Bandymų plėtoti bendradarbiavimą gynybos srityje tarp Šiaurės šalių buvo, tačiau nė viena iniciatyva iki šiol nesusilaukė sėkmės, dažnai vienos iš Šiaurės šalių sprendimas sužlugdydavo bandymus pasiekti bendrus susitarimus gynybos ir saugumo srityje. Pasibaigus Šaltajam karui, atsivėrė galimybės naujiems gynybos projektams. Tačiau Šiaurės šalių gynybos identitetai, formavęsi nuo Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabaigos, liko tokie patys. Dėl to naujos iniciatyvos Šiaurės šalyse dėl Jungtinės Šiaurės šalių federacijos reikėjo laukti 20 metų ir vis dėlto nėra aišku, ar ji bus sėkminga, nes bendradarbiavimo gynybos srityje plėtojimo sėkmė priklauso ne tik nuo šalių interesų, tikslų, grėsmių saugumo srityje sutapimo, bet ir jų gynybos identitetų suderinamumo. Šio darbo tyrimo objektas yra Šiaurės šalių (Danijos, Islandijos, Norvegijos, Suomijos ir Švedijos) bendri gynybos identitetų elementai ir galimybė jiems artėti. Darbo tikslas – išskirti Šiaurės šalių gynybos identitetams būdingus bruožus. Kad būtų pasiektas darbo tikslas, išsikelti šie uždaviniai: remiantis konstruktyvistine tarptautinių santykių teorija apibrėžti gynybos identiteto sąvoką, išskirti esminius jos elementus, bei tyrimo analizės kintamuosius; išskirti ir išnagrinėti Šiaurės šalių gynybos identitetų esminius kintamuosius; išanalizuoti Šiaurės šalių gynybos identitetų panašumus bei skirtumus, įvertinti palankumą bendradarbiavimo gynybos srityje plėtrai ir galimybę konstruoti kolektyvinį Šiaurės šalių gynybos identitetą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / There were attempts to develop the defence cooperation between the Nordic states often were interrupted by one or two of the Nordic states. The end of the Cold War opened up opportunities for new defence projects. But the Nordic defence identities which were shaped since the Second World War, remained the same. Therefore, Nordic states had to wait for 20 years for the new common defence cooperation initiative to emerge. Still it is not clear whether it will be successful, because the success of cooperation in the field of defence development depends not only on the overlap of parties’ interests, objectives, threats, security, but also on the compatibility of their defence identities compatibility. The object of this paper is the common elements of defence identities of the Nordic states, and the possibility for them to ally. The aim of this paper aim is to distinguish the characteristic features of defence identities of the Nordic states. To achieve the aim the following goals are settled: to define the concept of the defence identity, highlight its essential elements and analytical variables on the basis of constructivist theory of international relations; to single out and examine the essential variables of the defence identities of he Nordic states; to analyze the similarities and differences between defence identities of the Nordic states, to assess the favor on the development of cooperation in the field of defence, and the possibility to construct a collective Nordic... [to full text]

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<p>During the peak of apartheid, the South African Defence Force (SADF) killed close to a thousand Namibian exiles at Cassinga in southern Angola. This happened on May 4 1978. In recent years, Namibia commemorates this day, nationwide, in remembrance of those killed and disappeared following the Cassinga attack. During each Cassinga anniversary, survivors are modelled into &quot / living testimonies&quot / of the Cassinga massacre. Customarily, at every occasion marking this event, a survivor is delegated to unpack, on behalf of other survivors, &quot / memories of Cassinga&quot / so that the inexperienced audience understands what happened on that day. Besides &quot / survivors‟ testimonies, edited video footage showing, among others, wrecks in the camp, wounded victims laying in hospital beds, an open mass grave with dead bodies, SADF paratroopers purportedly marching in Cassinga is also screened for the audience to witness agony of that day. Interestingly, the way such presentations are constructed draw challenging questions. For example, how can the visual and oral presentations of the Cassinga violence epitomize actual memories of the Cassinga massacre? How is it possible that such presentations can generate a sense of remembrance against forgetfulness of those who did not experience that traumatic event? When I interviewed a number of survivors (2007 - 2010), they saw no analogy between testimony (visual or oral) and memory. They argued that memory unlike testimony is personal (solid, inexplicable and indescribable). Memory is a true picture of experiencing the Cassinga massacre and enduring pain and suffering over the years. In considering survivors' challenge to the visually and orally obscured realities of the Cassinga massacre, this study will use a more lateral and alternative approach. This is a method of attempting to interrogate, among other issues of this study, the understanding of Cassinga beyond the inexperienced economies of this event production. The study also explores the different agencies, mainly political, that fuel and exacerbate the victims' unending pathos. These invasive miseries are anchored, according to survivors, in the disrupted expectations / or forsaken human dignity of survivors and families of the missing victims, especially following Namibia‟s independence in 1990.</p>

