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European hazelnut is a significant crop in the Pacific Northwest, and the US ranks 4th internationally for hazelnut production. Production in the Pacific Northwest is threatened, however, by the disease eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. To meet the challenges faced by the hazelnut industry in Oregon and Washington, the breeding program at Oregon State University has focused on developing DNA marker technology and producing EFB resistant cultivars. This study focused on developing new microsatellite markers from hazelnut transcriptome sequences and on disease resistance from three accessions ('Culpla,' 'Crvenje,' and OSU 495.072) which showed no disease symptoms following a series of inoculations. DNA markers have been useful in hazelnut breeding for marker-assisted selection, construction of genetic linkage maps, cultivar fingerprinting, and phylogeny studies. Previously developed markers include AFLP, RAPD, ISSR, and microsatellite (SSR) markers developed from enriched libraries and ISSR fragments. This study utilized the transcriptome sequence from 'Jefferson' hazelnut to mine for microsatellites, align with the genomic sequence, design primers, screen for polymorphism, and characterize and map polymorphic markers. A total of 1432 microsatellites were mined from the transcriptome sequence, and the most frequently found motifs were AG (35.8%), AT (13.3%), and AAG (12.7%), and 382 primer pairs were designed. Screening showed that 119 markers were polymorphic, and these were characterized on sets of 50 and 14 accessions. Fifty-three markers that segregated in the mapping population or in three alternate populations were mapped and assigned to linkage groups. A dendrogram showed that accessions clustered mostly according to geographic origin. These results confirm the high level of diversity present in hazelnut, and the markers developed in this study will be useful for further genetics studies in hazelnut. The three EFB resistant parents 'Culpla,' 'Crvenje,' and OSU 495.072 were subjected to two inoculation treatments: greenhouse inoculations and exposure under an inoculation structure. The accessions remained free of disease after both treatments. Progeny segregating for resistance were produced. The progeny were inoculated either in the greenhouse or under the structure, and disease response recorded for each individual. DNA was extracted from seedlings, and sets of 32 seedlings from each resistant parent were screened with previously mapped markers using PCR and capillary electrophoresis. All three resistance sources were correlated with marker A614, allowing the resistance loci to be assigned to linkage group (LG) 6. The progeny were then screened with all known microsatellite markers on LG 6, and linkage maps constructed of the marker loci and resistance loci. Markers KG821, LG628, and LG696 are especially close to the resistance loci and will be useful for marker-assisted selection. Although these resistance loci are located in the same region of LG 6 as the 'Gasaway' resistance gene, they are different from 'Gasaway,' and markers linked to resistance will be useful for introgressing and pyramiding resistance in new cultivars. / Graduation date: 2013

Le principali anomalie evidenziate nelle nocciole avariate riguardano la presenza di macchie necrotiche, imbrunimenti interni rilevati inseguito al taglio dei frutti e la presenza di marciumi parziali o totali su di essi con conseguente riduzione del prodotto disponibile sul mercato e ingenti perdite economiche. Sulla base di quanto premesso, lo scopo principale di questa tesi è stato quello di identificare e caratterizzare l'agente causale/i dei difetti del nocciolo e di definire un protocollo di gestione del problema, secondo i principi IPM. È stata quantificata l'incidenza dei generi fungini isolati da nocciole provenienti da diverse aree geografiche (Caucaso e Turchia), raccolte in diversi anni e in diverse fasi di crescita della coltura. Diaporthe è stato identificato come il principale genere fungino associato ai difetti della nocciola, e la caratterizzazione molecolare ha confermato il ruolo predominante della specie D. eres. Sono state studiate le caratteristiche ecologiche di questo fungo e l'efficacia in vitro di fungicidi chimici e biologici per controllarne la crescita miceliale, lo sviluppo di picnidi e la formazione di cirri. I risultati ottenuti costituiscono una base per definire linee guida per la corretta gestione della coltura al fine di prevenire la comparsa del patogeno identificato e delle difettosità nelle nocciole / Defects on hazelnuts are responsible for a significant reduction in the availability of high-quality hazelnuts with profound economic impacts. A reduction in the occurrence of defects, based on the identification of causal agents and on their control, is critical to improve the quality of raw nut products and reduce yield losses. Based on this background, the main aim of this thesis was to identify and characterize the causal agent/s of kernel defects in hazelnuts and to define a management protocol, according to IPM principles. Defects affecting hazelnuts are cause of brown spots on the kernel surface and darkening/browning inside the kernel, visible after nuts are half-cut. The incidence of fungal genera in hazelnuts coming from different geographical areas (Caucasus and Turkey), collected in different years at different crop growth stages, was quantified. Diaporthe was identified as the main genus involved in hazelnut defects, and the molecular characterization confirmed the predominant role of D. eres. Its ecological needs were investigated, and the in vitro efficacy of chemical and biological fungicide were screened to control D. eres growth, pycnidial conidiomata development and cirrhi occurrence. This would be an essential tool for a sustainable crop protection approach in this economically important crop

