Through the works of Lord Byron and Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, I explored the function of the themes of darkness and obscurity in Romanticism. There was a clear connection between the inclusion of these themes and the rejection of the Enlightenment period, which is what I focused on in this thesis. I discovered that the Romantics found inspiration and beauty in the darker, stranger aspects of the natural world, while rejecting the logical and rational beliefs of the Enlightenment.

This study examines the significance of sounds and silence in Joseph Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness (1902). The importance of visual effects has repeatedly been analyzed and therefore, it is high time to explore the text from an auditory perspective. By comparing and contrasting Victorian city sounds to sounds in the wilderness, I show that the urban and rural worlds have a great deal in common. Furthermore, by deconstructing the seemingly stable binary opposition of sound and silence as well as that of civilization and wilderness, it becomes evident that they are related and depend on one another. This paper also examines noise and how it is used as a means of power. Moreover, it deals with Thomas Edison’s invention, the phonograph, as an implicit discursive device in the text. In conclusion, it is argued that the sonic environment is of high significance and should therefore not be ignored and readers must try to close their eyes in order to hear what is said.

<p>The aim of this study is to compare metaphors from the 1970 edition of Joseph Conrsd's Heart of Darkness (originally published in 1902) with their Swedish translations in Mörkrets Hjärta, by Einar Hecksher (2006), to see how mwtaphors have been translated from English into Swedish, i.e. to see if there are any structural differences which cause semantic differences to the metaphors. By comparing the original metaphors with their translations, it is possible to point to difficulties, which may cause problems in the translation process. One example indicates that homonyms can be a problem. Nearly all of the English metaphors have been translated as metaphors in Swedish as well. About half of the metaphors studied have been semantically changed in their translations, yet without any pragmatic differences compared to the originals. It seems not that important which theory about metaphors (e.g. Lakoff, Leech, Levinson, Black) is more 'applicable' than the others with regard to translation. The result of translation of metaphors is more likely due to the translator's perception of the source language, rather than to theories about metaphors per se.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-91).

The novel shows how a young Indo-Guyanese immigrant to the UK is racialized; aspiring to leave behind the "messiness" and confusion of the poverty-stricken immigrant lives he sees around him, he goes to Cambridge. The story is narrated by this character long after, in ways that reveal how this aspiration was assimilative and colonizing, encouraging him to abandon his friends and his roots. His life story makes it clear how different systems of racial categorization work in Guyana and in the UK to violently separate those who might be friends, lovers, and allies.

I shall argue in this thesis that Zakes Mda's novels Ways of Dying (l995a) and She Plays with the Darkness (1995b) are magic realist texts that are representative of the hybrid nature of this literary mode. Furthermore I shall demonstrate that Ways of Dying (l995a) and She Plays with the Darkness (1995b) share common elements with a variety of magic realist texts. Mda's own creative and literary consciousness has been shaped by an intellectual background stemming from tertiary education at Ph.D level, his teaching positions at various international universities, and his knowledge of African folk-culture. The seemingly contesting streams of Western education and African mysticism are not presented as sources of conflict in Mda's novels, but rather as syncretic forces of potential transformative power. Mda displays in his project as a novelist, the continuing concerns of black writers who saw the novel as a tool for socio-political change. My thesis therefore also investigates the extent to which Mda's use of magic realism in the novels mentioned above, signals a radical shift in literary representation by South African black writers who wrote in English. Mda's novels transcend Black Consciousness-inspired protest that characterised black literature in the 1970's and 1980's. His use of tropes associated with magic realism, African folk-culture, the apocalyptic and carnivalesque has enabled him to create a discursive space for South African black writers on the international stage, and foregrounds a movement towards literature that offers opposition to being classified as merely ''black writing". The death of the old order in South Africa and the birth of a new one, invites questioning and analysis of the position of the self during a period of cataclysmic change. That the apocalypse brings with it both death and renewal could be seen within the context of post modernist visions of the erosion of the self and death as the ultimate reality. Mda's novels, Ways of Dying (l995a) and She Plays with the Darkness (1995b), are the first English narratives by a South Afiican black author that can claim affinities with postcolonial writers such as Carpentier, Marquez, Okri and Rushdie. These writers reflect in their narratives, the infinite possibilities of magic realism in reclaiming the self submerged by the colonial experience. I shall attempt, in Chapter One, a survey of specific theoretical assumptions relevant to magic realism. Chapter Two will provide biographical details of Zakes Mda the playwright, poet, theatre practitioner, film producer and novelist and the importance of magic realism in his writings. Chapter Three is an analysis of Mda's published plays and points to the early uses of elements consistent with magic realism in his work. Chapters Four and Five are investigations into Mda's use of magic realism in Ways of Dying (1995) and She Plays with the Darkness (1995), respectively. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1998.

