The work concerns environmental declarations type III alias system EPD. A reader should be given a complex sight of kinds of environmental notation, especially environmental declarations type III. The work interpret present systems EPD on the world and evaluace the present state of exploitation of system EPD in Czech Republic. At the close of my work are put mind to question of implementation of environmental declarations type III in Czech Republic.

Sveriges regering avser att införa ett lagkrav som innebär att byggherrar inom näringslivet som uppför en byggnad där bygglov krävs från och med 1 januari år 2022 måste lämna in en klimatdeklaration. Klimatdeklarationen ska ange hur mycket utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter den nya byggnaden genererar under byggskedet. Detta är ett steg i riktning mot att minska de utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter som genereras av byggsektorn. Den mängd material som krävs för byggnadens klimatskärm, bärande konstruktioner samt alla innerväggar ska tas upp i klimatdeklarationen. I denna studie jämförs mängden utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter mellan en trästomme och en betongstomme med klimatförbättrad betong. En bestämd byggnad har dimensionerats i trä samt i betong, där mängderna av de olika materialen har registrerats i Byggsektorns miljöberäkningsverktyg, som tillhandahålls från IVL. Verktyget innehåller generisk data över olika materials utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter, alternativt kan produktspecifika data från en EPD registreras. När all materialdata har registrerats i verktyget kan en klimatdeklaration genereras fram. Studien visar att byggnaden utförd i trästomme har en klimatpåverkan med ett utsläpp av 108 kg koldioxidekvivalenter per kvadratmeter BTA. Betongstommen genererar ett utsläpp på 153 kg koldioxidekvivalenter per kvadratmeter BTA, alltså 42 procent mer än trästommen. För att jämföra olika materials genererade utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter kan data från materialets EPD användas, samt uppgifter om transportsträckor, spill och energiförbrukning på byggarbetsplatsen, vilket är de parametrar som registreras Byggsektorns miljöberäkningsverktyg för att få ut en klimatdeklaration. / The Swedish government intends to introduce a legal requirement which means that builders in the business community who erect a building where a building permit is required from 1 January 2022 must submit a climate declaration. The climate declaration must state how much emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents the new building generates during the construction phase. This is a step towards reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents generated by the construction sector. The amount of material required for the building's climate screen, load-bearing structures and all interior walls must be included in the climate declaration. In this study, the amount of emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents is compared between a wooden frame and a concrete frame with climate-improved concrete. A specific building has been dimensioned in wood and in concrete, where the quantities of the various materials have been registered in the tool Byggsektorns miljöberäknings-verktyg, which is provided by IVL. The tool contains generic data on various materials' emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, alternatively product_specific data from an EPD can be registered. When all material data has been registered in the tool, a climate declaration can be generated. The study shows that the building made of wooden frames has a climate impact with an emission of 108 kg carbon dioxide equivalents per square meter BTA. The concrete frame generates an emission of 153 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents per square meter of BTA, which is 42 percent more than the wooden frame. To compare different materials' generated emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents, data from the material's EPD can be used, as well as data on transport distances, waste and energy consumption at the construction site, which are the parameters registered in the Byggsektorns miljöberäkningsverktyg to obtain a climate declaration. / <p>Betyg 2021-07-15</p>

The comfort perceived by passengers during transport in public transport plays a vital role, and its improvement can lead to attracting more customers. For this reason, there is a constant effort to improve the comfort of the passenger. This thesis deals with the objective measurement of the maneuvers of MHD in Brno (tram, trolleybus, bus) with the XL Meter and together with the subjective evaluation of the standing and sitting figurant, determines the limit values of longitudinal and transverse acceleration for comfortable ride and dangerous ride, which can lead to accidents to passengers.