The current sensitiveness about environment, sustainable development and petroleum depletion restrictions, are promoting new research in the field of high environmental efficiency materials and technologies. In the last decades, important advances in the field of renewable and/or biodegradable polymers have been reached; nevertheless, these polymers still find some restrictions at industrial scale. On the other hand, with the aim of protecting forests areas, legislation is promoting the development of polymer materials and composites that could potentially substitute wood. These materials, called Wood Plastic Composites (WPC), combine a polymeric matrix, mainly from petroleum-based polymers, with a reinforcement that comes from the wastes generated by the wood industry. Currently, the concept of WPCs has been widened including any polymer (independently from its origin and/or biodegradability) and any lignocellulosic component coming from industry. The present work has been focused on the development, formulation, analysis and optimization of WPCs from a renewable polymer matrix, polylactic acid (PLA) and lignocellulosic reinforcements from hazelnut shell flour wastes (HSF). Due to the intrinsic fragility of PLA and its low impact resistance, new formulations containing epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) have been developed. The obtained results show that the hazelnut shell flour allows obtaining stiffer materials, as much as stiffer as the hazelnut shell flour content increases. On the other hand, the impact strength decreases with increasing hazelnut shell flour with regard to neat PLA. The results also suggest that epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) provides a dual effect: on one hand its plasticization effect is evident as the glass transition temperature (Tg) is reduced due to increased polymer chain mobility. On the other hand, the obtained results also suggest a compatibilizing effect, due to the interactions between the oxirane groups in ELO and the hydroxil groups in both lignocellulosic filler and terminal groups in PLA chains. Addition of ELO improves in a remarkable way the overall properties of these biocomposites. This research also assesses the effect of the water uptake and the biodegradation or disintegration in compost conditions, to offer a range of formulations with high potential technology transfer to industry. / La actual sensibilidad por el medio ambiente, el desarrollo sostenible y las limitaciones de los recursos fósiles, están propiciando que la tecnología de materiales dirija sus investigaciones al desarrollo de materiales de alto rendimiento ambiental. En las últimas décadas se han conseguido grandes avances en polímeros de origen renovable y/o biodegradables, aunque todavía encuentran ciertas limitaciones a nivel industrial. Por otro lado, la protección de las áreas forestales, desde el plano legislativo, está impulsando el desarrollo de materiales plásticos y compuestos que imitan el acabado de la madera. Estos materiales, conocidos como Wood Plastic Composites (WPC), combinan una matriz polimérica, fundamentalmente de origen petroquímico, con un refuerzo procedente de residuos de la industria maderera. Actualmente, el concepto de WPCs se ha ampliado y contempla cualquier tipo de matriz polimérica (independientemente de su origen y/o biodegradabilidad) y cualquier componente de tipo lignocelulósico procedente de diversas industrias. El presente trabajo se ha centrado en el desarrollo, formulación, análisis y optimización de WPCs basados en matrices poliméricas de origen renovable, ácido poliláctico (PLA) y refuerzos lignocelulósicos procedentes de la cáscara de avellana en forma de harina. Dada la fragilidad intrínseca del PLA y su baja resistencia al impacto se han desarrollado formulaciones con plastificantes de alto rendimiento medioambiental derivados de aceite de linaza epoxidado (ELO). Los resultados obtenidos indican que la harina de cáscara de avellana permite obtener materiales más rígidos cuanto mayor es su contenido. A medida que se incrementa el contenido de harina de cáscara de avellana, la energía de impacto del compuesto disminuye con respecto a la del PLA virgen. Los resultados demuestran que el plastificante de aceite de linaza epoxidado (ELO) ofrece un efecto dual: por un lado, actúa como plastificante, con la consiguiente reducción de la temperatura de transición vítrea (Tg) e incremento de movilidad de cadenas poliméricas. Por otro lado, los resultados sugieren un efecto compatibilizante, resultado de la interacción de los grupos oxirano del ELO con los grupos hidroxilo del refuerzo lignocelulósico y con grupos terminales de la cadena de PLA. La incorporación de aceite de linaza epoxidado mejora sustancialmente las propiedades globales de los biocompuestos. Esta investigación también revisa el efecto de la humedad en los procesos de absorción de agua, así como la biodegradación o desintegración en condiciones de compostaje, ofreciendo un grupo de formulaciones con alto potencial de transferencia a escala industrial. / L'actual sensibilitat pel medi ambient, el desenvolupament sostenible i les restriccions