<p>Detta examensarbete syftar till att utreda vilka av Svenska kyrkans byggnader i Växjö som ska energideklareras samt utföra en energideklaration av en kontorsbyggnad. I energideklarationen ingår det även att ge åtgärdsförslag för olika energibesparingsmöjligheter. En fördjupad studie i nattkylning av stommen har också utförts. Examensarbetet är uppdelat i tre huvuddelar, indelning av byggnader, utförande av energideklaration samt fördjupad studie av nattkyla. I den första delen delas byggnaderna in i grupper utifrån verksamhet och byggnadstyp och därefter utreds om de ska energideklareras. Målet med denna indelning av byggnader är att Svenska kyrkan ska få vetskap om vilka av deras byggnader som berörs av lagen om energideklarationer. I andra delen görs en energideklaration för en kontorsbyggnad. Det visar sig att det finns en hel del energibesparande åtgärder som kan göras i kontorsbyggnaden. En del av åtgärderna är endast enkla åtgärder som inte kräver något större ingrepp i byggnaden för att utföras. I den tredje delen genomförs en fördjupad studie i nattkylning av stommen i byggnader, där tung och lätt stomme jämförs gentemot varandra. För att utföra jämförelsen används simuleringsprogrammet IDA Klimat och Energi. Resultatet av simuleringen visar ingen besparing av energi till följd av nattkylning av stommen i den simulerade byggnaden, vilket leder fram till en parameterdiskussion om hur olika parametrar påverkar lönsamheten vid nattkyla.</p> / <p>This diploma work aims to investigate which of the Swedish church’s buildings in Växjö that needs to be energy declared and also to perform an energy declaration of an office building. In the energy declaration there’s also included measures for various energy-saving potential. An in-depth study of night-cooling of the framework has also been performed. This diploma work is divided into three main parts, classification of buildings, carrying out the energy declaration and a depth study of night-cooling of the building’s framework. In the first part buildings where divided into different groups on the basis of activities and type of building and then investigated whether to be energy declaration or not. The objective of this classification of buildings is that the Swedish church will know which of their buildings that’s affected by the law concerning energy declarations. The second part is an energy declaration of an office building. It turns out that there are a lot of energy-saving measures that can be done in the office building. Some of them are only simple measures that don’t require any major interference in the building to be performed. In the third part is carried out an in-depth study of night-cooling of buildings’ frameworks, where heavy and light frames are compared against each other. In order to carry out the comparison the simulation program IDA Climate and Energy was used. The results of the simulation shows no saving of energy as a result of night-cooling of the building frame in the simulated building, which leads to a parameter discussion on how various parameters affecting the profitability of night-cooling.</p>

This study examines the evolution of the Common European Security and Defence Policy (CESDP) of the European Union before and after the Saint Malo Declaration of December 1998. The co-operation in foreign policy and security matters has always been a corollary element to the economic co-operation since the beginning of the European Integration process. Within this context this study argues that the conducting of co-operation in this field within the framework of European Community/European Union (EC/EU) was dependent on the national actors, the internal community/union factors, and the external dynamics. It is also asserted that, the European political co-operation is based on, on the one hand, the intergovernmentalist method of decision-making and implementation process, and on the other to the incrementalism through which the Member States could reconcile their diverging interests, which represent continuity within the EC/EU. The Saint Malo constitutes one of the momentous events in the trajectory of European foreign policy, security and defence co-operation, which launched the essentials of the CESDP. Within this framework, this study will analyse how a legally unbinding document has been incorporated into the legal framework of the European Union and consequently became the part of the acquis. Furthermore, the policies of France, Britain, and the United States within the process of establishment of the CESDP will be examined. Then, this thesis argues that, Saint Malo has initiated a ground for renegotiation of the terms of transatlantic relationship, which culminated in the redefinition of global roles and responsibilities of Americans and Europeans.

Zugl.: Salzburg, Univ., Diss., 2008

No description available.

