Fractional calculus enables the possibility of using real number powers or complex number powers of the differentiation operator. The fundamental connection between fractional calculus and subordination processes is explored and affords a physical interpretation for a fractional trajectory, that being an average over an ensemble of stochastic trajectories. With an ensemble average perspective, the explanation of the behavior of fractional chaotic systems changes dramatically. Before now what has been interpreted as intrinsic friction is actually a form of non-Markovian dissipation that automatically arises from adopting the fractional calculus, is shown to be a manifestation of decorrelations between trajectories. Nonlinear Langevin equation describes the mean field of a finite size complex network at criticality. Critical phenomena and temporal complexity are two very important issues of modern nonlinear dynamics and the link between them found by the author can significantly improve the understanding behavior of dynamical systems at criticality. The subject of temporal complexity addresses the challenging and especially helpful in addressing fundamental physical science issues beyond the limits of reductionism.

The primary aim of this study is to provide a deeper and more complete understanding of why the great municipal amalgamation (storkommunreformen) during the 1940s became the political solution to the problem that the Government believed many of Sweden’s municipalities had in satisfactorily providing for a local welfare society. The study also describes the results of this large-scale reorganization process. The events examined include the political decision-making process at the national level that took place during 1939-1949, as well as the regional/local realization of these decisions during 1946-1952. The parliamentary treatment of the municipal division issue should be viewed as a good example of what researchers have termed a Swedish decision-making model. One clear manifestation of this was the fact that the national commission that investigated the question primarily formulated the principles for the reform. The committee’s proposal received strong endorsements in the reports from the reviewers of the proposal. The government authorities and many of the municipalities felt that a new division of municipalities was justified. Opposition that did occur came mostly from rural municipalities with small populations. Many of these municipalities believed that the present municipal divisions functioned well as they were. Of those municipalities that were affected by amalgamation, 39 percent of them did not agree with the decision. The majority of these could agree to merge with other municipalities, but not with the municipalities stipulated by the authorities. Considering the fact that the then current divisions were based on a long tradition, demands for retaining independence could have been greater. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that 66 percent of all larger municipalities were formed using some level of force. This still indicated a relatively widely distributed opposition to the amalgamation decisions, however.

Abstract Intuition is one of human¡¦s instincts. It plays a major part in our daily decision-making. However, people experience intuition to different extents. Some may have deeper experience than others. Some may depend much on intuition in making decisions, while others tend to depend more on reason. Although there is risk in intuitional decision-making, many chiefs of businesses believe that intuition can be reliable for decision-making and therefore have made good achievements. The study investigated the intuition-experiential ability and intuition-experiential engagement of the chiefs in Kaohsiung¡¦s metals model industries and the degree of trust for intuitional decision-making of practical management on their company. The study found that the chief¡¦s age and years of service are not related to their trust in intuitional decision-making; intuition-experiential ability is also not related to their trust in intuitional decision-making. However, the intuition-experiential engagement is related to their trust in intuitional decision-making. The academic contribution this study makes is arranging intuitional conceptions and developing intuitional decision-making model, so that people can understand intuition better and come to have faith in intuition. Moreover, it raises Taiwanese people¡¦s interest in the research of intuition. This study concludes that, in aspect of practice of enterprises, chiefs can trust more in and make use of their intuition.

This research is based on the case study of P company¡¦s daily operation and business data, to construct its cost evaluation and decision making model. The goal of this research is to fully understand and to model the decision making processes of these small to middle size companies(SME Business) that provide integration services to their customers. The outcomes of this research can be used in prediction as well as optimization of cost evaluation and risk management. The research finds out, through evaluation and modeling, it is possible to reveal the interaction among cost factors, to estimate the lowest cost based on historical data, and to manage risks by coordinating the business partners, in order to make the highest profit from the project. The conclusions of this research are: 1. The high technical and know-how service industrials are relative new and comprehensive in terms of different business domains. Therefore, the risk of cost change is always higher than the other industrials. An accurate decision making model and to estimate project cost precisely is crucial for the business. 2. The case study of P company demonstrates the possibility of using common tools like Microsoft Excel, to manage large multifaceted business data in order to construct an accurate cost decision making model. This may provide a viable and practical solution for small sized businesses that do not have database systems for their decision making application. 3. It is suggested by this research that there are four easy construct, simple use decision making models, which are proven to be useful to lower the risk of budget decision making and to reduce the bias and deviation when these decision is simply based on personal working experience.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of suppliers for the company Ferrit using fuzzy logic. The main part of the diploma thesis deals with the creation of proposals for the solution of the evaluation of suppliers of a selected company. Decision models are created in Microsoft Excel and MATLAB. The comparison of the results of both proposed models is the content of the part of the work.

