Experimentos com diferentes objetivos têm sido conduzidos a fim de se estudar o mecanismo do parasitismo, sendo muito comuns os bioensaios para encontrar condições ótimas para a produção de parasitas e para definir estratégias para liberações inundativas no campo. Assim, por exemplo, o número de ovos parasitados depende de fatores como: espécie, tipo e densidade do hospedeiro, longevidade do adulto e densidade do parasita, tipo de alimentação, temperatura, umidade etc. Logo, o objetivo de um determinado ensaio pode ser, então, estudar o comportamento da variável resposta como função do número de parasitóides ou do número de hospedeiros ou ainda do tipo de alimentação. Pode-se verificar que, em geral, as variáveis observáveis so contagens ou somas aleatórias de variáveis aleatórias ou proporções com denominadores fixos ou aleatórios. A distribuição padrão para modelar contagens é a Poisson enquanto que para proporções é a binomial. Em geral, elas não se ajustam dados oriundos do processo de parasitismo, pois suas pressuposições não são satisfeitas, e surgiram modelos alternativos e que levam em consideração o mecanismo de evitar o superparasitismo. Alguns deles supõem que a probabilidade de fuga (evitar o superparasitismo) é função do número de ovos presentes no hospedeiro (Bakker, 1967,1972; Rogers, 1975; Griffits, 1977), outros não consideram tal processo (Daley; Maindonald, 1989; Griffths, 1977). Outros, ainda, incluem o comportamento seletivo do parasita na escolha do hospedeiro e a habilidade do hospedeiro em atrair o parasita (Hemerik et al, 2002). Alguns deles surgiram independemente, outros como generalizações, sendo, portanto, de interesse um estudo adicional para ressaltar pontos comuns entre eles. No presente trabalho, são estudados 19 modelos probabilísticos para explicar a distribuição do número de ovos postos por um parasita em um determinado hospedeiro. Foi mostrada a equivalência entre alguns deles e, além disso, foi provado que um modelo usado por Faddy (1997) na estimação do tamanho de população animal generaliza-os. As propriedades desse modelo são apresentadas e discutidas. O uso do modelo de Faddy para a distribuição do número de ovos no sistema parasita-hospedeiro é o principal resultado teórico dessa tese. / Experiments with distinct aims have been conducted in order to study the parasitism mechanism. Bioassays to find optimum conditions for parasite production and to define strategies for application in the field are very common. In this way, for example, the number of parasitized eggs depends on factors such as: species, type and host density, adult longevity and parasite density, type of food, temperature, humidity etc. Hence, the objective of a specific assay can be to study the response variable behavior as a function of the number of parasitoids, number of hosts or type of food. In general, the observable variables are counts or random sums of random variables or proportions with fixed or random denominators. Poisson is the standard distribution used to model counts, while the distribution used for proportions is the binomial. In general, they do not fit to standard distributions don’t fit to data generated by the parasitism process, because their assumptions are not satisfied and alternative models that consider the mechanism of avoidance of superparasitism have appeared in the literature. Some of them consider that the refuse probability (avoidance of superparasitism) is a function of the number of eggs in the host (Bakker, 1967, 1972; Rogers, 1975; Griffiths, 1977) others don’t consider such process (Daley and Maindonald 1989; Griffiths, 1977). Some include the selective behavior of the parasite in the choice of the host and the host ability in attract the parasite (Hemerick et al., 2002). Some of the models have appeared independently, others as generalizations. There is therefore some interest in making a study of the common points of the models. In this work 19 probability models found in the literature are presented to explain the distribution of the number of eggs laid by a parasite on a specific host. As an initial result, the equivalence between some of these models is shown. Also it is shown that a model developed by Faddy (1997) can be considered as a generalization of 18 of the models. The properties of this model are presented and discussed. The equivalence between the Janardan and Faddy models is an original and interesting result. The use of Faddy´s model as a general probability model for the distribution of the number of eggs in a parasite-host system is the main theoretical result of this thesis.

The Abstract Data Model (ADM) was developed by Sanderson [19] to model and predict semantic loss in data translation between computer languages. In this work, the ADM was applied to eight languages that were not considered as part of the original work. Some of the languages were found to support semantic features, such as the restriction semantics for inheritance found in languages like XML Schemas and Java, which could not be represented in the ADM. A proposal was made to extend the ADM to support these semantic features, and the requirements and implications of implementing that proposal were considered.

