La question des droits de l’homme et des libertés a suscité un intérêt majeur en Libye depuis l’accès à l’indépendance de ce pays en 1951. La Déclaration constitutionnelle, proclamée le 3 août 2011 dans le sillage du ‘‘printemps arabe’’, a ouvert de nouvelles perspectives pour définir la nature d’un nouvel État post-Kadhafi, voulu démocratique et respectueux des droits de l’homme. En effet, le nouveau texte affiche clairement sa reconnaissance des droits et des libertés qu’il compte promouvoir au niveau national et international. Le constituant libyen a choisi de doter l’ensemble de ces droits et libertés d’une valeur supérieure en les inscrivant dans le corps de la Constitution. Cette valeur les met hors de toute atteinte pouvant provenir des pouvoirs publics. Les particuliers peuvent, en cas de transgression, les défendre devant les juridictions nationales. C’est dire que la Déclaration libyenne ne se satisfait pas seulement de reconnaître les droits et les libertés au plan interne. En effet, ces droits et libertés seraient vains s’ils n’avaient pas été complétés par des garanties effectives qui leur assurent un respect total en cas de violation. Ces mesures se résument principalement, quant aux garanties juridictionnelles, dans l’accès au juge et, quant aux garanties non juridictionnelles, dans l’indépendance de l’autorité judiciaire et des juges. / Since its independence in 1951 Libya has given great priority to human rights and freedoms. The Constitutional Declaration proclaimed, on August 3, 2011 following the “Arab Spring”, opened new horizons while laying the foundations for a new democratic state respectful of human rights beyond the Gaddafi era. Indeed, the Constitutional Declaration is specific about the kinds of rights and freedom the new Libyan state would like to support both nationally and internationally. Such rights and freedoms were embedded within the Constitutional Declaration and prioritized in order to protect them from any abuses by the different executive government branches. This means that individual citizens are constitutionally enabled to seek judiciary protection before local courts whenever their rights are infringed or abused. Rights and freedoms are meaningless unless constitutionally protected and supported through providing for non-judiciary guarantees centered on judiciary independence both as process and practitioners i.e. impartiality of judges.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo avaliar o papel do silêncio na formação contratual. Analisa-se, tendo-se como base os conceitos da proposta e da aceitação, assim como suas principais modalidades, as formas pelas quais pode se dar a declaração negocial. Inicia-se, com o objetivo de compará-los com o silêncio, pelo exame dos meios não silenciosos de declaração negocial, individualizando-se e analisando-se criticamente as formas expressa e tácita, assim como os comportamentos concludentes, elementos objetivos da última. Mediante o estudo dessas formas e das teorias tradicionais do silêncio, conclui-se que a adotada pelo vigente Código Civil é a Teoria do Silêncio Qualificado. A partir daí, analisa-se o silêncio como forma de declaração negocial e sua evolução no Direito brasileiro e comparado para alcançar-se o vigente diploma civil, o qual prevê que o silêncio importa anuência, em seu artigo 111. Conclui-se, tendo-se como base o acima exposto, que o silêncio é forma de declaração negocial autônoma, não se constituindo, pois, sinônimo ou subespécie da declaração expressa ou da tácita. Infere-se, igualmente e por isso mesmo, então, que o silêncio é forma de aceitação à proposta contratual, desde que presentes os elementos qualificadores – circunstâncias e usos – previstos no dispositivo legal respectivo e desde que observados outros elementos aplicáveis às relações de Direito civil e contratuais, especialmente. Analisam-se por fim, exemplificativamente, outros elementos de concreção a serem observados para valoração do silêncio, como a confiança negocial e os fins econômicos e sociais. / The purpose of the thesis is the assessment of the silence’s role in the contract formation. Taking into consideration the offer and acceptance meanings as well as their categories, their means of declaration are analyzed. Starting with the comparison to the silence as an objective, the tacit and express declarations are critically assessed. Based on the studies above mentioned it is possible to conclude that the theory regarding the silence adopted by the Brazilian Civil Code is the so-called Qualified Silence Theory. Therefore, the silence as a contractual declaration and its evolution in the Brazilian Civil Law is examined in order to reach the current article in the Brazilian Civil Code concerning this issue provision. The silence is an autonomous means of will declaration and it is not attached to the express or to the tacit one. This way, the conclusion regarding the silence’s role in the contract formation is that it is a way of expressing acceptance since special circumstances are present in the case, as stated in the article 111 of the Brazilian Civil Code, and once other elements applicable to the civil law and, specially, contractual relations are observed. e desde que observados outros elementos aplicáveis às relações de Direito civil e contratuais, especialmente Eventually, other concretion components – besides those provided in the referred article, which are the case’s circumstances and the common/usual practices – need to be taken into consideration in the silence analysis, such as the trust and the economical and social goals.

