La question des droits de l’homme et des libertés a suscité un intérêt majeur en Libye depuis l’accès à l’indépendance de ce pays en 1951. La Déclaration constitutionnelle, proclamée le 3 août 2011 dans le sillage du ‘‘printemps arabe’’, a ouvert de nouvelles perspectives pour définir la nature d’un nouvel État post-Kadhafi, voulu démocratique et respectueux des droits de l’homme. En effet, le nouveau texte affiche clairement sa reconnaissance des droits et des libertés qu’il compte promouvoir au niveau national et international. Le constituant libyen a choisi de doter l’ensemble de ces droits et libertés d’une valeur supérieure en les inscrivant dans le corps de la Constitution. Cette valeur les met hors de toute atteinte pouvant provenir des pouvoirs publics. Les particuliers peuvent, en cas de transgression, les défendre devant les juridictions nationales. C’est dire que la Déclaration libyenne ne se satisfait pas seulement de reconnaître les droits et les libertés au plan interne. En effet, ces droits et libertés seraient vains s’ils n’avaient pas été complétés par des garanties effectives qui leur assurent un respect total en cas de violation. Ces mesures se résument principalement, quant aux garanties juridictionnelles, dans l’accès au juge et, quant aux garanties non juridictionnelles, dans l’indépendance de l’autorité judiciaire et des juges. / Since its independence in 1951 Libya has given great priority to human rights and freedoms. The Constitutional Declaration proclaimed, on August 3, 2011 following the “Arab Spring”, opened new horizons while laying the foundations for a new democratic state respectful of human rights beyond the Gaddafi era. Indeed, the Constitutional Declaration is specific about the kinds of rights and freedom the new Libyan state would like to support both nationally and internationally. Such rights and freedoms were embedded within the Constitutional Declaration and prioritized in order to protect them from any abuses by the different executive government branches. This means that individual citizens are constitutionally enabled to seek judiciary protection before local courts whenever their rights are infringed or abused. Rights and freedoms are meaningless unless constitutionally protected and supported through providing for non-judiciary guarantees centered on judiciary independence both as process and practitioners i.e. impartiality of judges.

Tyrimas atliktas administracinės teisės taikymo poveikio įveikiant ekonominio nuosmukio padarinius ţmogaus socialinių ekonominių teisių ir laisvių srityje tema. Pasirinktas tikslas – atskleisti administracines teisės taikymo veiksmingumą ţmogaus socialinėms ekonominėms teisėms ir laisvėms ekonominio nuosmukio metu. Nustatyta, jog administracinės teisės reformavimui ekonominio nuosmukio periodai turi įtaką, tenka pertvarkyti daugelį sferų, kaip pensijų mokėjimą ar socialinės paramos teikimo sąlygas, tvarką, vyksta tam tikra reforma. Teorijos bei praktinių pokyčių teisėkūroje, teismų praktikoje analizė parodė, jog ekonominio nuosmukio patirtis įtikina, kad reikia anksti nustatyti socialinius pokyčius ir numatyti, kokias permainas jie sukels. Tuomet įmanoma sukurti aiškesnę administracinės teisės normas, sureguliuosiančios vieną ar kitą visuomeninį santykį, viziją. Būtina veikti proaktyviai, keisti ţmonių teisinio mąstymo principus. / The theme of the work carried out by application of administrative law, overcoming the effects of the economic crisis on social economic rights and human freedoms. The purpose is to reveal the administrative law on human rights and freedoms of the economic social sector. The reform of administrative law during economic crisis periods must bear the transforming influence of the realms, as the payment of pensions or social assistance relating to conditions, procedures, certain aspects of the reform. Theory and practical analysis of the changes in the legislation, case-law has shown that the economic crisis experience convinces the need for early detection of social change and to provide for the changes they cause. Then it is possible to create clearer rules of administrative law, strengthen one or another public relationship, vision. It is necessary to work to change people's thinking pro-actively, to overthink the legal principles.