Several hundred thousand miles of energy pipelines span the whole of North America -- responsible for carrying the natural gas and liquid petroleum that power the continent's homes and economies. These pipelines, so crucial to everyday goings-on, are closely monitored by various operating companies to ensure they perform safely and smoothly. Happenings like earthquakes, erosion, and extreme weather, however -- and human factors like vehicle traffic and construction -- all pose threats to pipeline integrity. As such, there is a tremendous need to measure and indicate useful, actionable data for each region of interest, and operators often use computer-based decision support systems (DSS) to analyze and allocate resources for active and potential hazards. We designed and implemented a geospatial data service, REST API for Pipeline Integrity Data (RAPID) to improve the amount and quality of data available to DSS. More specifically, RAPID -- built with a spatial database and the Django web framework -- allows third-party software to manage and query an arbitrary number of geographic data sources through one centralized REST API. Here, we focus on the process and peculiarities of creating RAPID's model and query interface for pipeline integrity management; this contribution describes the design, implementation, and validation of that model, which builds on existing geospatial standards.

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Dynamic Behavior Visualizer (DBV) is a visual analytics environment to visualize the spatial and temporal movements and behavioral changes of an individual or a group, e.g. family within a realistic urban environment. DBV is specifically designed to visualize the adaptive behavioral changes, as they pertain to the interactions with multiple inter-dependent infrastructures, in the aftermath of a large crisis, e.g. hurricane or the detonation of an improvised nuclear device. DBV is web-enabled and thus is easily accessible to any user with access to a web browser. A novel aspect of the system is its scale and fidelity. The goal of DBV is to synthesize information and derive insight from it; detect the expected and discover the unexpected; provide timely and easily understandable assessment and the ability to piece together all this information. / Master of Science

ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada / In this paper, we propose a new, low complexity approach for the design of laser radar (LIDAR) systems for use in applications in which the system is wirelessly transmitting its data from a remote location back to a command center for reconstruction and viewing. Specifically, the proposed system collects random samples in different portions of the scene, and the density of sampling is controlled by the local scene complexity. The range samples are transmitted as they are acquired through a wireless communications link to a command center and a constrained absolute-error optimization procedure of the type commonly used for compressive sensing/sampling is applied. The key difficulty in the proposed approach is estimating the local scene complexity without densely sampling the scene and thus increasing the complexity of the LIDAR front end. We show here using simulated data that the complexity of the scene can be accurately estimated from the return pulse shape using a finite moments approach. Furthermore, we find that such complexity estimates correspond strongly to the surface reconstruction error that is achieved using the constrained optimization algorithm with a given number of samples.

A integração das atividades da gestão de sistemas de transportes urbanos, em todos os níveis, é altamente desejável no âmbito de uma entidade. A integração interinstitucional é também importante quando existe sobreposição de planos ou de áreas de atuação, situação típica de grandes aglomerados urbanos. Para que os planos dessas entidades sejam consistentes entre si, há necessidade do uso compartilhado de informações. Esse compartilhamento é melhor obtido pela integração dos respectivos bancos de dados. Tal integração, entretanto, tem sido inviabilizada por fatores de natureza técnica e até política ligadas à necessária autonomia de cada uma. Nesta Tese, após a análise de diversas tentativas de solução para o problema, são identificados os aspectos críticos para a modelagem e a construção de Sistemas de Bancos de Dados, como elementos de suporte à Integração do Planejamento e da Gestão Operacional de Transportes, tanto no âmbito intra-institucional como interinstitucional. Para cada um deles, são indicadas as deficiências de sistemas existentes e propostas soluções ou diretrizes. Os aspectos críticos identificados e tratados são: a capacidade de suporte à integração das diferentes atividades da gestão operacional: planejamento, programação e acompanhamento, em uma mesma entidade; a capacidade de suporte à integração dos diferentes níveis decisórios em uma mesma entidade; o conteúdo, a estrutura e a estabilidade temporal de bancos de dados utilizados em planejamento estratégico e/ou tático, regional e/ou local; a capacidade de prover a comunicação interinstitucional; a estabilidade face a mudanças institucionais. / The integration of urban transportation systems management activities, at all levels, pertaining one entity, is highly desirable. Integration across entities is also important when their plans or transportation systems overlap, as usually happens in urban agglomerations. In order to achieve consistent plans among these entities, information must be shared. This sharing of information is better obtained through the integration of their databases. However, such integration has been unsuccessful because of technical and even political factors related to the necessary autonomy of each one. In this Thesis, after analysing several attempts to solve the problem, critical aspects of modelling and building database systems to support Integrated Transportation Planning and Management, pertaining to one entity and also across multiple entities, are identified. For each one, deficiencies of existing systems are analysed and solutions are proposed or directions to follow are given. The critical aspects identified and dealt with are: the ability to support the integration of the different transportation management activities at the operational level: planning, programming and attendance, pertaining one entity; the ability to support the integration of different decision levels pertaining one entity; the content, structure and the temporal stability of databases used for planning at the strategic and/or tactical and regional and/or local levels; the ability to provide communication among different entities; the stability in the face of institutional changes.