This work, which adopts the dialectical method, sought in his two chapters address the integration and convergence of asylum and refuge in the Cartagena Declaration, and its regional advances. Asylum and refuge institutes consolidated on the global agenda, through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and the Convention of the High Commissioner of the United Nations for Refugees, 1951. This building process took place in the architecture of the nation-state model representing a view of Eurocentric colonialism. Thus, the modern system of nation-state interferes in the agenda of human protection, the coloniality and Eurocentric vision of treating the subject, which historically legitimize a process of human rights restrictions on the State's interests. The Cartagena Declaration of 1984 may represent a process of Decoloniality of thought and sense of State in the regional context of Latin America, it extends the definition of refugee and recognizes the massive violation of human rights as refuge hypotheses. Thus, the spirit of Cartagena is the main regional political document whose parameters establish more comprehensive protection to people in vulnerable situations in the context of international human mobility, and includes in its definition the causes of asylum. The integration and convergence of asylum and refuge in the Declaration of Cartagena provides understand Decoloniality the classic model of treating protection of human beings, victims of international human mobility, because the definition of both institutes is bonded on the broad concept of refugee. Therefore, the process of Cartagena is the Decoloniality the Eurocentric conception of the asylum and refuge, and makes it possible to expand the protection of the human person, whose achievements are conditional on political will of the Latin American states. / O tema central do presente trabalho é a análise da integração e da convergência dos institutos do asilo e do refúgio na Declaração de Cartagena. Os institutos do asilo e refúgio consolidaram-se na agenda global, por meio da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos de 1948 e a Convenção do Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados de 1951, mas é na Declaração de Cartagena que eles adquirem uma maior relevância na perspectiva dos países latino-americanos. Esse processo demonstra a superação da visão eurocêntrica sobre o tema e a emergência de uma visão decolonial sobre o mesmo. Este avanço é fruto da maior preocupação da América Latina, após um longo e duro ciclo político autoritário, com a proteção dos direitos humanos para além dos Estados soberanos. É por isso, que a Declaração de Cartagena amplia a definição de refugiado e reconhece a sua possibilidade diante da ameaça de violação dos direitos humanos. Desta forma, é possível afirmar que o espírito de Cartagena impulsionou uma forma avançada de proteção das pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade no contexto da mobilidade humana internacional, além de incluir na sua definição as causas do asilo. A integração e convergência do asilo e refúgio na Declaração de Cartagena possibilita, assim, a compreensão de como o pensamento decolonial pode impulsionar a formação de um novo parâmetro para a proteção da mobilidade humana internacional no caso conflito político e de ameaça aos direitos humanos. Portanto, a Declaração de Cartagena supera a concepção eurocêntrica sobre os institutos abordados e possibilita uma proteção mais ampla aos direitos humanos na situação de conflitos políticos. A análise do tema e suas implicações é feita utilizando-se o método dialético.

Nesta pesquisa, busquei responder duas perguntas: a) Quais operações discursivas são utilizadas pelos sujeitos ao realizarem afirmações sobre a identidade étnica e lingüística de um grupo específico? b) Quais são as implicações dessas operações discursivas sobre a produção dos enunciados? Escolhi como objeto de estudo enunciados que foram produzidos em diferentes condições de produção, mas que buscam delinear a identidade étnica e lingüística associadas aos imigrantes japoneses e seus descendentes. A partir das análises realizadas, podem-se depreender algumas implicações entre as representações associadas às identidades e a produção dos próprios enunciados na tentativa de neutralizar as representações consideradas disfóricas em relação à identidade étnica japonesa . Ao se adotar essa postura, os enunciadores apropriam-se de recursos lingüísticos que possam funcionar como marcadores de suas próprias identidades. É esse processo que dá origem às condicionantes discursivas. O funcionamento dessas condicionantes discursivas atua tanto na produção lingüística quanto no processo de uniformização da língua, pois cria identidades consideradas ideais, as quais podem ser assumidas pela adesão às representações e à (re)produção dos recursos lingüísticos que supostamente estariam associados a essa identidade. / In this research, Ive tried to answer two questions: a) Which discursive operations were used by subjects when they declare their ethnic and linguistic identity? B) Which were the implications of theses discursive operations in the production of the declaration? Ive chosen as a study object declarations which were produced in different production conditions but they have a similar trace: try to define the identity of Japanese people and their descendent. Considering the analyses, its possible to infer some implications between the representations associated to the Japanese identity and the declarations product in order to neutralize dysphoric representations. When they adopt this attitude, the enunciators appropriate linguistics features that work as their own identity mark. These discursive conditions operate on either the linguistic production and the language uniformity process, because it creates ideal identities that can be adopted by the acceptance of the representations and the reproduction of linguistic features associated to this identity.

This thesis examines the critical factors leading to the 1948 decision by the United States government to extend recognition to the newly declared State of Israel. In the first of five chapters the literature on the recognition of Israel is discussed. Chapter II presents the theoretical foundation of the thesis by tracing the development of Charles Kegley's decision regime framework. Also discussed is the applicability of bureaucratic structure theory and K. J. Holsti's hierarchy of objectives. Chapters III and IV present the empirical history of this case, each closing with a chapter summary. The final chapter demonstrates the relevance and validity of the theoretical framework to the case and closes with a call for further research into the processes of foreign policy decision-making.