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由於百貨業競爭激烈，若要避免價格競爭，唯有選擇合適的目標市場及定位、提供滿足消費者需求之服務，才能有效地發展其經營特色。隨著目前賣場朝專門化及大型化兩種趨勢的發展，使得經營技術複雜性及風險皆增加。為了要達到經營技術方面的進步，國內業者由民國七十四年後相繼自國外引進經營技術來提昇公司內部的技術水準的方式，對整體百貨業的生態帶來衝擊，亦使得各百貨公司對經營技術的重視與日俱增。 　　基於以上的背景，本研究的主要動機，即在就「百貨公司經營技術移轉」之課題，在國內進行觀察與分析，以增進在該產業技術移轉過程與行為的瞭解，並在業者移轉技術之後，評估技術移轉後的績效，以提供相關經驗予其它服務業或零售業技術移轉的參考。 　　本研究希望能就百貨公司在經營技術引進的課題上加以探討，並期能達到下列目的： 　　1. 探討百貨公司引進國外經營技術之前，所考慮的策略因素。 　　2. 探討百貨公司至國外引進經營技術時，所引進的內容、採行的過程、方法及相關的步驟等。 　　3. 探討技術移轉在實際運作上所遭遇的衝突與困難，並觀察百貨公司在移轉過程中及移轉後的調整與適應。 　　4. 探討技術移轉的技術績效之評估。 　　另外，並期望能由所蒐集之資料加以分析，以嘗試歸納百貨公司所合適之技術移轉模式的選擇方式。 　　本研究將對個案公司技術移轉之過程所做的整體性探討，及命題之推論，歸納為以下之結論： 　　1. 技術接受者在引進國外經營技術之前主要考量的策略因素為加強業種及商品規劃能力、提高服務品質、提高坪效及營業額、改進管理制度、建築設計及賣場規劃技術。而新進入者較重視快速進入以達到多角化目的之策略考量。 　　2. 技術提供者所引進之技術內容主要為經營理念、管理制度、目標市場選擇與定位、動線及賣場規劃設計、業種及商品規劃、服務品質管理、存貨與採購作業等等。 　　3. 在經營技術知識之傳遞方面，主要傳遞模式為以直接參與管理為主者，多輔以國外之實地參觀或實習來傳遞。而傳遞模式非以直接參與管理之個案，主要以顧問之諮詢或給意見及國外實地參觀或實習來達成。 　　4. 技術移轉在實際運作所遭遇之衝突與困難包含市場面及組織面。市場面指本土市場之經營特性及消費者特性，其調整適應方式為加強服務品質及市場定位，並順應消費者偏好及特性。組織面為語言文化及組織文化之衝突，調整適應方式為加強溝通、尊重並聘請翻譯或鼓勵學習對方語言及文化。 　　5. 技術移轉之績效表現與合作模式之選擇有關；而合作模式則主要由技術差距及技術提供者經營涉入程度來決定。 　　6. 技術移轉方式及進行過程中，技術移轉績效與派駐人員及直接參與協助程度（包括駐派人數、人員條件及時間長短）呈正相關。 　　7. 技術移轉績效與技術移轉內容之完整性（即是否包括一般管理、行銷定位、前後場管理及資源系統等等）呈正相關。 　　8. 技術移轉後組織內之技術品質的維持與技術移轉之長期績效有關；對技術移轉後技術品質之維持，可由技術提供者人員的長期派駐、文件的保留及公司內部制度化等方式來達成。