lligades als recursos fòssils, estan propiciant que la tecnologia de materials dirigisca les seues recerques cap al desenvolupament de materials d'alt rendiment ambiental. En les últimes dècades s'han aconseguit importants avanços en polímers d'origen renovable i/o biodegradables, malgrat que encara troben certes limitacions a nivell industrial. D'altra banda, amb l'objectiu de protegir les àrees forestals, la legislació està, també, propiciant el desenvolupament de materials plàstics i compòsits que imiten l'aparença de la fusta. Aquests materials, coneguts com Wood Plastic Composites (WPC), combinen una matriu polimèrica, fonamentalment d'origen petroquímic, amb un reforç procedent de residus de la indústria de la fusta. Actualment, el concepte de WPCs s'ha ampliat i contempla qualsevol tipus de matriu polimèrica (independentment del seu origen i/o biodegradabilidad) i qualsevol component de tipus lignocel·lulòsic procedent de diverses indústries. El present treball s'ha centrat en el desenvolupament, formulació, anàlisi i optimització de WPCs basats en matrius polimèriques d'origen renovable, àcid polilàctic (PLA) i reforços lignocel·lulòsics procedents de la corfa d'avellana en forma de farina. Donada la fragilitat intrínseca del PLA i la seua baixa resistència a l'impacte, s'han desenvolupat formulacions amb plastificants d'alt rendiment mediambiental derivats de l'oli llinós epoxidat (ELO). Els resultats obtinguts indiquen que la corfa d'avellana, en forma de farina, permet obtindré materials més rígids, tant més quan major és la quantitat de farina de corfa d'avellana. A mesura que s'incrementa el contingut en farina de corfa d'avellana, l'energia d'impacte disminueix en comparació amb el PLA verge. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que el plastificant d'oli llinós epoxidat (ELO) ofereix un efecte dual: per una banda, actua com a plastificant, amb la associada disminució de la temperatura de transició vítria (Tg) i l'increment de la mobilitat de les cadenes. Per altra banda, els resultats suggereixen un efecte compatibilitzant, resultat de les interaccions entre els grups oxirà de l'ELO amb els grups hidroxil del reforç lignocel·lulòsic i els grups terminals en les cadenes polimèriques de PLA. La incorporació d'oli llinós epoxidat millora substancialment les propietats globals dels biocompòsits. Aquest recerca també revisa l'efecte de la humitat en els processos d'absorció d'aigua així com la biodegradació o desintegració en condicions de compostatge, oferint un grup de formulacions amb alt potencial de transferència a escala industrial. / Balart Gimeno, JF. (2017). Desarrollo y caracterización de WPCs basados en ácido poliláctico (PLA) y refuerzos derivados de la cáscara de avellana [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/85982

Eriophyoid big bud mites are key pests of hazelnuts throughout the world, although little is known of the identity and impact of the species on New Zealand hazelnut crops. The key objectives of this study were to determine the species of mite present on New Zealand crops, explore a method of monitoring mite emergence from overwintering big buds, determine the phenology of mites in relation to tree phenology and weather, and identify the optimum timing for control measures. The presence of both Phytoptus avellanae (Nalepa 1889) (Acari: Phytoptidae) and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis (Nalepa 1889) (Acari: Eriophyidae) was confirmed, the latter species being a new record for New Zealand. Preliminary diagnostic DNA sequences were determined for both species. A sticky band technique was developed to monitor mite emergence from overwintering big buds, and mite emergence was found to occur between early and late spring. Mite emergence and movement occurred when daily temperatures were greater than 15 degrees C and when mean temperatures were greater than 9 degrees C, with mite emergence increasing with temperature. It proved difficult to relate the phenology of hazelnut to mite emergence, however, the development of new buds during mite emergence was a crucial factor in the infestation of new buds. An accumulated heat sum model (DD), started at Julian date 152 and using a lower threshold temperature of 6 degrees C, predicted the onset of emergence on two cultivars and at two sites as occurring at approximately 172 DD. A regression model based on leaf number, bud height, bud width, DD and Julian date provided a more satisfactory prediction of percent accumulated mite emergence. It is recommended both peak mite emergence and the appearance of hazelnut buds should be used to optimise the time to apply control measures. Therefore, a control should be applied before buds measure 0.5 x 0.5 mm (width x height), are enclosed within the axil, and have a rounded tip, or, when 50% accumulated mite emergence has occurred, which ever occurs first. A preliminary field experiment tested the application of sulphur (40 g/10 litres of 800 g/kg No Fungus Super Sulphur) at 2, 50 and 80% accumulated mite emergence. The greatest reduction in mite numbers was achieved with an application at approximately 50% emergence. Considerable variation in mite emergence occurred between years, therefore optimum timing of controls would need to be determined by monitoring mites, new buds and weather conditions each year. Field collection of mites also identified the presence of Typhlodromus doreenae Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae) which would warrant further study for inclusion in an integrated mite control programme.