Em 1828 foi observado um fenômeno no microscópio em que se visualizava minúsculos grãos de pólen mergulhados em um líquido em repouso que mexiam-se de forma aleatória, desenhando um movimento desordenado. A questão era compreender este movimento. Após cerca de 80 anos, Einstein (1905) desenvolveu uma formulação matemática para explicar este fenômeno, tratado por movimento Browniano, teoria cada vez mais desenvolvida em muitas das áreas do conhecimento, inclusive recentemente em modelagem computacional. Objetiva-se pontuar os pressupostos básicos inerentes ao passeio aleatório simples considerando experimentos com e sem problema de valor de contorno para melhor compreensão ao no uso de algoritmos aplicados a problemas computacionais. Foram explicitadas as ferramentas necessárias para aplicação de modelos de simulação do passeio aleatório simples nas três primeiras dimensões do espaço. O interesse foi direcionado tanto para o passeio aleatório simples como para possíveis aplicações para o problema da ruína do jogador e a disseminação de vírus em rede de computadores. Foram desenvolvidos algoritmos do passeio aleatório simples unidimensional sem e com o problema do valor de contorno na plataforma R. Similarmente, implementados para os espaços bidimensionais e tridimensionais,possibilitando futuras aplicações para o problema da disseminação de vírus em rede de computadores e como motivação ao estudo da Equação do Calor, embora necessita um maior embasamento em conceitos da Física e Probabilidade para dar continuidade a tal aplicação. / In 1828 it was observed a phenomenon under a microscope in which visualized tiny pollen grains dipped into a liquid at rest that move up at random drawing a disorderly movement. The point was to understand this movement. After about 80 years, Einstein (1905) developed a mathematical formulation to explain this phenomenon, called as Brown motion, increasingly theory developed in many areas, including recently on computational modeling. The goal is to score the basic assumptions inherent in the simple random walk considering experiments with and without boundary value problem for better understanding the use of algorithms applied to computational problems. The tools needed for applying simulation models of simple random walk in the first three dimensions of space were spelled out. The interest was directed as much to the simple random walk as to possible applications for the issue of the ruin of the player and the spread of viruses in computers network. Random walk algorithms simple one-dimensional without and with boundary value problem on the platform R were developed. At the same way, they were implemented for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces, enabling future applications to the problem of the spread of viruses in computers network and as motivation to study the heat equation, although it requires a greater foundation in concepts of Physics and Probability to continue such application

Process and data are equally important for business process management. Process data is especially relevant in the context of automated business processes, process controlling, and representation of organizations' core assets. One can discover many process modeling languages, each having a specific set of data modeling capabilities and the level of data awareness. The level of data awareness and data modeling capabilities vary significantly from one language to another. This paper evaluates several process modeling languages with respect to the role of data. To find a common ground for comparison, we develop a framework, which systematically organizes process- and data-related aspects of the modeling languages elaborating on the data aspects. Once the framework is in place, we compare twelve process modeling languages against it. We generalize the results of the comparison and identify clusters of similar languages with respect to data awareness. / Prozesse und Daten sind gleichermaßen wichtig für das Geschäftsprozessmanagement. Prozessdaten sind dabei insbesondere im Kontext der Automatisierung von Geschäftsprozessen, dem Prozesscontrolling und der Repräsentation der Vermögensgegenstände von Organisationen relevant. Es existieren viele Prozessmodellierungssprachen, von denen jede die Darstellung von Daten durch eine fest spezifizierte Menge an Modellierungskonstrukten ermöglicht. Allerdings unterscheiden sich diese Darstellungenund damit der Grad der Datenmodellierung stark untereinander. Dieser Report evaluiert verschiedene Prozessmodellierungssprachen bezüglich der Unterstützung von Datenmodellierung. Als einheitliche Grundlage entwickeln wir ein Framework, welches prozess- und datenrelevante Aspekte systematisch organisiert. Die Kriterien legen dabei das Hauptaugenmerk auf die datenrelevanten Aspekte. Nach Einführung des Frameworks vergleichen wir zwölf Prozessmodellierungssprachen gegen dieses. Wir generalisieren die Erkenntnisse aus den Vergleichen und identifizieren Cluster bezüglich des Grades der Datenmodellierung, in welche die einzelnen Sprachen eingeordnet werden.

The place of data modelling in information systems‘ life cycle and the importance of data model quality in effective IS exploitation are shown in this masters' work. Refering to results of the nonfiction literature analysis the reasons why the process of data modelling must be automated are introduced; current automatization solutions are described. And as it is the main purpose of this work an original data modelling method is described and programmable prototype which automates one step of that method – schema integration is introduced.