Power system protection is important for service reliability and quality assurance. Various faults may occur due to natural and artificial calamity. To reduce the outage duration and promptly restore power services, fault section estimate has to be done effectively and accurately with fault alarms. Dispatchers study the changed statuses of protection devices from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to identify the fault. Single and multiple faults could coexist with the failed operation of relays and circuit breakers, or with the erroneous data communication. It needs a long time to process a large number of alarms under various conditions involving multiple faults and many uncertainties. To cope with the problem, an effective tool is helpful for the fault section estimation and alarm processing. Besides, power transformer plays a major role in a power system. For a better service quality, it is important to be routinely examined for detecting incipient faults inside transformers. Preventive techniques for early detection can find out the incipient faults and avoid outages. Power quality is another issue to considerable attentions from utilities and customers due to the popular uses of many sensitive electronic equipment. Harmonics, voltage swell, voltage sag, and, power interruption could downgrade the service quality. To ensure the power quality, detecting harmonic and voltage disturbances becomes important. A detection method with classification capability will be helpful for detecting disturbances. This dissertation developed various algorithm for detection including fault section detection, alarm processing, transformer fault diagnosis, and power quality detection. For a well-dispatched power system, the adaptive detection idea will be used, and the existing SCADA/EMS will be integrated without extra devices.

In this study, it is aimed to improve the previously developed data acquisition program which was run under DOS and 2D surface reconstruction program under Windows. A new system is set up and both data acquisition and processing software are developed to collect and process data within just one application, running under Windows. The main goal of the thesis is to acquire and process the range data taken from the laser rangefinder in order to construct the 3D image map of simple objects in different positions for indoor environments. The data acquisition program collects data in helical way. To do this, appropriate parameters for the data acquisition interface are determined. In the data processing step, it is aimed to use basic triangulation algorithms and threshold conditions to calculate resolutions, detect noisy points and segment objects from the environment for line fitting. The developed and implemented data acquisition and processing interfaces in the thesis are capable of creating 3D image map and obtaining the view of scanned environment in a short time with high accuracy.

Smart grid technologies are starting to be the future of electric power systems. These systems are giving the utilities detailed information about their systems in real time. One of the most challenging things of implementing smart grid applications is employing the communications into the systems. Understanding the available communications can help ease the transition to these smart grid applications. Many of the utility personnel are spending too much time trying to figure out which communication is better for their application or applications. So this thesis presents the different communication types available with discussing the different attributes in which these communication types are going to offer to the utility. Then these communication types are looked such that utilities can quickly understand how to approach the difficult task of obtaining the information from the different smart grid applications by the use of different communication options.

While all mammals sleep, the functions and implications of sleep are not well understood, and are a strong area of investigation in the research community. Mice are utilized in many sleep studies, with electroencephalography (EEG) signals widely used for data acquisition and analysis. However, since EEG electrodes must be surgically implanted in the mice, the method is high cost and time intensive. This work presents an extension of a previously researched high throughput, low cost, non-invasive method for mouse behavior detection and classification. A novel hierarchical classifier is presented that classifies behavior states including NREM and REM sleep, as well as active behavior states, using data acquired from a Signal Solutions (Lexington, KY) piezoelectric cage floor system. The NREM/REM classification system presented an 81% agreement with human EEG scorers, indicating a useful, high throughput alternative to the widely used EEG acquisition method.

During the operations of an agricultural tractor, front axle and front axle support encounter the worst load conditions of the whole tractor. If the design of these components is not verified by systematic engineering approach, the customers could face with sudden failures. Erkunt Agricultural Machinery Company, which is located in Ankara, has newly designed and manufactured the front axle support of its agricultural tractors. In this study, the design of 2WD (Wheel Drive) Erkunt Bereket Agricultural Tractor&amp / #8217 / s front axle support has been verified by developing a verification method, which involves testing the tractor on a special test track and field and together with the computer aided engineering analysis, in order to prevent such failures in the lifetime of the tractor. For this purpose, a strain gage data acquisition system has been designed to measure the strain values on the component, while the tractor is operating on a test track and field. The locations of the strain gages have been determined by simulating the selected design load cases through finite element method. Measuring the maximum strains for the front axle support that have been experienced by the tractor while operating, the stress values have been calculated and the design safety has been investigated considering the material&amp / #8217 / s tensile strength. Secondly, the fatigue life of the component regarding the acquired strain data has been predicted. These processes have led the company to verify the design of the front axle support.