Graduation theses concerned on tax accounting. It´s engaged especially in question bookkeeping in domain of practise of medecine. Partials objectives of this essay are to explore administration of invoices. Next problem is how to analyse tax liability in differents types of accounting of costs and in doble-entry accounting.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo avaliar o papel do silêncio na formação contratual. Analisa-se, tendo-se como base os conceitos da proposta e da aceitação, assim como suas principais modalidades, as formas pelas quais pode se dar a declaração negocial. Inicia-se, com o objetivo de compará-los com o silêncio, pelo exame dos meios não silenciosos de declaração negocial, individualizando-se e analisando-se criticamente as formas expressa e tácita, assim como os comportamentos concludentes, elementos objetivos da última. Mediante o estudo dessas formas e das teorias tradicionais do silêncio, conclui-se que a adotada pelo vigente Código Civil é a Teoria do Silêncio Qualificado. A partir daí, analisa-se o silêncio como forma de declaração negocial e sua evolução no Direito brasileiro e comparado para alcançar-se o vigente diploma civil, o qual prevê que o silêncio importa anuência, em seu artigo 111. Conclui-se, tendo-se como base o acima exposto, que o silêncio é forma de declaração negocial autônoma, não se constituindo, pois, sinônimo ou subespécie da declaração expressa ou da tácita. Infere-se, igualmente e por isso mesmo, então, que o silêncio é forma de aceitação à proposta contratual, desde que presentes os elementos qualificadores – circunstâncias e usos – previstos no dispositivo legal respectivo e desde que observados outros elementos aplicáveis às relações de Direito civil e contratuais, especialmente. Analisam-se por fim, exemplificativamente, outros elementos de concreção a serem observados para valoração do silêncio, como a confiança negocial e os fins econômicos e sociais. / The purpose of the thesis is the assessment of the silence’s role in the contract formation. Taking into consideration the offer and acceptance meanings as well as their categories, their means of declaration are analyzed. Starting with the comparison to the silence as an objective, the tacit and express declarations are critically assessed. Based on the studies above mentioned it is possible to conclude that the theory regarding the silence adopted by the Brazilian Civil Code is the so-called Qualified Silence Theory. Therefore, the silence as a contractual declaration and its evolution in the Brazilian Civil Law is examined in order to reach the current article in the Brazilian Civil Code concerning this issue provision. The silence is an autonomous means of will declaration and it is not attached to the express or to the tacit one. This way, the conclusion regarding the silence’s role in the contract formation is that it is a way of expressing acceptance since special circumstances are present in the case, as stated in the article 111 of the Brazilian Civil Code, and once other elements applicable to the civil law and, specially, contractual relations are observed. e desde que observados outros elementos aplicáveis às relações de Direito civil e contratuais, especialmente Eventually, other concretion components – besides those provided in the referred article, which are the case’s circumstances and the common/usual practices – need to be taken into consideration in the silence analysis, such as the trust and the economical and social goals.

La ricerca indaga il tema dell’incidenza delle pronunce di incostituzionalità sull’azione amministrativa, con l’intento di osservare le interazioni tra Costituzione e Amministrazione. La trattazione muove dall’esame degli articoli 136 Cost. e 30 l. 87/1953 e rintraccia nel divieto di applicazione della norma incostituzionale (art. 30, co. 3, cit.) la chiave di attivazione dell’efficacia retroattiva delle pronunce di accoglimento. A seguito di un’analisi critica dell’idea tradizionale secondo cui tale divieto operi nel solo ambito processuale, si pone al centro della riflessione il rilievo per cui l’art. 30 co. 3 rappresenta una regola cogente non solo per il giudice, ma anche per l’amministrazione. Tale norma mira, infatti, a qualificare le norme illegittime come oggettivamente inapplicabili e non a connotare soggettivamente l’attività di disapplicazione delle stesse. Si rende, così, necessario esaminare l’autotutela amministrativa sui provvedimenti applicativi della legge illegittima: tale potere, esercitabile oltre i vincoli temporali dell’attività giurisdizionale, è quello che meglio consente di verificare gli eventuali vincoli posti dal giudicato costituzionale all’amministrazione. In particolare, la questione si sviluppa attorno a quei provvedimenti ad efficacia durevole non più impugnabili, che siano ancora produttivi di effetti all’indomani della declaratoria di incostituzionalità. / The research investigates the effects of the declaration of unconstitutionality of a law on the activities of the Public administration. The analysis moves from article 136 of the Italian Constitution and art. 30 par. 3 of l.n. 87/1953, looking at the prohibition of the application of the (declared) unconstitutional law as the key to activate the retroactive effect of the declarations of unconstitutionality by the Constitutional court. Following a critical analysis of the traditional idea that this prohibition operates only as a “procedural” rule, the emphasis is placed on the importance of art. 30 par. 3, which can be seen as a binding rule not only for the judge, but also for the administration itself. The purpose of that rule can be seen, in fact, to “brand” unlawful rules as being objectively inapplicable by any public or private subject. It is therefore necessary to focus on the possibility for the administration to re-examine its acts which were based on the unconstitutional law: that power, exercised beyond the time constraints of the judicial activity, is the one which best suits to verify the existence of constraints imposed by the judgments of the Constitutional court to the administration.