This diploma thesis is focused on the position and tasks of a judge in pre-trial criminal proceedings and aims to present the role of the judge in pre-trial proceedings on the basis of analysis of his role and specific actions carried out in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code which he takes part in. Criminal proceedings in general is a topical issue when considering a planned recodification of the Criminal Procedure Code. Moreover, pre-trial criminal proceedings present a significant part of criminal proceedings because all the evidence obtained and gathered in this stage might have a huge impact on the course and decision of a trial. Even though the prosecutor is in charge of pre-trial criminal proceedings, the judge holds an important position in this stage since he decides on actions which interfere with human rights and fundamental freedoms. The diploma thesis is divided into four chapters which are complementary and logically follow each other. The first chapter deals with criminal proceedings in general; in particular, it contains a definition and tasks of criminal proceedings, parties and subjects and stages. Emphasis is placed on fundamental principles of criminal proceedings as they present the main building blocks and permeate the entire Criminal Procedure Code. The second...

"Implementation of human rights instruments, and protection and promotion of human rights at the national level is a contemporary phenomenon that is still developing. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and the Paris Principles provide for the creation of national institutions to carry out this task. This has led to national human rights institutions (NHRIs) becoming more prominent actors in the national, regional and international arena. However, NHRIs still face the problems of legitimacy, operational constraints, and ignorant population. These factors constrain the effective functioning of these institutions. It should be noted that the key constraint on the effective functioning of NHRIs is legitimacy. Such institutions usually find themselves not legitimate in the eyes of the people they are created to serve. The above brings to mind the question - what makes a NHRI effective? Generally, there is no consensus as to the effectiveness of NHRIs This study has therefore been triggered by widespread perceptions and reports within civil society that such institutions are left at the mercy of governments in power. Others have seen such institutions as a "double-edged sword" - in the best of circumstances, they strengthen democratic institutions but they can also be mere straw men, part of government's administrative machinery to scuttle international scrutiny. Another issue that has actuated this study is the misconception that people have about some NHRIs. This misconception originates not so much from the actual operation of human rights commissions but from the history of past ombudsman institutions that have purported to protect human rights." -- Chapter 1. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Michelo Hansungule at the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, South Africa / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2002. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This study analyzes how fear is the main emotion after personal freedom is restricted in an initial short-term incarceration in a holding cell. The theoretical part is divided into legal, psychological and ethical parts. The legal section describes the particular rights and responsibilities of individuals who are limited in their fundamental rights and freedoms after being detained by the Law Enforcement of the Czech Republic. Secondarily the individual state rights based on legislatives standards are also reviewed in this section, in respect to effects on a citizens rights and freedoms. The following section discusses the possible psychological and ethical effects. The field investigation part was conducted by a controlled research investigations using interviews with individuals currently in police custody. The research focuses on the actual emotional experience of fear incarceration.

The thesis investigates social workers' interpretation and approach to quality standards of social services, both in terms of lived experience, and in terms of individual concepts and understanding of the workers themselves, especially with regard to their experience in a particular organization. The thesis also deals with the interpretation and approach of social workers to the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms of clients in quality standards. The thesis theoretically describes and depicts the current situation regarding quality standards and the forthcoming changes. Interpretations and approaches to quality standards are investigated by the analysis of interviews with social workers on this issue. The thesis deals with the protection of human rights in social services and their guarantee in the form of selected quality standards, and examines quality standards in terms of values, rights and freedoms of clients that they are protecting. This work describes whether and how social workers perceive values, human rights and freedoms that are behind quality standards of social services and how they interpret them and use them in their practice, as evidenced by opinions of the social workers. Quality Standards of social services are also investigated in terms of ethics, particularly ethical values and analyzes the approach of social workers to quality standards.

No description available.