Military ethics serve as a normative code of behaviour for the armed forces of a state, acting as a mechanism of definition and control within the force, between the force and its client, and between the force, its adversaries and the wider public. They have two, intrinsically linked, functions: a preventative function, which defines the moral and legal parameters of conduct, and a constructive function, which creates and maintains an effective and controllable force. Preceded by the code of chivalry, they were largely a creation of the era of conventional interstate warfare that was waged across the European continent from the Treaty of Westphalia through to the desolate end of the Second World War; yet, the operations upon which armed forces, and in particular, the New Zealand Army are deployed have changed, dramatically. Wars no longer, current operations are generally justified on moral principles and involve a multinational, joint and interagency deployment sent to intervene in an irregular, intrastate conflict occurring in an underdeveloped region and conducted under the intense glare of the media. This disjuncture between the changing nature of operations and the context in which military ethics were formulated provides the fundamental question for the thesis: if the milieu in which military ethics developed has changed significantly, what is their current utility? Using the New Zealand Army as the frame of reference, first the contemporary operational environment and then the specific operational environment in Timor-Leste were examined to assess the current utility of military ethics. It was found that the preventative function has an increasing utility because it ensures conduct is within expected norms in an era where the perception of the adversary, the local populace and the domestic and international audience is key to operational success. Despite the reduction in conflict intensity, the constructive function has a remaining utility through its mediation and amelioration of the stressors engendered by the growing complexity of the operational environment. The retention of utility for the constructive function appears to have been facilitated by an adaptation of the warrior ethos, from a narrow traditional outlook to a broad and comprehensive modern interpretation.

Previous disaster management studies allude to the problems of coordination and the difficulties that may be associated with the implementation of recovery programmes in New Zealand. These studies have also indicated opportunities for improving the current recovery and reconstruction framework in advance of a major disaster. They have shown that much existing legislation were not drafted to cope with wide-scale devastations and were not developed to operate under the conditions that will inevitably prevail in the aftermath of a severe disaster. This thesis therefore explores improvements that could be made to legislative provisions so that they facilitate large-scale recovery management in New Zealand. Three legislative documents are in view: Civil Defence Emergency Management (CDEM) Act, Resource Management Act (RMA) and Building Act (BA). The research investigations involved qualitative research methodology using multi-methods to determine the practical implication of implementing current reconstruction arrangement under these legislative documents. The methods employed include: interviews, document analysis, focus group study, surveys, and the use of subject matter experts for research verification. Results show that the three legislative documents may become sources of vulnerability in post disaster reconstruction because of their influence on the timely achievement of recovery objectives. The impediments posed by these legislative documents are mainly in the form of procedural constraints; ambiguities in rights and responsibilities for recovery management; and deficiencies in the intents and purposes of the legislative documents. More general results show that pre-planning the management of disaster resources; and collaborative arrangements for response and recovery programmes are a pre-cursor to effective and efficient management of reconstruction in New Zealand. The research concludes by providing useful recommendations that are specific to the three legislative documents and other general recommendations. It is hoped the implementation of these recommendations could improve the robustness of the current reconstruction framework so that it is able to cater for the complex needs of rebuilding for resilience in New Zealand.