Territorial Asylum The aim of this thesis is to analyse the topic of territorial asylum as an ancient and withstanding institute of international law. The main research questions are as follows: What constitutes territorial asylum? Can it be considered a basic human right from the viewpoint of each individual? Does this right include asylum or only the opportunity to seek it? Does the state of origin have a right to respond in some way to the granting of asylum? Can it be considered an unfriendly act? This thesis is divided into six main chapters, each of which attempts to view this institute from a different perspective and answer the given questions. The first chapter separates asylum and refugee status, institutes that are often mistaken, and defines the fundamental differences between them. It also describes the historical development of asylum and the differentiation between religious, territorial, political and diplomatic asylum. The following chapter focuses on the definition of territorial asylum and how it is described by various law dictionaries. From these definitions, society's view on territorial asylum is conveyed. The third chapter examines the three parts of territorial asylum, which theoretically come into consideration under this institute. The three parts include: the right of the state...

Magister Legum - LLM / Indigenous peoples constitute at least 5000 distinct peoples with a population of more than 370 million, living in 70 different countries. These peoples are typically subjected to a number of human rights violations (being excluded from decision-making processes and forced to assimilate into dominant groups, among others). The plight of these peoples has recently received worldwide attention. In 1989, the international community adopted the Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (Convention 169) to protect the rights of these peoples. In 2007 the UN adopted a Declaration on Indigenous peoples’ Rights. Attention is now focused on implementing indigenous peoples’ rights at the domestic level. Cameroon is not yet a party to Convention No.169 and so cannot be bound under the Convention to protect the rights of its indigenous peoples. Cameroon often denies any duty in this regard. However, Cameroon is party to core human rights instruments like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and Freedom. Cameroon also voted in favour of the adoption of the UN Declaration on Indigenous Peoples Rights. These international human rights instruments, with the exclusion of the Declaration, are not specifically dedicated to indigenous peoples’ rights. Given this situation, two questions arise: is Cameroon bound by any international legal obligation to protect the rights of its indigenous peoples; and if so, is Cameroon implementing the basic international law principles relating to indigenous peoples’ rights. Using an in-depth study and analysis of various international human rights treaties to which Cameroon is a party, this research will explore the grounds on which Cameroon, though not a party to Convention 169, can be held bound to protect the rights of its indigenous peoples (chapter 2). This research present the situation of the indigenous peoples in Cameroon and provide a brief overview of the legislative and policy measures taken by the government which in some way provide entry points for the protection of the rights of the indigenous people in Cameroon (chapter 3). A critical analysis of these measures highlights some areas of success but also work that remains to be done to ensure that the rights of Cameroon’s indigenous peoples are fully protected (chapter 4). The study concludes with a number of recommendations for further study and legal reform (chapter 5).

At the international level, indigenous activism has increasingly taken the form of advocating for ‘indigenous rights.’ These rights-based claims are articulated through a human rights framework, exemplified by the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which was passed by the UN General Assembly in September 2007. Since this time, the Declaration has become the focal point of indigenous activism at the international – and domestic – levels. Proponents of the DRIP have claimed that it moves international law into a “post-Eurocentric” position, and that for the first time, the rights of indigenous peoples have been recognized by the international community. This thesis interrogates the rights-based discourse employed in international indigenous activism. Using postcolonial and poststructuralist theory, it puts forward a hypothesis of double-movement governance affecting indigenous peoples throughout the world. In this thesis, the double-movement is made up of relations between biopolitical management of indigenous lives, and neoliberal governmentality, which come together to establish the power relations within our present-day colonial system. This double-movement governance is then connected to Glen Sean Coulthard’s critique of a politics of recognition framework, on which human rights are based. Together, this theory forms my hypothesis that instead of providing indigenous peoples with emancipatory pathways out of the colonial present, indigenous rights discourses further entrench colonial norms and hierarchies within indigenous communities, and between States and indigenous peoples. Having established my hypothesis, I then test it with empirical data from the Declaration, indigenous fora at the UN, and domestic laws, agreements and policies. Taking the evidence into account, I argue that despite meaningful steps being taken to establish collective rights for indigenous peoples, a rights-based discourse does indeed continue to entrench colonial norms and hierarchies within indigenous communities and between States and indigenous peoples. This is in part because of issues of translation that occur when indigenous claims are articulated through a human rights framework, but also because a system based upon a politics of recognition – such as a human rights framework – is unable to move indigenous peoples out of the present-day colonial relations of power in which they live. Ultimately, such a system is only able to offer indigenous peoples ‘white liberty and white justice.’