När ett blad gulnar genomgår det både morfologiska och metaboliska förändringar. Denna process benämns senescence och en förbättrad förståelse av dess mekanismer är viktiga både ur ett grundvetenskapligt perspektiv och för potentiella bioteknologiska applikationer. Denna avhandling rapporterar om flera viktiga aspekter relaterade till de cellulära och metaboliska mekanismer som sker under senescencen med tonvikt på mitokondriernas bidrag till denna process. I ett första steg utvecklade vi metoder för att isolera antingen mycket funktionella mitokondrier eller mycket rena mitokondrier från blad av Arabidopsis thaliana. Dessa metoder användes sedan till för att studera mitokondriella bidrag till cellens redox balans och att uppskatta mitokondriernas kapacitet under senescence-processen. Framför allt jämfördes induktionen av senescencen berodende på olika mörkerbehandlingar av Arabidopsis. Jämförelse mellan individuellt mörklagda blad med hela mörklagda växter visade en betydande skillnad i metabolisk strategi mellan de två mörkerbehandlingarna. Genom att integrera data från mätningar av fotosyntes, respiration och konfokal mikroskopi med transcriptomics- och metabolomics-profiler föreslår vi att metabolismen hos blad från helt mörklagda växter antar ett ”stand-by läge” för att kunna bibehålla fotosynteskapaciteten så länge som möjligt. I kontrast till detta visar mitokondrier från individuellt mörklagda blad en hög aktivitet och kan därmed producera energi och kolskelett för degraderingen av cellkomponenter, vilket möjliggör återvinning av näringsämnen. Vi har även studerat dynamiken av det mikrotubulibaserade cytoskelettet under mörkerindicerad senescence. Mitokondriernas rörlighet påverkades av en tidig nedbrytning av mikrotubuli hos individuellt mörklagda blad men inte hos blad där hela växten mörkerbehandlats. Dessutom verkade ett flertal mikrotubuliassocierade proteiner (MAP’s) att vara involverade i buntningen av mikrotubuli runt kloroplasterna. Sammanfattningsvis belyser det arbete som presenteras i denna avhandling ett flertal viktiga steg med avseende på metabolisk anpassning och andra cellulär mekanismer i Arabidopsisblad som utsätts för långvarig mörkerbehendling. Specifikt föreslår vi att mitokondrierna bidrar med speciella och viktiga funktioner under bladens senescence eftersom mitokondriernas roll under långvarig mörkerbehandling av blad verkar bero på den totala statusen av metabolismen hos växten. / When switching from green to yellow, a leaf undergoes both morphological and metabolic changes. This process is known as senescence and improved understanding of its mechanisms is important both from a fundamental scientific perspective but also for biotechnological applications. The present thesis reports on several important aspects regarding the cellular and metabolic mechanisms occurring during leaf senescence with an emphasis on the mitochondrial contribution to this process. As a first step, we developed methods to isolate either highly functional crude mitochondria or highly purified mitochondria from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. These methods were further used to study mitochondrial contributions to cellular redox homeostasis and to estimate the mitochondrial capacities in leaves undergoing senescence. In particular, we compared the induction of senescence by different dark treatments in Arabidopsis. The comparison between individually darkened leaves and leaves from whole darkened plants revealed different metabolic strategies in response to darkness. Integrating data from measurements of photosynthesis, respiration and confocal laser microscopy with transcriptomics and metabolomics profiling, we suggested that metabolism in leaves of the whole darkened plants enter a “stand-by mode” with low mitochondrial activity in order to maintain the photosynthetic machinery for as long as possible. In contrast, mitochondria from individually darkened leaves are more active and may provide energy and carbon skeletons for the degradation of cell constituents, facilitating the retrieval of nutrients. We also investigated the dynamic of the microtubular cytoskeleton during dark-induced senescence. Mitochondrial mobility was affected by an early disruption of the microtubules in individually darkened leaves but not in whole darkened plants. In addition, several microtubules associated proteins (MAPs) seemed to be involved in the bundling of the microtubules around the chloroplasts. Altogether, the work presented in this thesis highlights several important steps regarding the metabolic adjustments and the cellular mechanisms in Arabidopsis leaves submitted to prolonged darkness. In particular, we suggest the mitochondria to fulfill specific and important functions during leaf senescence since the role of mitochondria in leaves experiencing prolonged darkness appears very dependant on the whole metabolic status of the plant.

