directly endanger the consumer. This thesis determines and optimizes the occurrence of hazards when handling non-standard products from Kysucké pekárne, a.s. By using a questionnaire, which is issued under the auspices of the National Labor Inspectorate and consequently assesses the level of health and safety to ensure that the company meets all the requirements in accordance with Safe Company certificate for the Slovak Republic, and this rank means that the researched company belongs among companies that are above standard in terms of safety. The work is divided into several parts. The theoretical part explains the concepts that are closely related to the researched area of the thesis - risk analysis, risk management, the definition of risks. The analytical part contains an analysis of the current situation in the researched company, analysis of the risks regarding the production process, processing of technical waste and lastly, an assessment of the level of health and safety. The practical part focuses on corrective measures in the processes of bread production, processing of technological waste and improving safety and health at work so that the company achieves the Safe Company certificate.

Lors de la réponse immunitaire de la drosophile, la voie Toll est activée lors d'un challenge immunitaire par des bactéries à Gram positif ou des champignons. Ce mécanisme est initié soit par la reconnaissance de motifs moléculaires associés aux pathogènes (PAMPs) qui activent la voie de reconnaissance, soit par des facteurs de virulence et des protéases produits par les agents pathogènes qui activent la voie des signaux de danger. Le travail que j'ai effectué a pour but de caractériser les différentes molécules impliquées dans ces cascades protéolytiques en amont de Toll. Cela permettra de reconstituer ces cascades in vitro et de comprendre comment elles sont organisées, comment et où des complexes peuvent être formés. La première partie concerne les approches génétiques utilisées pour générer des mutants des gènes pouvant être impliqués dans l'activation de la voie Toll par la voie des PAMPs. La deuxième partie se concentre sur un homologue inactif de protéase à sérine appelé spheroide et sur son implication dans la voie de reconnaissance des signaux de danger. Pour la première fois, nous avons pu démontrer qu'une protéase inactive est requise dans la cascade protéolytique, et plus particulièrement dans la détection des signaux de danger après un challenge immunitaire par des bactéries pathogènes à Gram positif. / The Toll pathway in Drosophila immune response is activated upon immune challenge with Gram positive bacteria and fungi. This can be achieved either through recognition of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), which triggers the recognition cascade; or by virulence factors and proteases produced by the pathogens, which triggers the danger signal cascade. The work I have done aimed to characterize the various molecules involved in proteolytic cascade supstream of Toll. This will help to reconstitute these cascades in vitro and understand how they are organized, how and where complexes could be formed. The first part focuses on genetic approaches used to generate mutants for genes suggested to be involved in the activation of Toll pathway via the recognition cascade. The second part focuses on an inactive serine protease, aserine protease homolog spheroide and its involvement in the danger signal cascade. For the first time, we could demonstrate that an inactive protease is required in the proteolytic cascade,involved in the sensing of danger signais upon immune challenge with pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria.

Les cellules dendritiques (DCs) possèdent des rôles clés dans la modulation de la réponse inflammatoire. Leur implication dans la réponse inflammatoire post-ischémie/reperfusion semble claire. Cependant, leurs rôles spécifiques restent encore à élucider. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse selon laquelle la modulation de la réponse des cellules dendritiques suite à la séquence d’ischémie/reperfusion pourrait diminuer les lésions du greffon cardiaque. L’objectif de ce travail a donc consisté en l’exploration et l’identification d’un mécanisme immunomodulateur dans la DC. Un modèle cellulaire d’hypoxie/réoxygénation (H/R) et un modèle de co-culture DCs / cardiomyocytes ont été utilisés. / Dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles during the inflammatory process. Although their involvement in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-related inflammation is known, their specific role in such a context remain to be elucidated.We hypothesized that the modulation of DC phenotype during I/R might decrease cardiac graft injuries. In this study, we aimed to explore and identify an immunomodulatory mechanism in DCs. An in vitro model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and a co-culture model were used. Our results highlight that the purinergic receptor P2Y11 (P2Y11R) exhibits an immunosuppressive role in DCs. This effect was lost when cells were subjected to a H/R insult, due to P2Y11R downregulation during hypoxia.

The aim of this study was to investigate Meteorological Fire Danger Indices for Turkey. A number of internationally implemented fire danger indices were calculated with Fire Danger Processing software and their performances were tested with Mandallaz and Ye&rsquo / s Performance Score Method. As a result, among other meteorological fire danger indices that have been applied by several fire fighting administrations and services, the U.S. National Fire Danger Rating System, Mc.Arthur&rsquo / s Fuel Moisture Model and Forest Fire Weather Index, BEHAVE Fine Fuel Moisture Model and Keetch Byram Drought Index, the Canadian Fire Weather Index was selected as the best performing fire danger index for Turkey. Calibrated with monthly fire history data of the last 5 years&rsquo / records, the results during the determined fire season were integrated with vegetation cover data for Turkey, derived from GLC 2000 global land cover data. Besides, daily performance of the Canadian Fire Weather Index was observed by three consecutive days in August 2006 and the outcomes were evaluated with the information about fire events compiled from newspaper archives. The study is a first attempt for further fire related analysis at the national scale / an attempt to establish an early warning system and a spatial base for mitigation effort for the wild fire phenomenon in Turkey.