The Professional Project addressed here is an Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration for a project proposed by the staff of the Del Mar Fairgrounds pursuant to legal mandate by the State of California Horse Racing Board. The “Project” subject to documentation under CEQA consisted of removal of the top seven inches of the existing dirt surface on the Del Mar Fairgrounds horse racing track and temporary storage of the material on the practice track infield; installation of a new drainage system, rock filtration system, permeable asphalt layers, and seven inches of engineered surface material; widening of the track in the northeast and southeast curve area; and removal and replacement of existing retaining wall, fence, and landscaping improvements. This Project Report summarizes the stakeholder involvement concepts utilized to obtain project support and approval in an environmentally sensitive area, subject to a long history of political contention, in the midst of other long-term planning efforts such as the San Dieguito Lagoon Restoration Project, and an Updated Master Plan and Master Plan Environmental Impact Report for the fairgrounds property. Ultimately, the Project and CEQA documentation were approved by the Lead agency’s decision-making body, the Board of Directors of the State of California’s 22nd District Agricultural Association.

The aim of this thesis is to determine and compare the price of the apartment building as a whole provided a combination of cost and the valuation of yield and price of the apartment building, found the sum of individual apartments in the same house after the owner of the distribution statement. In both cases it is the valuation according to valuation regulations. But because today is often valued property for purposes of credit control, I will always be the direct comparison of the valuation according to the rules of valuation estimate just for the purposes of credit control. Furthermore, they address the issue of interpreting the concept of a block of flats (lot of flats together in one house), which is frequently used, but is nowhere defined. I found that the total price of flats according to the valuation rules, is higher by 32% compared house as a whole and the award for credit management, the total price of apartments increased by 31.4%. As can be seen from the preceding sentences, the price of the apartment building can be changed only by changing the way property, no construction-technical changes, as well as 32%.

Indigenous people (IP) and minorities (IM)have similar problems of political, economic, and social marginalisation. The Nigerian government (hiding behind the veil of the African Union) does not recognise the indigenous status of deserving ethnic groups. This has left indigenous minorieties unprotected. Considering the situation in Africa generally, and in Nigeria specifically, this research work is aimed at answering the following questions: (1) Will the protection and promotion of the rights of IP in Africa not be effective if they are considered as IM; thereby giving the dominant majority a place in the ‘indigeneity’ of the country? (2) How can the IP of the minority tribes in the Niger Delta be entitled to legal protection from non-recognition of their status by the government? (3) Assuming, but not conceding, that everyone in Nigeria is indigenous to the country and to every region of the country, does this deprive IM in an age-long marginalised region a special attention by means of affirmative action? (4) What legal protection is accorded to minorities among IP? (5) Are there negative implications for ethnic minorities in the different regions of a country by the blanket recognition of all natives of that country as IP? (6) How can the available legal framework under the United Nations and the African Union for the protection of IP and minorities be effectively utilised to the advantage of IP despite the current position of the African Union on IP? / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Angelo Matusse, of the faculty of law, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Inkludering är ett begrepp som används inom skolväsendet. Ett begrepps beskrivning som står skrivet i fritidshemmets styrdokument men inte benämns med begreppet inkludering. Vi kom i kontakt med begreppet inkludering då vi uppmärksammade ett fenomen där fritidslärare sökt att anpassa sin undervisning på olika sätt utifrån en återkommande situation, där vissa anpassningar uppfattades som integrering. Vilket ledde oss till studiens syfte att närma oss i hur fritidslärare tolkar begreppet inkludering och de inställningar som förmedlas kring ett inkluderingsarbete. Studiens metod bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer där sex fritidslärare intervjuats. Vi genomförande studien ur ett dilemmaperspektiv i syfte att synliggöra om de tre mest förekommande dilemman kunde urskiljas ur fritidslärarnas svar. Materialet analyserades tematiskt och resultatet synliggjorde att tre tolkningar beskrevs: som deltagande, som samhällsdeltagande samt som deltagande och gemenskap. Inställningen hos fritidslärarna var positiv men det fanns tvivel till dess utövande om fritidsläraren hade mindre tillit till barnets förmåga att främja inkludering eller hade en brist i kunskap kring inkludering. Inre dilemman förmedlades när fritidslärarna skulle söka samsyn i sitt inkluderingsarbete. Slutsatsen är att begreppet inkludering tolkas på olika sätt av fritidslärare. Inställningarna som fritidslärare förmedlar kring sitt inkluderingsarbete uppvisar delvis dilemman och omöjlighet men till sin helhet en positivitet. / Inclusion is a concept used within the school system. The concept is described in the steering guidelines of Swedish after-school programs (Fritidshem) but is not described by using the term Inclusion. We encountered the concept of inclusion when we explored the phenomenon of how to address the adjustments required to overcome the challenge of repeated situations within education. This led us to the purpose of the study, how leisure teachers interpret the concept of inclusion and their attitude communicated around inclusion in their work environment. The method used in the study was six semi structured interviews conducted with currently employed leisure teachers. We executed the study from a dilemma perspective in the purpose of portraying the most occuring dilemmas by studying the leisure teachers' answers. The material collected was analysed thematically, and this resulted in three interpretations that were described as: participating, community participation, and as participating in solidarity. The study showed that the attitude regarding inclusion was positive among the leisure teachers, but there was also doubt expressed regarding the child’s ability to promote inclusion as well as a lack of knowledge of the concept all together. Internal dilemmas were identified when the leisure teacher was asked to establish a consensus regarding the definition of how to incorporate inclusion in their everyday work life. Due to these insights, we believe that the conclusion of the study is that the concept of inclusion can be interpreted differently by different leisure teachers and that the attitude communicated around inclusion is partly dilemmatic, impossible but overall positive towards the concept of inclusion.

