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This dissertation recounts the commemoration of Charles Darwin in Britain from his death in 1882 to his birth centenary in 1909. As a broadly chronological and episodic history, individual memorials are considered in themselves, in relation to others, and in their national and local contexts. In this way, they are shown to have been informed by contemporary scientific and wider cultural developments, previous memorialisations, and – consonant with a more recent historiographical turn to ‘place’ – local imperatives alongside those arising further afield. Consequently, memorialisers and observers are shown to have acted not merely as unreflective publicists or passive consumers, but as interpreters of Darwin’s memory who brought their own concerns to his commemoration. Darwin’s funeral, at Westminster Abbey, was widely accepted as a national endorsement of his social respectability, and, by extension, that of a burgeoning scientific profession which organised it. Further to this first posthumous elevation, and appropriation, of Darwin, subsequent presentations were informed by contemporary literary developments, and particularly the sudden decline in the posthumous reputation of Thomas Carlyle, which reflected changing attitudes to long-established ‘heroic’ tradition. As such, the production, reception and mobilisation of Darwinian biography (primarily his Life and Letters and its subsequent editions and sequels) recognised these recent literary concerns and further contributed to Darwin’s elevation as a personal and scientific exemplar. The ways in which Darwin’s reputation was elaborated and used are recovered at a range of sites of Darwinian significance, most notably Edinburgh, Cambridge, Shrewsbury, Oxford and London. Encompassing metropolitan, provincial, institutional and civic commemoration, accompanying periodical reportage, commentary and memorialisation is also considered. Common to the majority of these productions, Darwin’s theory of natural selection was criticised, contradicted or ignored. Nevertheless, the esteem in which the celebrated naturalist was held was to grow in inverse proportion to the reputation of his famous theory. Against this background, an extended memorial season peaked in the summer of 1909 at the Darwin Celebration at the University of Cambridge. That grandiose occasion echoed and developed themes which were well recorded in preceding commemorations, both ceremonially and in the periodical press. Consequently, man and work were brought into closer relation with a widely-expressed interest in the origins of his apparently exceptional abilities and character. The great naturalist was celebrated as a hereditary, as well as a moral and intellectual, exemplar. This development was supported by the new findings of Mendelian biology and Darwin’s memorial association with advancing eugenic activism. For the first time attending to his early ‘afterlife’ in Britain, this account traces the interaction of Darwin’s commemoration not only with the emerging biological sciences, but also with wider preoccupations concerning secularisation, democratisation and reform across the decades either side of the turn of the twentieth century. Ultimately, Darwin’s early memorialisation can be apprehended as a scientific activity in itself, contributing to professional, disciplinary and theoretical developments in the biological sciences.

This is an original collection of poems written during my time in the graduate program at Georgia State University.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Technology, Sydney, 2003. / Bibliography: leaves 288-299.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1967. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographies.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Göttingen.

Mainz, Universiẗat, Diss., 2000.

A teoria da descendência com modificação de Darwin, que explica a origem de espécies através da seleção natural, é considerada um marco na história da ciência. A possibilidade de unificação de toda a biologia e a mudança que ela trouxe para nossos valores e para a nossa compreensão da posição da humanidade no universo ainda causam um grande impacto na sociedade e na relação entre ciência e filosofia. O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender alguns aspectos dos desenvolvimentos da ciência que antecederam essa teoria. Dois elementos foram estabelecidos como referências para essa análise: a teoria de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a mais importante a propor o conceito da transformação das espécies antes de Darwin e o problema científico da explicação da extinção. As várias teorias elaboradas para dar conta da diversidade de espécies na Terra, bem como para explicar o fenômeno da extinção são discutidas através das obras de Georges Cuvier, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire e Richard Owen. Nessas teorias, as questões da adaptação e das noções teleológicas são destacadas devido à sua relação com o problema da extinção. A abordagem de Darwin para o problema da extinção é discutida em sua relação com o conceito de seleção natural e com o conceito de adaptação defendido pela teologia natural britânica. / Darwin\'s theory of descent with modification, which explains the origin of species by natural selection, is considered a milestone in the history of science. The possibility of unification of the entire field of biology and the changes that it brought to our values and to our understanding of the position of mankind in the universe are still causing great impact in society and in the relationship between science and philosophy. The aim of this study is to understand some aspects of the developments of science that preceded this theory. Two elements were established as references for this analysis: the theory of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, the most important work proposing the concept of transformation of species before Darwin, and the scientific problem of the explanation of extinction. The several theories elaborated to account for the diversity of species on Earth as well as to explain the phenomenon of extinction are discussed through the works of Georges Cuvier, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Richard Owen. Within these theories, the issues of adaptation and teleological notions are stressed because of their connection to the problem of extinction. Darwin\'s approach to the problem of extinction is discussed for its relation to the concept of natural selection and to the concept of adaptation defended by the british natural theology.

A teoria da descendência com modificação de Darwin, que explica a origem de espécies através da seleção natural, é considerada um marco na história da ciência. A possibilidade de unificação de toda a biologia e a mudança que ela trouxe para nossos valores e para a nossa compreensão da posição da humanidade no universo ainda causam um grande impacto na sociedade e na relação entre ciência e filosofia. O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender alguns aspectos dos desenvolvimentos da ciência que antecederam essa teoria. Dois elementos foram estabelecidos como referências para essa análise: a teoria de Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a mais importante a propor o conceito da transformação das espécies antes de Darwin e o problema científico da explicação da extinção. As várias teorias elaboradas para dar conta da diversidade de espécies na Terra, bem como para explicar o fenômeno da extinção são discutidas através das obras de Georges Cuvier, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire e Richard Owen. Nessas teorias, as questões da adaptação e das noções teleológicas são destacadas devido à sua relação com o problema da extinção. A abordagem de Darwin para o problema da extinção é discutida em sua relação com o conceito de seleção natural e com o conceito de adaptação defendido pela teologia natural britânica. / Darwin\'s theory of descent with modification, which explains the origin of species by natural selection, is considered a milestone in the history of science. The possibility of unification of the entire field of biology and the changes that it brought to our values and to our understanding of the position of mankind in the universe are still causing great impact in society and in the relationship between science and philosophy. The aim of this study is to understand some aspects of the developments of science that preceded this theory. Two elements were established as references for this analysis: the theory of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, the most important work proposing the concept of transformation of species before Darwin, and the scientific problem of the explanation of extinction. The several theories elaborated to account for the diversity of species on Earth as well as to explain the phenomenon of extinction are discussed through the works of Georges Cuvier, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Richard Owen. Within these theories, the issues of adaptation and teleological notions are stressed because of their connection to the problem of extinction. Darwin\'s approach to the problem of extinction is discussed for its relation to the concept of natural selection and to the concept of adaptation defended by the british natural theology.

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