When observing the values which repeatedly appear in early American literature, we encounter ideas such as liberty, freedom, or the importance of the individual, but while property and ownership are often also core ideas and motivations for many Americans, their appearance is much more limited and excluded from certain contexts. However, property was always a key issue and economic profitability was always considered as foremost both on political and individual level. This can be seen all throughout American history since its beginning until the present, yet there is the curious trend of downplaying the importance of property in politically oriented text. While no one questioned its value in the past, Americans outwardly replaced property with liberty. Nevertheless, its importance cannot be hidden so easily and through careful examination it is shown as being understood as a pre-requisite of freedom and security, even as it is never the central focus of any major early American political text. This thesis explores the concept of property in the context of early American political writing in the area between eighteenth and nineteenth century; drawing from texts such as the Declaration of Independence, The Federalist, The Anti-Federalist Papers, Common Sense and other contemporary political pamphlets...

A qualitative study of how Småland local media depict Florence Stephen's declaration of invalidity This is a study that deals with the way in which Florence Stephen's declaration of affairs is viewed from the perspective of the local press. Previous research done in the field shows that Stephen was declared invalid on February 23, 1957, and the proposal for this was already taken on October 27, 1956. To complete the study, a qualitative text analysis has been conducted. This has been done with help from the newspapers Smålandsposten, Kronobergaren and Växjöbladet. Lukes and Focault's power perspective has been used as theoretical tools to analyze the results of the study. The result of the study shows that the papers depict the course starting from the first hearing on January 17, 1957 until Stephens asks himself unauthorized. Until her declaration of confidentiality, the newspapers write partly why the decision on her declaration of invalidity was taken and partly who made the decision. In newspapers, it is also possible to read that Stephen opposed the decision and fought for his authority. In addition, historical perspectives are presented regarding the negative development that occurred during her time as a user owner.

This thesis titled "Notarial deed with declaration of enforceability" deals with the specific type of notarial deed, which is also enforceable title for enforcement procedure. It is a special type of notarial deed, whose tradition dates back to the 19th century. The aim of this work is to describe notarial deed with declaration of enforceability from the perspective of civil proceedings because it is the legal instrument, which for its flexibility, can in practice, replace Court Judgments. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter contains a brief historical development of notarial deeds with declaration of enforceability since its adoption into legal system in 1871 to the present. The second chapter deals with notarial deeds as authentic instruments, as well as notarial deeds on legal acts and then by each type of notarial deed with declaration of enforceability, including notarial deed as European Enforcement Order and relationship between the notarial deed with declaration of enforceability and civil adversarial proceedings. The third chapter focuses on notarial deed with declaration of enforceability as title for enforcement procedure and subsequently reviews of a notarial deed within enforcement procedure. The fourth chapter of thesis deals with notaries' responsibility for...

Magister Legum - LLM / The international community saw the need to completely eradicate the use of torture and, as a result, adopted the 1984 Convention against Torture. The Convention obliges states to take effective legislative, judicial, and administrative and any other measures necessary to prevent acts of torture and other forms of ill-treatment within their jurisdictions. Cameroon, following the preamble of its Constitution, which prohibits torture in all its form, ratified the Convention in 1986 and other international treaties that deal with the prohibition of the use of torture. According to article 45 of the Constitution, duly ratified international treaties and conventions enter into force following their publication into the national territory. Cameroon has amended its Constitution and incorporated intoits domestic laws, provisions which prohibit the use of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. It goes further to prescribe appropriate penalties for public officials and other persons working in official capacity, who subject detainees and prison inmates to torture and other forms of ill-treatment.Despite all these instruments and mechanisms put in place to prevent and eradicate the use of torture and other forms of ill-treatment, this heinous crime continues to be widespread and is practiced systematically in almost all regions in the country and with impunity. This study will analyse whether Cameroon has put in place adequate constitutional and legal framework and mechanisms to guarantee the right to freedom from torture and other forms of ill-treatment for persons deprived of their liberty.

This work is dedicated to the "Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness", a document which was signed in 2005. This declaration was designed to eliminate serious issues occurring during the distribution of development aid and also to contribute to the successful completion of the Millennium Development Goals through the increase of aid effectiveness. In the first part of this thesis several shortages that the development community has had to face are outlined. A detailed analysis of the document follows in the second chapter, also including an evaluation of the progress achieved from 2005 to 2008 when the last report on the status of implementing the Paris Declaration was issued. Special attention is given to the influence of the document over the policies of the World Bank, European Union and the Czech Republic. The illustration of implementing the Paris Declaration into policies of developing countries has been made using Ethiopia and Cambodia as examples. Finally, this work is concluded by evaluating the effects of the Paris Declaration on the system of development aid.