The construction industry accounts for about 20% of society's total greenhouse gas emissions and steel production is one of the major climate villains. To achieve set climate goals and slow down global warming, all actors, large and small, must take responsibility. One way to reduce emissions from the steel is to reuse it as it avoids the demanding manufacturing process. In Sweden, interest in the racket sport of padel has increased in recent years and many padel companies therefore chose to build padel halls around the country. The halls are now for many in terms of the number of players and most padel companies are forced into bankruptcy.This development means that empty halls will be standing around the country.The purpose of this study is to investigate the reuse potential of the frame of an existing steel hall. Is it economically and environmentally justifiable to reuse an existing steel frame compared to producing a new one? The study is based on climate calculations and cost calculations for the reuse of existing frame and new production of identical frame. Climate calculations are carried out using two different methods, one based on Boverket’s generic climate database, and one based on product-specific climate data from environmental product declarations. Through requests for quotations and discussions with actors involved in the reuse and new production process, costs are obtained for reuse and new production of frame. This study shows that it is beneficial to reuse the existing frame from an environmental and an economic perspective. The economic comparison shows that it costs about 46% less to reuse the frame compared to producing it again and in this case, it corresponds to about SEK 528,000. The product-specific climate calculations are considered more realistic and are therefore valued higher than the climate calculations based on Boverket's generic climate database. The recycled frame generates 1015 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents and the newly produced generates 17 666 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents. The climate footprint of recycled frame corresponds to about 6% of newly produced. / Byggbranschen står för cirka 20% av samhällets totala utsläpp av växthusgaser och stålproduktionen är en av de stora klimatbovarna. För att nå uppsatta klimatmål och bromsa den globala uppvärmningen måste samtliga aktörer ta sitt ansvar, stora som små. Ett sätt att minska utsläppen från stålet är att återanvända det för att undvika den krävande tillverkningsprocessen. I Sverige har intresset för racketsporten padel ökat de senaste åren och många padelaktörer har därför valt att bygga padelhallar runt om i landet. Hallarna är nu för många sett till antalet spelare och flertalet padelföretag tvingas till konkurs. Utvecklingen innebär att tomma hallar blir ståendes runt om i landet.Syftet med studien är att utreda återanvändningspotentialen av stommen i en befintlig stålhall. Är det ekonomiskt- och miljömässigt försvarbart att återanvända en befintlig stålstomme jämfört med att producera en ny? Utredningen grundar sig på klimatberäkningar och kostnadskalkyler för återbruk av befintlig stomme och nyproduktion av identisk stomme. Klimatberäkningar genomförs med två olika metoder, en som baseras Boverkets generiska klimatdatabas och en som baseras på produktspecifika klimatdata från klimatvarudeklarationer. Via offertförfrågningar och samtal med aktörer som är involverade i återbruks- och nyproduktionsprocessen erhålls kostnader för återbruk respektive nyproduktion av stomme. Studien visar att det är fördelaktigt återanvända den befintliga stommen ur ett miljömässigt och ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Den ekonomiska jämförelsen klargör att det kostar ca 46%mindre att återbruka stommen jämfört med att producera den på nytt vilket motsvarar ungefär 528 000 kronor. De produktspecifika klimatberäkningarna anses vara mer realistiska och värderas därför högre än klimatberäkningarna baserade på Boverkets generiska klimatdatabas.Den återbrukade stommen genererar 1015 kg koldioxidekvivalenter och den nyproducerade genererar 17 666 kg koldioxidekvivalenter. Klimatavtrycket för återbrukad stomme motsvara ca 6% av nyproducerad.

