Master of Science / Department of Biology / Tonia L. Von Ohlen / The Drosophila embryonic nervous system develops from an array of neural precursor cells called, neuroblasts. These neuroblasts give rise to all the cell types that populate the mature central nervous system (CNS). The CNS originates from a bilateraly symmetric neurectoderm that is subdivided into three domains along the dorso-ventral (DV) axis. One of these domains is defined by the expression of the Homeodomain protein ventral nervous system defective (vnd). Regulation of neuroblast designation is very precise and controlled. Extensive research has been done on neuroblast formation along the anteroposterior axis, most of which indicates that neuroblast selection within a cluster of neurectodermal cells is controlled by segmentation genes. However, much more research is required to elucidate the function of genes along the DV axis. Early studies indicate that vnd is required for neuroblast formation in the ventral column. Here, we show that vnd function, but not expression, is dependent on MAPK activity downstream of Drosophila EGF-R (DER). Specifically, we show that vnd activity is eliminated in EGF-R mutant embryos in a stage specific manner by evaluating vnd’s ability to inhibit intermediate neuroblast defective (ind), muscle segment homeobox (msh), and the newly identified neural tube development player, neu3. Finally, we show that DER functionality in the ventral column is entirely dependent on the processing protein rhomboid (rho) in later stage embryos.

Dorsal-ventral (DV) polarity in the Drosophila embryo is defined by spatially regulated activation of the transmembrane receptor Toll, which is uniformly distributed throughout the early embryo's plasma membrane. Ventral activation of Toll is accomplished through the local production of its activating ligand, a processed C-terminal fragment of the Spätzle protein, which is generated in the last step of a proteolytic cascade involving the sequentially-acting proteases Gastrulation Defective (GD), Snake and Easter. Pipe protein, a homologue of vertebrate glycosaminoglycan modifying enzymes, which is expressed during oogenesis in ventral follicle cells adjacent to the developing oocyte, is believed to control the ventrally restricted processing of Spätzle. pipe expression and the sulfation of its enzymatic target in the ventral follicle cells leads to the formation of a stable ventral cue, embedded in the eggshell. Recently the Pipe enzymatic target has been identified as several protein components of the vitelline membrane, the inner layer of the eggshell. Prior to this work, an important piece of information missing from our understanding of Drosophila DV patterning was the identity of the initial step in the protease cascade that requires Pipe activity. Here, I show that the processing of Snake is independent of Pipe activity, while the processing of Easter requires Pipe function, indicating that Easter processing by Snake is the key proteolytic step that is controlled by Pipe activity and presumably the first cleavage event that is spatially regulated. A second key gap in our understanding of Drosophila embryonic DV patterning concerned the role of GD in the protease cascade. While GD is the protease that cleaves and activates Snake, the existence of two distinct classes of complementing gd alleles has suggested that GD provides another, distinct function. Investigations described here indicate that the second function of GD is to promote the ability of activated Snake to process Easter, independent of its Snake-processing function. Finally, I provide evidence for the formation of protein complexes containing various components of the serine protease cascade, which suggest that conformational changes in the complexes, which act to promote productive interactions between the proteins, are an important aspect of their activation. / text