Despite increased awareness of threats against Critical Infrastructure (CI), securing of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems remains incomplete. The majority of research focuses on preventative measures such as improving communication protocols and implementing security policies. New attempts are being made to use commercial Intrusion Detection System (IDS) software to protect SCADA systems. These have limited effectiveness because the ability to detect specific threats requires the context of the SCADA system. SCADA context is defined as any information that can be used to characterise the current status and function of the SCADA system. In this thesis the standard IDS model will be used with the varying SCADA data sources to provide SCADA context to a signature and anomaly detection engine. A novel addition to enhance the IDS model will be to use the SCADA data sources to simulate the remote SCADA site. The data resulting from the simulation is used by the IDS to make behavioural comparison between the real and simulated SCADA site. To evaluate the enhanced IDS model the specific context of a water and wastewater system is used to develop a prototype. Using this context it was found that the inflow between sites has similar diurnal characteristic to network traffic. This introduced the idea of using inflow data to detect abnormal behaviour for a remote wastewater site. Several experiments are proposed to validate the prototype using data from a real SCADA site. Initial results show good promise for detecting abnormal behaviour and specific threats against water and wastewater SCADA systems.

Ο στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι ο έλεγχος και αποκατάσταση της θερμοκρασίας και της υγρασίας από απόσταση σε ένα χώρο ο οποίος απαιτεί συγκεκριμένες τιμές των δύο παραπάνω μεγεθών. Ένας τέτοιος χώρος μπορεί να είναι μια αίθουσα χειρουργείου ή μια μονάδα εντατικής θεραπείας. Ανάλογα με τις επιθυμητές θερμοκρασίες που έχουν τεθεί, ενεργοποιούνται οι βάνες του θερμαντικού ή του ψυκτικού στοιχείου. Όταν η υγρασία του χώρου είναι κατώτερη της επιθυμητής, ενεργοποιείται η τρίοδος βάνα ατμού. Όταν η υγρασία του χώρου είναι υψηλότερη της επιθυμητής ενεργοποιείται η τρίοδος βάνα του ψυκτικού στοιχείου για επιπλέον ψύξη (αφύγρανση) και παράλληλα, αν χρειαστεί ενεργοποιεί και την τρίοδο βάνα του θερμαντικού στοιχείου για να διατηρήσει τη θερμοκρασία του χώρου στα επιθυμητά επίπεδα. Όλα αυτά υλοποιούνται με τη βοήθεια του PLC S7 300 όσο αφορά το λειτουργικό μέρος, της μονάδας CP 343-1 Lean για την επικοινωνία της εγκατάστασης από απόσταση μέσω ethernet, το LabVIEW 9.0 για την υλοποίηση του SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) και τέλος ο OPC SERVER της National instrument για την επικοινωνία του PLC S7 300 με το LabVIEW 9.0. / The scope of this thesis is the control and restoration of temperature and humidity from distance in environments which demand precise values of these two measurements. Such an environment can be an Operating Room or an Intensive Care Unit. The valves of the heating or the cooling element are activated according to the desired temperature. When room humidity is below the desired one, the dew three-port valve is activated. On the other hand when humidity is above the desired level the three-port valve of the cooling element is activated for further cooling (dehydration) and at the same time, if needed, it activates the three-port valve of the heating element to maintain the room temperature at the desired level. This is possible with the use of PLC S7 300, when it comes to the functional part, the CP 343-1 Lean unit for the distant communication of the installation through the use of Ethernet, the LabVIEW 9.0 for the implementation of the SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) and the OPC SERVER of the National Instrument for the communication of the PLC S7 300 with LabVIEW 9.0.

A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar algumas potenciais aplicações do software LabVIEW da National Instruments, associado a um hardware de aquisição de dados, aplicado em experiências ligadas à área de sistemas de energia elétrica como ferramenta de apoio ao ensino presencial. Esta dissertação mostra o desenvolvimento de uma experiência em um laboratório de sistemas de energia elétrica que utilizam sensores Hall de tensão e corrente, uma placa A/ D e o software LabVIEW para monitorar variáveis elétricas, calcular e analisar potência, energia e fator de potência de um minissistema de energia em baixa tensão, que contém geradores síncronos trifásicos de 2kVA-220 V, um modelo de uma linha de transmissão com reatores e capacitores, e uma caixa de resistência para representar uma carga passiva. Uma placa A/ D permite saídas digitais, que por sua vez podem controlar contatores que ligam ou desligam elementos do circuito em análise. Um programa foi desenvolvido para servir como ferramenta de apoio no processo ensino-aprendizagem. Este programa possibilita monitorar e atuar na montagem experimental, disponibilizando três instrumentos virtuais básicos para o desenvolvimento da experiência. Estes três instrumentos são: uma primeira tela que mostra o diagrama dos fasores de todos os sinais de tensão e corrente simultaneamente; uma segunda tela, que mostra a forma de onda dos sinais de tensão e corrente no minissistema com as suas respectivas defasagens; e a terceira e última tela que fornece um sincronoscópio virtual possibilitando analisar os ajustes de tensão e freqüência necessários na operação de paralelismo do minissistema com a concessionária de energia. Este programa possibilita o acesso à montagem experimental do minissistema de energia pelo computador instalado na bancada do laboratório, permitindo também aos alunos, o monitoramento e controle do experimento a partir de seus próprios computadores, visualizando e reforçando no laboratório, os conceitos vistos na teoria. / The proposal of this work is to present some potential applications of the software LabVIEW, from National Instruments, associated with data acquisition hardware, applied to experiments in the Electric Energy Systems area as a tool to support the presential education. This dissertation shows the developing of an experience in a electric energy system laboratory, which use Hall Effect sensors, A/D data acquisition board, connected to a PC, and the software LabVIEW (National Instruments) in order to monitor electrical parameters, calculate and analyze power, energy and power factor in a low-voltage power system, which contains synchronous three-phase generators of 2 kVA-220V, with a transmission line model provided with reactors and capacitors, and a resistance box representing a passive load. The A/D board allows controlling digital outputs that can control counters that switch on or off the circuit elements in the analysis. A program was developed in order to act a tool to support the process teaching-learning. This program allows to monitor and to act in the experimental assembly providing three basic virtual tools for the experiment development. These three tools are: one screen that simultaneously shows the phasor diagram with current and voltage; a second screen that shows voltage and current waveform of the mini-system with its respective imbalances; and the third and last screen, that provides a virtual synchronoscope which makes possible the analysis of the necessary adjustments of voltage and frequency in the operation of parallelism between the mini-system and the energy power supplier. This program allows the access to the experimental assembly of the energy mini-system through a computer installed in a bench of the laboratory. As a result, the students can also monitor and control the experiments through their own computers, allowing them to visualize and to reinforce in the laboratory, the concepts taught in theory.