Practical Approach In this project I have been exploring how to work intuitively and exploratory with animation, lyrical animation, dynamic paintings – whatever you might call it. Traditional animation is meticulous; it has a strong emphasis on planning the storytelling. This approach derives from the fact that the production of traditional animation is extremely time-­‐consuming and thus expensive in either time or money. I started this project with an experience of how modern software and hardware can help you bypass these hurdles, and perhaps enabling a more experimental, improvising approach without necessarily compromising the output quality. I have my starting point in illustration and acrylic painting as a medium, which I, in this project have been implementing in the software After Effects Theoretical Approach I make sense of the world through metaphors. The metaphor allows me to understand something even though I haven’t experienced it myself. An experience, a sensation, can have transparent qualities. It can be superimposed onto the experiences of others; scaled up or down a bit or change the time and the setting. Perhaps it is this, which allows us to have empathy? When I tell a story, I am making a room of my feelings that others can step into and we can share an experience. In this project, I have been trying to find a way to tap into the vapors of my imagination. Through intuition-­‐driven animation excises, I try to solidify my vague inklings, hoping to make my mind somewhat permeable to yours.

Denna studie är en analys av romanen Heart of Darkness (1902) och novellen An outpost ofprogress (1898) av Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) i syfte att undersöka berättelsernashuvudsakliga tematik ur en postkolonial infallsvinkel samt vad Conrads avsikt tycks ha varitmed porträtteringen av elfenbensagenten Kurtz. För att genomföra denna analys har jag gjorten närläsning av Heart of Darkness samt An outpost of progress och samtidigt tolkathändelseförloppen.Tolkningarna är delvis mina egna samt delvis baserat på tidigare forskning. Efter att hagenomfört dessa närläsningar är min slutsats att Conrads huvudsakliga avsikt var att skildaden mänskliga moralens förfall genom den ondskefulla girigheten. Det är denna girighet somhan definierar som det mörka i en människas hjärta. Genom framställningen av Kurtz visarhan exempel på detta samt hur farlig en skicklig retoriker kan vara.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_br_me_bauru.pdf: 823510 bytes, checksum: fe745f86976dbf0aa4a788cc05038cbb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Foram administradas doses progressivas (12, 24, 36, 48 e 60μPb/L) e agudas (60μPb/L) de chumbo no Betta splendens (N = 23) e testados os comportamentos de display agressivo e escotataxia em cinco testes consecutivos, com intervalos de 18 horas - para dosagem progressiva - e 24 horas - para dosagem aguda. Realizaram-se sete experimentos: (1) validação do teste de preferência claro-escuro; (2) teste e re-teste da preferência claro-escuro; (3) efeito de doses progressivas de chumbo sobre teste de preferência claro-escuro; (4) efeitos de doses agudas de chumbo sobre teste de preferência claro-escuro; (5) teste e re-teste do display agressivo; (6) efeito de doses progressivas de chumbo sobre o display agressivo; (7) efeito de doses agudas de chumbo sobre o display agressivo, com exposição ao espelho. Os experimentos (1) e (2) indicaram que o Betta splendens apresenta comportamento de escotataxia, sendo que não houve habituação ao re-teste da preferência claro-escuro. Nos experimentos (3) e (4) indicaram que o chumbo em doses progressivas e agudas não alterou o comportamento de escotataxia, mas provocou déficits de memória de longo-prazo no teste de preferência claro-escuro. O experimento (5) não apresentou habituação no re-teste do display agressivo. Os experimentos (6) e (7) indicaram que o chumbo em doses progressivas e agudas aumentou a frequencia de comportamentos agressivos. Estes dados apontam para o teste de preferência claro-escuro como um novo modelo de ansiedade para o Betta splendens e que a exposição progressiva e aguda ao chumbo produz déficits de memória de longo-prazo e aumenta a agressividade deste. / Betta splends (N = 23) were treated with progressive (12, 24, 36, 48 e 60μPb/L) and acute (60μPb/L) lead poisoning. They were submitted to darkness preference and aggressive display test into five consecutive trials separated by 18 h to progressive poisoning and 24 h to acute poisoning between trials. Seven experiments were conducted so: (1) validation of darkness preference test; (2) exposition and re-exposition to darkness preference teste; (3) effect of progressive lead doses on the darkness preference teste; (4) effect of acute lead dose on the darkness preference test; (5) exposition and re-exposition to aggressive display test; (6) effect of progressive lead doses on aggressive display test; (7) effect of acute lead dose on aggressive display test. Experiments (1) and (2) data showed the darkness preference of Betta splendens, since there was no habituation to re-exposition to darkness preference test. Experiments (3) and (4) data showed deficits on long-term memory produced by progressive and acute lead poisoning. Experiment (5) data showed no habituation to re-exposition to aggressive display test. Experiments (6) and (7) data showed the increase of aggressiveness display produced by progressive and acute lead poisoning. Therefore, these seven experiments data showed how darkness preference test can be a possible anxiety model to Betta splendens and how progressive and acute lead exposition can produce deficits in long-term memory and aggressiveness display increased.