The in-flight catering industry is a major contributor to food wastage. This wastage is a direct result of the deliberate overproduction of in-flight meals to protect against meal shortages and dissatisfied passengers. With the global strive towards sustainability and the resulting impact of wastage on a company's corporate image, in-flight catering companies need a solution that strives to achieve zero waste and a 100% passenger satisfaction level. This dissertation evaluates the value of combining product substitution and demand uncertainty within an inventory decision-making model as a potential solution opportunity for the wastage dilemma faced by the in-flight catering industry. The decision-making model's purpose is to assist in-flight caterers to make improved decisions regarding the quantity of each meal type to produce for the specific flight under consideration. The model developed is defined as a stochastic multi-objective mixed-integer programming model with fixed recourse and two-way, stock-out based, partial consumer-driven (static) product substitution. The model relies on the output of a forecasting model, that consists of a time-inhomogeneous Markov Chain and a multiple regression model, to forecast the probability distribution of a flight's aggregate meal demand. Due to the lack of available data from public sources, synthetic data is generated to evaluate the model developed. The model is compared against three alternative models that lack either demand uncertainty, product substitution or both to validate the value of including these elements in the decision-making model. The comparison results indicate that the inclusion of the passenger load uncertainty improves the model's average reliability to achieve a 92% minimum passenger satisfaction level with at least 9.2%. Furthermore, it is shown that the stochastic passenger load model produces an average of 2.2 fewer surplus meals per flight instance at the expense of a 3.3% lower reliability when including the substitution behaviour of passengers. This substitution model's superior waste minimisation is attributed to the model's inherent risk-pooling capabilities, and further analysis shows that the value of product substitution increases when the model becomes more constrained. It is, therefore, concluded that the value of product substitution depends on the in-flight caterer's bias towards maximising either reliability or performance. / Dissertation (MEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) / Industrial and Systems Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

Presented diploma thesis is focused on evaluation of the supplier’s risk and the selection of the most suitable supplier with the use of artificial intelligence. The main part of the diploma thesis deals with the creation of the decision models. The decision models will be created in MS Excel and MATLAB based on the rules of the fuzzy logic. These models will determine the most suitable supplier for the company expert Elektro GOLA s.r.o. and they will also evaluate the supplier’s risk.

Predictive decision theory explains how humans should make decisions in practice given that they are not always perfect rational decision makers. Based on the prescriptive decision theory, this study addresses criticism of universal decision making models for supplier selections which have the notion of being used uniquely in all types of supplier choice situations. Issues raised are whether this performance is correct and how a dynamic decision-making model could create a more customized decision-making model which does not add much responsibility to the decision maker's judgment. A case study at Logosol, a small industrial company identifies by process mapping a complex supplier selection process consisting of three steps; prototype creation, null-series and production, based on test manufacturing. The supplier selection process is used as the basis for the creation of a dynamic decision making model. Dynamic decision-making models have the basic principle of learning from a decision and using that information in the next decision, which is considered useful in the business case as they not only use test manufacturing for product testing but also for collecting information about the supplier. Finally, the created dynamic decision model shows that universal decision-making models cannot be used in many complex supplier selection processes involving a plurality of steps. The model must be adapted to the company's individual process, however the identification method or some parts of the model used in this study may be used to create a dynamic decision model for other companies or organizations. / Preskriptiv beslutsteori säger hur människan borde fatta beslut i praktiken givet att de inte alltid är perfekt rationella beslutsfattare. Utifrån den preskriptiva beslutsteorin riktas i denna studie kritik mot universella beslutsmodeller för leverantörsval vilka har föreställningen om sig att användas kunna användas universellt i alla olika typer av leverantörsvalssituationer. Frågeställningar som väckts är om denna föreställning stämmer, samt hur en dynamisk beslutsmodell skulle kunna skapa en mer anpassad beslutsmodell vilken inte lägger lite mycket ansvar på beslutsfattarens omdöme. Genom en fallstudie hos Logosol ett litet industriföretag identifieras med hjälp av processkartläggning en komplex leverantörsvalsprocess innefattande tre steg; prototypskapande, nollserieskapande samt produktion utifrån testtillverkning. Fallföretagets leverantörsvalsprocess används som grund för skapande av en dynamisk beslutsmodell. Dynamiska beslutsmodeller har den grundläggande principen att medta lärdom från ett beslut in i nästa, vilket anses användbart för fallföretagets leverantörsvalsprocess då dom inte bara använder testtillverkning för test av produkt utan även för insamling av information om leverantören. Studien visar att föreställningen stämmer, den skapade dynamiska beslutsmodellen visar att universella beslutsmodeller inte är särskilt användbara i många komplexa leverantörsvalsprocesser innefattande ett flertal steg. Modellen måste anpassas för företagets individuella process, dock kan identifieringsmetoden eller vissa delar av modellen som använts i denna studie möjligtvis användas för att skapa en dynamisk beslutsmodell för andra företag eller organisationer.