Les Québécois sont de plus en plus conscients de l’environnement qui les entoure et de l’importance d’en assurer la qualité et la pérennité. Certains phénomènes, tels les changements climatiques, l’accumulation de polluants organiques persistants et l’amincissement de la couche d’ozone, que nous qualifierons de phénomènes environnementaux diffus, sont engendrés par de multiples émetteurs de polluants et ont des effets globaux qui ne peuvent être liés à un événement précis et dont les impacts sont difficiles à identifier et à quantifier pour le moment. En l’absence de preuve quant aux effets qu’auront ces phénomènes diffus sur les citoyens et les difficultés liées à la preuve scientifique du lien causal entre ce dommage et un émetteur de polluant donné, les recours classiques en responsabilité civile et pour troubles de voisinage, prévus aux articles 1457 et 976 C.c.Q., apparaissent inopérants. Nous nous interrogeons donc sur l’existence d’un droit à l’environnement qui conférerait aux citoyens le droit de vivre dans un environnement sain et leur permettrait ainsi de réclamer que cesse toute atteinte environnementale engendrée par ces phénomènes, même si elle n’a pas d’effet directement sur eux. Considérant l’importance de l’efficacité des recours qui pourraient permettre une mise en œuvre de ce droit, nous procéderons à l’analyse de trois sources potentielles d’un droit à l’environnement sous cet angle. À cet effet, nous étudierons les recours constitutionnels et quasi-constitutionnels liés à la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, à la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne et au recours institutionnel prévu dans la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement. Considérant l’absence de reconnaissance suffisante d’un droit à l’environnement et de recours efficaces pour en assurer la mise en œuvre, nous proposerons ensuite des pistes de solution afin que puisse être développé un mécanisme permettant une réponse judiciaire aux phénomènes environnementaux diffus. / The quality of the environment has become a growing concern in the recent years for Quebec citizens. Phenomena such as climate change, persistent organic pollutants and the depletion of the ozone layer are caused by several sources, the effects of which cannot be distinguished one from the other and/or linked to a specific event. Furthermore, these phenomena have yet to create damage to Quebec residents in order to create the necessary standing for the introduction of legal proceedings. Also, the scientific uncertainty related to the source of potential damage and to the proof of said damage makes it impossible to legally attack the emitters of the pollutant contributing to this type of environmental phenomena under 1457 C.C.Q. or 976 C.C.Q. We have identified the 3 potential sources of a right to a clean environment which could entitle Quebec citizens to go before the courts in environmental matters, even in the absence of specific damages to their person or property. We have analysed the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and the Environmental Quality Act and looked at the potential right to a clean environment possibly contained therein and the legal actions that could be taken to ensure their respect. Considering the weakness of what our legal system had to propose, we have developed solutions that could be put forward in order to allow the war against climate change and other environmental phenomena of the same nature to become legally actionable.

