FROTA, Débora Farias. Uma Lógica de Descrição Default. 2011. 79 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Centro de Ciências, Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Computação, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-06-20T19:27:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_dffrota.pdf: 945021 bytes, checksum: 9adb958d87b14104dcd8db9fc4c4bd6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-06-20T19:28:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_dffrota.pdf: 945021 bytes, checksum: 9adb958d87b14104dcd8db9fc4c4bd6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T19:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_dffrota.pdf: 945021 bytes, checksum: 9adb958d87b14104dcd8db9fc4c4bd6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Knowledge formalization and reasoning automatization are central within Arti cial Intelligence. First Order Logic has been traditionally used for such purposes. However, it is better suited to deal with complete knowledge in ideal circumstances. In real situations, in which the knowledge is partial, First Order Logic is not su cient. Nonmonotonic logics have been proposed to better cope with practical reasoning. A successful formalization of nonmonotonic reasoning is the Reiter's default logic which extends classical logic with default rules. Unfortunately, default logic is undecidable. In this work, we propose a description default logic expressible enough to formalize practical reasoning in knowledge bases. It has as its monotonic basis the ALC Description Logic. We add some restrictions to the application of defaults in order to obtain nice properties such as coherence and the elimination of anomalous extensions. We present the main algorithms used to build an extension with a step by step complexity analysis. / A formalização do conhecimento e a automatização do raciocínio são assuntos centrais de pesquisa da Inteligência Arti cial. A Lógica de Primeira Ordem tem sido tradicionalmente utilizada para tais propósitos. No entanto, ela é mais adequada para lidar com conhecimento completo em circunstâncias ideais. Em situações reais, nas quais o conhecimento é parcial, a Lógica de Primeira Ordem não é su ciente. Lógicas não-monotônicas têm sido propostas para melhor lidar com o raciocínio prático. Uma formalização do raciocínio não-monotônico bem-sucedida é a Lógica Default de Reiter que estende a Lógica de Primeira Ordem com regras default. Infelizmente, a Lógica Default é indecidível. Nesta dissertação, propomos uma Lógica de Descrição Default expressiva o su ciente para formalizar o raciocínio prático sobre bases de conhecimento. Ela tem como base monotônica a Lógica de Descrição ALC. Adicionamos algumas restrições à aplicação dos defaults a m de obter propriedades interessantes, tais como a coerência e a eliminação de extensões anômalas. Apresentamos os principais algoritmos usados para construir uma extensão com um passo-a-passo e suas análise de complexidade.

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Cette thèse présente un modèle résilient pour piloter un avion basé sur une logique non monotone. Ce modèle est capable de gérer des solutions à partir d’informations incomplètes, contradictoires et des exceptions. C’est un problème très connu en Intelligence Artificial, qui est étudié depuis plus de 40 ans. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la logique des défauts pour formaliser la situation et trouver des conclusions possibles. Grâce à cette logique, nous pouvons transformer les règles de pilotage en défauts. Ensuite, lorsque nous calculons les solutions, plusieurs options peuvent en résulter. À ce stade, il existe un critère de décision opportuniste pour choisir la meilleure solution. Le contrôle du système se fait via la propriété de résilience. Nous redéfinissons cette propriété comme l’intégration de la logique non monotone dans le modèle de Minsky. En conséquence, il est démontré que le modèle de résilience proposé pourrait être généralisé aux systèmes intégrant une connaissance du monde contenant des situations, des objectifs et des actions. Enfin, nous présentons les résultats expérimentaux et la conclusion de la thèse en discutant des perspectives et des défis pour les orientations futures. Différentes applications dans d’autres domaines sont prises en compte pour l’intérêt du comportement du modèle. / This thesis presents a resilient model to pilot an aircraft based on a non-monotonic logic. This model is capable of handling solutions from incomplete, contradictory information and exceptions. This is a very well known problem in Artificial Intelligence, which has been studied for more than 40 years. To do this, we use default logic to formalise the situation and find possible conclusions. Thanks to this logic we can transform the piloting rules to defaults. Then, when we calculate the solutions, several options could result. At this point an opportunistic decision criteria takes place to choose the better solution. The control of the system is done via the property of resilence, we redefine this property as the integration of the non-monotonic logic in the Minsky’s model. As a result, it is shown that the proposed resilient model could be generalised to systems that incorporate a knowledge of the world that contains situations, objectives and actions. Finally, we present the experimental results and conclusion of the thesis discussing the prospects and challenges that exist for future directions. Different applications in other fields are taken into account for the interest of the model’s behavior.