Usually in a drafting process of a contract arbitration clause is left at the end of a contract. Sometimes it happens that parties really do not wish start discussions on how should arbitration clause look like or what details should it contain, because either parties think they would never come to a conflict or they are short in time and leave arbitration clause unconsidered. Absence of proper attention when drafting arbitration clauses is likely to give rise to defective arbitration clauses, which lead to much higher than expected time and money costs or even make arbitration impossible. Master thesis analyses defective arbitration clause types and provision of a way to create correct arbitration clauses. In order to reach this goal gradual completion of tasks is necessary, which involves: a) identification of the main features of defective arbitration clause, b) identification of the main elements of well drafted arbitration clause, c) identification of the main types of defective arbitration clauses, d) provision of a classification of defective arbitration clauses, e) provision of as much as possible ways to avoid defective arbitration clauses and f) analysis doctrine and case law in this field and result encompassing conclusions. First part of master thesis briefly defines international commercial contract. This way the geographical scope of master thesis object is defined. Second part presents the roots of defective arbitration clause. Second part encompasses... [to full text] / Dažniausiai rengiant tarptautines komercines sutartis arbitražinė išlyga eina sutarties pabaigoje. Kartais nutinka taip, kad šalys nerodo didelio noro kelti diskusijų dėl to kaip turėtų atrodyti arbitražinė išlyga arba kokius sudėtinius elementus ji turėtų turėti. Šalys gali manyti, kad ginčas mažai tikėtinas, todėl neverta gilintis į arbitražinę išlygą arba dėl laiko stokos įkeliama atsitiktinė arbitražinė išlyga. Pakankamo dėmesingumo trūkumas ruošiant arbitražinės išlygas dažniausiai leidžia kilti arbitražinėms išlygoms su spragomis, kurios esant ginčui priverčia šalis sugaišti daug daugiau laiko ir suvartoja daug daugiau finansinių resursų nei tikėtasi arba išvis paverčia arbitražą kaip ginčų sprendimo būdą šalių atveju neįmanomą. Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjamos arbitražinės išlygos su spragomis ir siekiama pasiūlyti būdą, kaip parengti taisyklingas arbitražines išlygas. Šiems tikslams pasiekti būtinas nuoseklus užduočių įvykdymas, apimantis: a) pagrindinių arbitražinės išlygos su spragomis bruožų nustatymą, b) pagrindinių taisyklingai parengtos arbitražinės išlygos elementų nustatymą, c) pagrindinių arbitražinės išlygos su spragomis tipų nustatymą, d) arbitražinių išlygų su spragomis klasifikacijos pateikimą, e) būdų išvengti arbitražinių išlygų su spragomis pateikimą ir f) doktrinos bei teismų praktikos analizę ir apibendrinančių išvadų pateikimą. Pirmoji magistrinio darbo dalis glaustai apibrėžia tarptautinę komercinės sutartį. Tokiu būdu geografinės magistrinio darbo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This thesis looks into the law and policy implications of law-making within the EU in pursuit of the internal market, while protecting other interests such as those of consumers. The discussion concentrates in the field of services addressed to consumers and more specifically in harmonising at EU level the national liability rules governing their defective supply. This case study is developed on the following strands. Firstly, the withdrawal of the European Commission’s ‘Proposal for a Council Directive on the liability of suppliers of services’ [COM (90) 482 final] is examined from the following aspects: a) the political reactions which have preceded its withdrawal, b) its compliance with the constitutional principles governing the legislative process at EU level and c) the assessment of the substantive regime which it purported to establish. Secondly, having regard to a) the aftermath of the Proposal’s failure, b) the evolution of the constitutional debate concerning the existence, the nature and the exercise of EU competence to set harmonised rules and c) the law-making standards which the Union’s Institutions have set to self-restrict their regulatory power, the perspective of harmonising the liability of suppliers of services to consumers is further explored. Drawing on this case-study, this thesis examines the limits to EU law- making activity which are imposed by primary European law and also considers the policy standards which the EU has set for itself in engaging in its law-making commitments. This examination allows in turn the pursuit of broader reflections I about the law and policy factors which become crucial and deserve particular attention by the EU lawmaker when harmonising national rules governing market transactions – such as the liability for the supply of defective services – with a view to attaining and managing the internal market along with protecting other interests recognised at EU level, such as those of consumers.

Em razão da crescente relevância do setor imobiliário no Brasil, este estudo tem por objetivo verificar a proteção dada aos adquirentes de imóveis na incorporação imobiliária, em relação à entrega da coisa, abrangendo tanto as hipóteses de atraso quanto as de vícios no imóvel. Para tanto, serão abordadas questões relacionadas à incorporação imobiliária, inclusive seu surgimento, tipificação e características essenciais; às obrigações do incorporador no que se refere à entrega da coisa; e ao conteúdo das normas protetivas aplicáveis aos adquirentes. / Due to the rising relevancy of the real estate sector in Brazil, this study aims at the verifying the protection assured nowadays to the purchasers of properties in the Brazilian system of incorporação imobiliária, with regard to the delivery of the apartment, including the hypothesis of delay in such delivery and of defective apartments. In this sense, it shall be studied issues relating to the incorporação imobiliária system, especially its construction and development, its definition by law and its essential characteristics; the obligations of delivery in such system; and the content of the applicable laws.

SUMMARY Speciality of Kinesiology CORRELATIONS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS FOR HEALTHY AND MENTAL DEFECTIVE CHILDREN Author: Lorita Kulakauskienė. Supervisor: Prof., Habil. Dr. Alfonsas Vainoras. The work has been carried out at: Kaunas University of Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Kinesiology and Sport medicine, 2003-2005. The aim of the study: to determine correlations of structural and functional parameters for healthy and mental defective children. Objectives: 1. To compare groups of healthy and mental defective children together by means of measured structural and functional parameters. 2. To size up essential correlations of structural and functional parameters. 3. To examine possible reasons of different correlations between two groups of investigative children. 4. To look into organism, as a complex system, features in both groups of investigative children. The object of the study: two groups of children. One of them – 22 mental defective children (mean age – 14,9 years), and the other – 22 healthy children (mean age – 15,04 years). Methods of the study: anthropometry, measuring arterial blood pressure, cirthometry, skoliometry, electrocardiography and mathematical statistics methods. Results: Means of arterial blood pressure and electrocardiographical parameter aQRS were statistically significantly (p<0,05) more in healthy children group (S), but means of cirthometry parameter C_K and skoliometry parameter Sk_3 - in mental defective... [to full text]