This thesis deals with psychological issues concerning patients with malignant gliomas, and their spouses. There is no known medical cure, and the patients have a limited survival expectancy. Therefore studies evaluating new treatment modes, an overall supportive atmosphere, and attempts to avoid imposing unnessesary strain are necessary. Thirty consecutive patients with astrocytomas, grade III-IV, were included in a clinical trial with estramustine phosphate in addition to conventional treatment with surgery and radiotherapy. Both the patients and their spouses participated in the present study which aimed at a deeper understanding of the psychological processes relevant to their situation. By means of repeated thematically structured interviews, patients and spouses were followed separately during the entire course of the disease process. In addition to these interviews, all patients were assessed with a mini-mental examination, and five-month survivors were tested with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Questionnaires on reaction to the diagnosis and assessing psychosocial well-being were also administered to the patients. The interviews were analysed with grounded theory methodology and the findings were juxtaposed to concepts in psychoanalysis and coping theory. The main finding was that the patients, despite or owing to their severe medical situations, showed a marked capacity to create protection and hope. By means of biased perception they created an 'illusion' that palliated their strain. This finding is related to object-relational psychoanalysis with obvious implications for the crucial discussion on telling bad news. Another finding was that the spouses displayed different crisis trajectories depending on the overall status of their partners. Different senses of the relationship were related to different modes of coping. Especially spouses to patients with personality changes were put under severe strain and ought to be acknowledged by medical staff. Patients with no obvious deficits five months after termination of primary treatment nevertheless evidenced, at neuropsychological testing, a pronounced deficiancy in long-term memory, but no clear impairment in global intellectual capacities. Estramustine phosphate was found to have a negative impact on sexuality and might be one causative agent behind the decline in long-term memory, but these adversive effects did not seem to affect psychosocial well-being. The selective reminding technique proved to be sensitive in detecting deficits and is recommended in future clinical trials affecting the CNS. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1996, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

The purpose of this study was to examine and explain Sweden’s defence and security policy during the twenty-first century.   The method that was used in this research was a case study. The material that was used were government documents focusing on this area of policy, and numerous books concerning the theoretical perspectives on international relations and defence security policy.   The study is of an explaining art and the analysis explains Sweden’s security and defence policy during the twenty-first century. The analysis explains this by testing it against a liberal and a realist view on international relations.   The conclusion of the study is that Sweden’s defence and security policy has been liberal during this time period – and still is. When the cold war ended, Sweden started a new orientation that was carrying liberal ideas and ideals, which would transform the defence to this date. Realism was not part of the explanation at any point, not even when Russia was portrayed as violent, unreliable and with the now on-going rearmament and the conflict in Ukraine.

Within the dominant culture, culture tends to be given more weight to explain the behaviour of members of cultural minorities than members of the dominant culture. Drawing on the work of Sherene Razack, Leti Volpp and Anne Phillips, I examine two possibilities as to why this may occur: racism and multicultural overreach. I then determine that there needs to be an approach which public authorities can employ to unpack the relationship between culture and autonomy in an individual’s decision making process. Drawing on the work of Will Kymlicka, Natalie Stoljar and Susan Meyers, and utilizing resources from liberal multiculturalism and relational autonomy, I develop a method to assess the relationship between culture and autonomy which I term critical distance. I analyze four cases involving the decision making process of culture minorities and use critical distance to assess how culture and autonomy inform an individual’s decision making process.

This thesis aims at analyzing the EU&rsquo / s quest for autonomous defence vis-&agrave / -vis NATO with a special reference to the ESDP. The major research question asked is what kind of relationship exists between the EU and NATO. Accordingly, the argument is that the EU&rsquo / s desire to gain autonomy through the ESDP is unlikely to pose a threat to the primacy of NATO in European Security. In this framework, firstly, the legacy of the Cold War and transition from the ESDI to the ESDP are discussed. Secondly, the political aspect of the EU-NATO relations is addressed by touching upon the views of major powers in the EU-NATO relations. The main obstacles for the development of the EU-NATO relations are explored in the third part. The last part is allocated to the recent developments in the EU-NATO relations within the post September 11 context. This thesis is concluded by suggesting that although the evolving nature of the EU-NATO relations does not provide sufficient evidence for giving a clear answer to whether the EU and NATO cohabitate or separate, the EU and NATO should strive for cohabitating and working together in a complementary and harmonious way.

This thesis analyzes the process of European Defence Industry&#039 / s restructuring and consolidation process in accordance with the emerging Post-Cold War period transformation requirements. To achieve this aim it investigates the process in terms of the European Defence Industrial Base on the one hand and international level of convergence efforts on the other. It demonstrates drivers of change for the defence industry, namely / the narrowing budgets, changing relationship between state and defence industry, importance of technological achievements, rise of civil sector and internationalization of national defence firms. Regarding the restructuring and consolidation process the thesis examines behavior of firms in terms of merger and/or acquisition... etc activities in order to adopt the Post-Cold War transformations. Moreover, due to its significance of being regarded as the first true attempt of creating a transnational defence sector identity the EADS is also investigated. Also it deals with the institutional level of convergence efforts mainly in terms of NATO, EU, WEU/WEAO and OCCAR. To provide a comparative framework, the US defence industry and its impact on the European counterpart is examined