Malgré une demande croissante dans le secteur du travail domestique et un poids économique mondial considérable, les travailleuses domestiques migrantes demeurent parmi les plus précaires et les plus exploitées de la planète. Invisibles, isolées et travaillant pour des particuliers dans des résidences privées, elles échappent aux catégories traditionnelles d’emploi. Ces travailleuses se retrouvent alors à évoluer en marge du cadre légal ou encore, elles peinent à faire appliquer correctement les lois conçues pour les protéger. Ce mémoire cherche donc à analyser les manières d’envisager le droit afin de garantir un réel accès à la justice pour les travailleuses domestiques migrantes. En abordant d’abord les obstacles systémiques qui font échec à la réglementation du secteur domestique à travers le monde, cette recherche démontre une inadéquation du droit traditionnel à la réalité des travailleuses par l’analyse des effets de la réglementation canadienne qui leur est applicable. À la lumière de la récente Convention concernant le travail décent pour les travailleuses et travailleurs domestiques, ce mémoire démontre qu’une conceptualisation du droit basée sur le pluralisme juridique fournit des alternatives aux travailleuses domestiques migrantes pour accéder à la justice. Ultimement, l’empowerment de ces travailleuses par leur inclusion dans le dialogue social couplé à une réglementation adaptée à leur réalité permettra d’assurer une protection efficace de leurs droits. / In spite of an ever increasing demand in the domestic work sector and a considerable worldwide economic weight, migrant domestic workers are among the most precarious and exploited globally. Invisible, isolated and working for individuals in private residences, they fall outside the traditional work categorizations. Therefore, these women find themselves operating in margin of the legal system or, when they are protected by laws, they struggle to have those laws applied efficiently. This research will try to analyze the different ways we can consider law in order to guarantee a real and efficient access to justice to migrant domestic workers. After addressing the systemic obstacles to domestic work regulation worldwide, this research explores the inconsistency between traditional law and the reality of migrant domestic workers by analyzing the effects of the applicable Canadian regulation. In light of the recent Convention concerning decent work for domestic workers, this essay shows that a conceptualization of law based on legal pluralism offers domestic workers an alternative access to justice. Ultimately, including these workers in the social dialogue and implementing specific regulation adapted to their reality will provide them with an empowerment that will insure an effective protection of their rights.

Les réclamations pour dommages punitifs en vertu de la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne se multiplient depuis plusieurs années devant les tribunaux. Pour être accueillie, cette réclamation implique la démonstration d’une atteinte illicite et intentionnelle à un droit ou une liberté protégé par cette charte. Les recours en responsabilité peuvent faire l’objet d’une couverture d’assurance. Or, le Code civil du Québec prévoit spécifiquement que l’assureur n’est pas tenu de couvrir la faute intentionnelle de l’assuré. Est-ce à dire que l’assureur n’a pas d’obligation envers son assuré lorsque des dommages punitifs sont réclamés? Il s’agit donc de déterminer si le concept de faute intentionnelle et celui d’atteinte illicite et intentionnelle sont des concepts qui s’équivalent ou qu’il est nécessaire de distinguer. Pour cette analyse, ces deux concepts seront abordés en profondeur. Il sera question de l’origine de ces deux notions, de leurs fondements et de leur interprétation pour finalement définir ces termes le plus précisément possible. Ces définitions permettront d’opposer ces deux notions et de déterminer au final qu’il existe plusieurs éléments qui différencient ces concepts, notamment à l’égard de l’intention requise, faisant en sorte qu’ils ne peuvent être assimilés. Cette conclusion aura un impact certain sur les obligations de l’assureur de défendre l’assuré et d’indemniser la victime pour ses dommages compensatoires lorsqu’il existe une réclamation en dommages punitifs et, par conséquent, l’assureur ne pourra faire reposer son refus de défendre ou d’indemniser sur la seule base de la preuve d’une atteinte illicite et intentionnelle. / Claims for punitive damages have proliferated over the years before the courts. For such claim to be granted, it is required to demonstrate an unlawful and intentional interference with any right or freedom protected by the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. Liability claims can be covered by insurance. However, the Civil Code of Québec specifically provides that the insurer is never bound to indemnify the insured’s intentional fault. Does this mean that the insurer has no obligation towards its insured when punitive damages are sought? The question is thus whether the concept of intentional fault and of unlawful and intentional interference are concepts that are equivalent or that need to be distinguished. For this analysis, the two concepts will be adressed in depth. The origin of these two concepts, their founding principles and their interpretation will be discussed to ultimately define these terms as precisely as possible. These definitions will then help to compare these two concepts and determine in the end that there are several elements that differentiate these concepts, particularly in regard to the required intent, with the result that they can not be assimilated. This conclusion will have a definite impact on the insurer’s obligations to defend the insured and to indemnify the victim for compensatory damages if punitive damages are also sought. Therefore, the insurer cannot justify its refusal to defend or indemnify solely on the basis of the evidence of an unlawful and intentional interference.