Since humans have existed on Earth, the environment has been one of the primary resources contributing to humans' ability to live life adequately. Pollution has not only destroyed natural life, but it has also diminished humans' right to life. The United Nations 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) guarantees "every human being has the inherent right to life," but how can one exercise this right in an environment that is degrading through pollution? This is the basis of which this thesis is surrounded; the issue of environmental pollution hindering humans' right to life. Thus, this thesis aims to show how legal action can be taken under the substantive right to life when environmental pollution occurs and negatively impacts humans and their surroundings. Specifically, this thesis shows how the right to life has been used in courts around the world through three primary approaches – State Constitution approach, Regional Treaty approach, and Blended approach – when environmental pollution has occurred. The different approaches will show different ways a court can come to the conclusion that there has been a violation of the right to life in the occurrence of environmental pollution. Through a comparative-analysis of the different approaches, this thesis presents yet another way to protect not only the environment, but also the rights of humans who have been negatively affected by environmental pollution.

År 2002 laginfördes ett EU-direktiv med syftet att skapa möjligheten för länder inom EU att kunna ha bättre kontroll på sin energianvändning. Utifrån detta direktiv infördes därefter en lag om energideklarationer. Energideklarationernas främsta syfte skulle vara att bidra till en effektiv energianvändning i byggnader och en god inomhusmiljö. Detta skulle uppnås genom att ge en översiktlig bild av byggnadens energistatus, samt underlag för investeringsbeslut vid energieffektivisering. Detta examensarbete undersöker om energideklarationer uppfyller syftet att bidra till en effektiv energianvändning. Frågor till verksamma inom fastighetsbolag samt egen undersökning av energideklarationer resulterade i ett konstaterande att deklarationerna ger en översiktlig bild av byggnadens energistatus på ett tydligt sätt. För verksamma inom fastighetsbolagen kan energideklarationerna fungera som underlag för energieffektivisering, dock kan åtgärdsförslagen anses vara för generella. Denna uppfattning om åtgärdsförslagen gör att många använder sig av effektiviseringsåtgärder som tagits fram inom organisationen genom registrering, analys och uppföljning av energianvändningen på en högre detaljnivå. Denna detaljnivå kan utgöra en tydligare bild av var i byggnaden åtgärder behöver göras, samt vilka typer av åtgärder som är lämpligast. Energideklarationernas syfte att bidra till en effektiv energianvändning uppfylls därmed endast till viss del. / In 2002, a directive from EU stated that the countries should start keeping better track of how buildings consume energy. From this directive a law was introduced that implied that energy declarations now were to be established. The main purpose of energy declarations was for them to contribute to efficient energy use and a healthy indoor environment. This was to be achieved by giving a general view of the building’s energy status, as well as basis for investments in making the building more energy efficient. This master’s dissertation examines if energy declarations fulfill their purpose of contributing to an efficient energy use. After questioning of real estate company’s personnel and examining energy declarations, they proved to be considered adequate in showing a building’s general energy consumption. However, the action proposals are often considered too simplistic. Instead, many companies base their actions in order to make the building more efficient on their own personnel, their thorough investigation and detailed analysis of a building’s energy consumption. This detailed analysis gives a clearer picture of where energy can be saved and in what way actions should be made in order to be most efficient. The purpose of energy declarations is therefore only partially fulfilled.