A utilização de técnicas de emissão acústica para detectar e mapear o dano em estruturas tem sofrido grandes avanços nos últimos anos, em parte devido a possibilidade de poder contar com instrumentos de maior exatidão e precisão. Metodologias são utilizadas para, através dos resultados adquiridos, obter informação de como e onde a estrutura investigada está rompendo. Desenvolvimentos teóricos importantes na área de análise sísmica tem trazido um ferramental teórico que pode ser aplicado em estudos de estruturas e corpos de prova. Dentro deste contexto, neste trabalho é apresentado o estudo da localização e caracterização de defeitos utilizando técnicas conhecidas de emissão acústica. Ensaios em materiais de baixo módulo de elasticidade (poliestireno expandido) possibilitou o trabalho com os microfones de baixa frequência disponíveis para realização dos experimentos. Juntamente com os ensaios experimentais, simulações utilizando o método numérico dos elementos discretos (DEM) foram realizados. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios e nas simulações foram processados e conclusões sobre a forma de ruptura esperada foram feitas. Informações relativas à evolução das cargas durante os ensaios e simulações, e comparativos da evolução com o número de eventos são apresentados. Ensaios de três tamanhos diferentes de corpos de prova permitiram medir o efeito de escala esperado. Técnicas de localização dos eventos em corpos de prova de maiores dimensões também são aplicadas para efetuar a localização de defeitos utilizando emissão acústica, bem como a interpretação e análise dos dados obtidos. Utilizando o cálculo da velocidade de propagação da onda sonora no material, uma técnica de localização foi apresentada e utilizada para calcular posições de zona de fratura, a fim de identificar regiões que possuem defeitos. / The usage of acoustic emission techniques in order to detect damage in structures has undergone great advances in the last years, partly because of the possibility to rely on instruments of highest accuracy and precision. Methodologies are used to obtain information about how and where the structure cracks. Important theoretical developments in the seismic analysis field have provided tools that can be applied in studies on structures and specimens. This work aims to study the localization and characterization of defects using acoustic emission techniques. Experimental tests on specimens with low elasticity modulus gave the possibility to work with the piezoeletric sensors available. Computational analyses using the discrete elements method (DEM) were performed. Conclusions about the expected rupture characteristics are shown. Information about the evolution loading during the tests, and a comparative of events evolution are shown. Tests on three different sizes of specimens allowed the scale effect analysis. Event location techniques on higher length specimens, using acoustic emission, are used to perform defects localization in order to obtain information about the defects position.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma atividade direcionada aos alunos do terceiro ano do Curso Técnico de Informática. A ideia foi utilizar microcontroladores, Arduino, como ferramenta mediadora no Ensino de Física. Para desenvolver esse procedimento foi considerado o desejo de trabalhar de forma motivadora, visando uma aprendizagem significativa guiada por descobertas, enfatizando o que o aluno conhece e não suas carências. O projeto apresenta uma estratégia de ensino embasada em teorias de formação social da mente e zona de desenvolvimento proximal abordados por Lev Vygotsky e de teoria de projetos propostos por Hernández. / This dissertation utilizes an activity for students of the third year of Technical Computer Course activity. The idea was to use microcontrollers, Arduino with mediating tool in Physics Teaching. To develop this procedure was deemed a desire to work in a motivating way, targeting a significant learning motivated by findings with emphasizing what the student knows and not their shortcomings. The project presents a teaching strategy grounded in theories of social formation of mind, zone of proximal development Lev Vygotsky addressed by theory and projects proposed by Hernández.