Dans cette thèse nous étudions trois jeux à objectif compétitif sur les graphes. Les jeux à objectif compétitif proposent une approche dynamique des problèmes d'optimisation discrètes. L'idée générale consiste à associer à un problème d'optimisation (coloration, domination, etc.) un jeu combinatoire partisan de la façon suivante. Deux joueurs construisent tour à tour la structure reliée au problème d'optimisation. L'un d'eux cherche à ce que cette structure soit le plus optimale possible, tandis que l'autre essaye de l'en empêcher. Sous l'hypothèse que les deux joueurs jouent optimalement, la taille de la structure obtenue définit un invariant ludique.Nous commençons par étudier une variante 1-impropre du jeu de coloration, qui est le premier et le plus étudié des jeux à objectif compétitif. Dans ce jeu, les joueurs colorient les sommets d'un graphe de sorte que deux sommets adjacents ne partagent jamais la même couleur. Dans la version 1-impropre, un sommet peut avoir au plus un voisin ayant la même couleur que lui. Nous considérons ensuite le jeu de domination, dans lequel les deux joueurs doivent construire un ensemble dominant, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de sommets du graphe tel que tout autre sommet est adjacent à l'un des membres de cet ensemble. Finalement, nous définissons un nouveau jeu à objectif compétitif, relié au problème de coloration distinguante. Dans ce jeu, il s'agit de construire une coloration qui n'est invariante par aucun des automorphismes du graphe. Nous soulevons plusieurs interrogations stimulantes concernant ce nouveau jeu, notamment sur la caractérisation des graphes ayant un invariant ludique infini, par l'existence d'automorphismes d'ordre deux. / In this thesis, we study three competitive optimization graph games. These games allow a dynamic approach to discrete optimization problems, which is an advantageous alternative way to consider these questions. The global idea consists in defining a combinatorial partisan game, associated to the original optimization problem, like coloring, domination, etc. Two players alternatively build the structure related to the optimization problem. One of them tries to obtain a structure as optimal as possible, whereas his opponent wants to prevent him from doing it. Under the hypothesis that both players play optimally, the size of the obtained structure defines a game invariant of the graph.We start by studying a 1-improper variation of the coloring game, which is the first and the most studied competitive optimization graph game. In this game, the players colors the vertices of a graph, such that two adjacent vertices do not share the same color. In the 1-improper version, we allow a vertex to have at most one neighbor with the same color as it. Then, we study the domination game, in which the players have to build a domination set, that is a sub-set of vertices such that any other vertex is adjacent to one of the vertex in this set. Finally, we define a new game, related to the distinguishing coloring problem. This game is about building a vertex-coloring which is preserved by none of the graph automorphisms. We raise some challenging open questions about this new game, especially concerning the characterization of graphs with infinite game invariant, by the existence of order two automorphisms.

Em razão da crescente relevância do setor imobiliário no Brasil, este estudo tem por objetivo verificar a proteção dada aos adquirentes de imóveis na incorporação imobiliária, em relação à entrega da coisa, abrangendo tanto as hipóteses de atraso quanto as de vícios no imóvel. Para tanto, serão abordadas questões relacionadas à incorporação imobiliária, inclusive seu surgimento, tipificação e características essenciais; às obrigações do incorporador no que se refere à entrega da coisa; e ao conteúdo das normas protetivas aplicáveis aos adquirentes. / Due to the rising relevancy of the real estate sector in Brazil, this study aims at the verifying the protection assured nowadays to the purchasers of properties in the Brazilian system of incorporação imobiliária, with regard to the delivery of the apartment, including the hypothesis of delay in such delivery and of defective apartments. In this sense, it shall be studied issues relating to the incorporação imobiliária system, especially its construction and development, its definition by law and its essential characteristics; the obligations of delivery in such system; and the content of the applicable laws.

This diploma thesis focuses on the topic of "Sale of consumer goods - rights arising from a defective performance". This topic is coherently and comprehensibly explained, with an emphasis on a comparison between the former legal regulation governing exercising of rights arising from a defective performance under the sale of consumer goods (under Act No. 40/1964 Coll., Civil Code) and current legal regulation governing this area (under Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code), especially with regard to changes in the position of a buyer. Formally, the thesis is divided into six chapters, which are further split into individual subchapters. The first chapter introduces the legislation containing provisions concerning rights arising from a defective performance under the sale of consumer goods. The second chapter deals with the term "sale of consumer goods", with the scope of application of this special area and its purpose. The third chapter describes the procedure of the proper exercise of a right arising from a defective performance, mainly reasons for which this juridical act can be made, what form, content or other elements it must have, who is actually entitled to this act and against whom. This chapter also presents a deadline for exercising of this right, along with arguments for and against...

Kiso H, Takahashi K, Saito K, Togo Y, Tsukamoto H, et al. (2014) Interactions between BMP-7 and USAG-1 (Uterine Sensitization-Associated Gene-1) Regulate Supernumerary Organ Formations. PLoS ONE 9(5): e96938. / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18545号 / 医博第3938号 / 新制||医||1006(附属図書館) / 31445 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 戸口田 淳也, 教授 妻木 範行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM