This thesis is a case study of educational process in the leadership development program of the Australian Defence Force Academy. The intention is to determine the relative emphasis in educational process on the conventional command and managerial compliance (Type A) style and the emergent contingent and creative (Type B) style of leadership. The Type A style is theorised as emphasizing hierarchy and control, whereas the emphasis in a Type B style is on adaptive and entrepreneurial behaviour. This study looks at the learning process in a cultural and structural context rather than focus on curriculum and instructional design. Research in this wider context is intended to enable development processes to successfully bridge a gap between theory and practice, implicit in studies that identify theories 'in-operation' as different from the theories 'espoused' (Argyris 1992, Savage 1996). In terms of espoused and in-use theory, the study seeks to produce a valid and reliable result to the question: what is the relative emphasis on the two leadership styles in the operation of the three educational mechanisms of curriculum, pedagogy (teaching practice) and assessment? The quantitative analysis of results (n = 114) draws attention to both leadership styles in terms of two and three-way relationships of style, cadet or work group and service type. The data shows that both Type A and Type B leadership styles are evident in the general conversation of the organisation. This trend is present as espoused theory in the curriculum of the Defence Academy. However, the data also confirm a clear and strong emphasis towards command and managerial compliance as theory-in-use, particularly by cadets. This emphasis is noticeably evident in the teaching and assessment practice of the Defence Academy. Other research outcomes include the observation that: Contextually, while studies show it is difficult to isolate skills from their cultural and biographical context (Watkins, 1991:15), this study suggests that it is equally difficult to isolate skills development from this context. There is a strong task or instrumental link identified by cadet responses in terms of content and development process at the Defence Academy, in contrast to the wider developmental emphasis in general literature and senior officer interviews. There is a lack of awareness of teaching strategies and development activity consistent with espoused Type B leadership theory and curriculum content. This gap is compounded by the use in the Defence Academy of personnel without teaching expertise or suitable developmental experience. The socialisation of cadets into the military workplace is the primary purpose of training. This purpose appears taken for granted by all concerned - staff, cadets and senior officers. Defence Academy development processes appear to be faced with a dilemma. Arguably, training and learning from experience are limited approaches to development. Training, which involves learning by replication, and learning from experience, which is largely imitative, are both of little use when people are faced with novel and ambiguous situations. This study suggests that in order to support the development of capabilities that go beyond training based competence a learning and development approach is needed. This more expansive approach requires educational planners to consider the cultural and social context that can inadvertently promote the status quo in practice over espoused outcomes.

The implementation of a new Information Technology in an organization represents a significant change. Little research, however, has been conducted on the collective power of Information Technology acceptance and change management. The current research seeks to integrate a prominent model of technology acceptance and change management theory to develop an holistic approach to Information Technology implementation and acceptance. Using Davis' (1989) Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Attitude) and Beer, Eisenstat and Specter's (1990) six step model of change (Change), this three phase longitudinal case study examined the change management of the implementation of a new Information System within a statutory authority. Results from the current study show that the addition of the six step model (Change) adds appreciably to the TAM (Attitude) in the prediction of general service satisfaction and perceived implementation success. Findings also show the temporal salience of the factors of the six step model and the TAM in the prediction of these dependent variables. The current research supports previous work by Davis (1989) and Thompson, Higgins and Howell (1994) who stated that initially people are motivated to use an Information System by affect, but will in time be more concerned with usefulness as habit formation occurs. The current study found that during the pre-implementation phase, commitment through communication and vision are critical to the change process. However, as the change moves into the implementation phase, consensus becomes most important. The shift in factors salient during the change process is what the author refers to as the temporal progression proposition. Strengths and limitations of the current study and recommendations for future research are discussed.

The contemplation of the reorganisations of the Australian Defence Group of departments over the past 34 years led to a notion that for organisations operating in turbulent environments there may exist a hypothetical re1ationship between perceived environmental uncertainty and organised complexity. This hypothetica1 relationship is described as 'coping' and is based on an assumption that in an organisational setting, individuals make some form of response to changes in their environment and this response is manifest in organisational change. The notion of this hypothetical relationship also led to the development of two 'ideal type' models - the Coping Model and the Overload Model. The application of contingency theory through the Overload Model showed that the State of an Organisation could be defined acccrdicg to its mode of existence in relation to some optimal level of information processing and some optimal level of organised complexity. A typology of ths States of Organisations has been derived from the Overload Model and design strategies which are appropriate to each state have been ranked according to an ordinal preference scale. The 'ideal type' models have allowed subjectively weighted judgements to be made about the present state of the Defence organisation and the ranking of design strategies to avoid the perceived undesirable state of overload. The Department of Defence is now imputed to be in a state of 'disorganisation'. The Overload Model suggests that there has been an over-investment in vertical information systems at the expense of lateral relations. The policy-making implication of this suggestion is that the state of 'overload' can be avoided through a reduction in organised complexity and the creation of lateral relations. This can be achieved if the Central Office is restructured to reduce the number of committees and if appropriate co-ordinating representatives are placed in the Service Offices.

This research essay examines the emergence and development of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade and its attempts to influence foreign policy. Established as the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs in 1952, it was the first committee to have a specific portfolio alignment. The purpose of the committee was to ensure that a considerable number of parliamentarians could become informed about foreign affairs issues. The establishment of a committee for such a purpose was surprising in that proponents of parliamentary reform at that tune were strongly advocating that a comprehensive system of committees be created for the purposes of financial scrutiny of government expenditure and consideration of legislation. Against this background it is interesting that the new committee was not given - and indeed showed no intention of assuming - the role of scrutinising the activities of the Department of External (and later, Foreign) Affairs. It is also interesting that Prime Minister Robert Menzies instigated the committee despite the fact that the government - and particularly the Minister for External Affairs R G Casey - feared the committee might go beyond its terms of reference and attempt to exert influence on government policy. Consequently the government imposed severe restrictions on the committee's activities which resulted in the Opposition steadfastly refusing to participate in the work of the committee for 15 years. Once some of these restrictions were removed, the committee began to operate as a bipartisan committee in 1967 and promptly set about attempting to influence government policy in foreign affairs. Casey's worst fears were realised. Over the years the brief of the committee expanded into the areas of defence and trade. Eleven of the committee's reports address significant defence issues and since 1987 the committee has conducted extensive inquiries into trade matters. For the purposes of this research essay however I have focused on the development of the committee's interest and influence in the area of foreign affairs. Chapter One of this essay describes the background of parliamentary reform which resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive system of committees within the Australian Parliament. Against this background the emergence of the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs is outlined in Chapter Two. Chapter Three identifies the major trends in the work of the committee while Chapter Four examines the influence and some of the mechanisms through which the committee has exerted pressure on foreign affairs policy. The conclusions of my research are addressed in Chapter Five. This research essay is based on an analysis of official committee documents which address foreign affairs issues from 1967 to the present. The major sources for the essay therefore are the reports of the committee, government responses to those reports and parliamentary debates. Other works consulted include academic journals and monographs. I have also gained numerous insights into the powers and limitations of committees through informal discussions with members of various committees and colleagues. To these people I am indebted for their thoughtful and provocative remarks. In particular I thank Professor John Halligan of the University of Canberra for his assistance and encouragement in bringing this research essay to its conclusion.

<p>Sarcoptes scabiei is a disease-causing parasitic mite of humans and animals that is prevalent worldwide. The parasite lives in burrows in the epidermis of its host. These burrows are formed by a combination of mechanical destruction by the mite and secretion of various factors.</p><p>The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. As such, it is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. In this project, the enzyme was expressed in transformed Escherichia coli cells. The SOD cDNA from S. scabiei was ligated into two different expression vectors: pPU16 and pET-14b. The S. scabiei SOD open reading frame reported here is 696 nucleotides long and yields a protein with a molecular weight of  69.5 kDa. Only one of the constructs was successfully created, using pPU16. The construct was designated pPU110 and has a sequence coding for a hexahistidine tag downstream of the SOD cDNA and has a sequence coding for the maltose binding protein (MBP) upstream.</p><p>The expression plasmid pPU110 was verified by DNA-sequencing and the tested in different expression experiments. Analysis using SDS-PAGE showed that recombinant fusion SOD could be readily expressed in E.coli.</p>

<p>En teoretisk kontroll av luftvärnsbataljonens sjukvårdsfunktion</p><p>Syftet med detta arbete är att inom ramen för funktionsmålsättning för Försvarsmaktens hälso- och sjukvård kontrollera om luftvärnsbataljonens sjukvårdsfunktion enligt org. 09 är korrekt dimensionerad.</p><p> Frågeställningen är: När, med hänsyn till grupperingsgeometri, medicinska tidskrav samt evakueringskapacitet blir sjukvårdsfunktionen en begränsande faktor för luftvärnsbataljonen.</p><p> För att svara på detta jämförs luftvärnsbataljonens TOEM med kraven ur funktionsmålsättning för Försvarsmaktens hälso- sjukvård i syfte att kontrollera om sjukvårdsfunktionen ges förutsättning att lösa ställda uppgifter. Vidare analyseras faktorerna, aktionsradie, förlustskadeberäkningar preventiv medicin, samt evakueringskapacitet och grupperingsgeometri.</p><p>Den viktigaste slutsatsen ur arbetet är: Det är inte sannolikt att samtliga enheter inom bataljonen kan åtnjuta möjligheten till adekvat sjukvård inom de tider som de medicinska kraven ställer.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to investigate if the medical function in the Air Defence Battalion is enough.</p><p> The question to be answered in this essay is as follows: When, considering deployment geometry, medical time-demands and evacuation capacity does the medical function become a limiting factor for the AD Battalion?</p><p> A descriptive method is used in this essay. Material has been gathered and analysed to show the limitations of the battalion considering the medical function. A study has also been made. The material and the study are used as a base in the discussion and from the discussion and the results from the analysis, conclusions are drawn.</p><p>One of these conclusions is that: It is not probable that all units in the Air Defence Battalion will receive proper medical attention within the time-span established in the guiding medical documents.</p>

Le but de cette étude est de présenter un tableau des questions de défense en Crète aux époques classique et hellénistique. La cité grecque étant une entité double, la défense de la ville n’a pas été séparée de celle de son territoire. Le point de départ de ce travail est le catalogue des fortifications crétoises, qui comprend 61 sites fortifiés (enceintes urbaines, forts et tours isolées). À partir d’une étude qui fait une grande place aux questions de topographie, il a été possible d’une part, de dégager des dynamiques régionales et d’autre part, d’identifier certaines caractéristiques et certaines évolutions dans l’implantation des cités crétoises. L’exemple de la Crète permet d’alimenter le débat sur la place de l’enceinte dans la définition de la cité. Les vestiges archéologiques ne semblent pas aller dans le sens des sources littéraires, selon lesquelles toute cité était nécessairement ceinte d’un rempart. Mais l’existence d’une enceinte semble bien être la marque du statut de cité./This study aims to raise various questions regarding defence in Crete during the classical and Hellenistic Periods. As the Greek city-state was a double entity, it seemed important to not separate the defence of the town from the defence of the territory. The starting point of this work was the catalogue of Cretan fortifications, which contains 61 fortified sites (city walls, forts and watch-towers). Topography plays a key role in the study therefore it is possible, on the one hand to separate regional dynamics of some cities and, on the other, to identify certain characteristics and evolutions in the settlement of Cretan cities. The example of Crete encourages the debate on the role of the city-wall in the definition of the city-state. Archaeological remains do not seem not to agree with literary sources which declare that every town had a wall. However the existence of a city-wall appears to be indicative of the city-state.

SUMMARY PtaRHE1 is a poplar (Populus tremula x P. alba) gene encoding a REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE (RING) domain-containing protein. RING proteins are largely represented in plants and play important roles in the regulation of many developmental processes as well as in plant-environment interactions. In this thesis, we present a functional characterization of PtaRHE1. To gain further insight into the role of this gene, molecular and genetic alteration approaches were used. The results of in vitro ubiquitination assays indicate that PtaRHE1 protein is a functional E3 ligase and this activity was shown to be specific with the human UbCH5a, among the tested ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Histochemical GUS stainings showed that the PtaRHE1 promoter is induced by plant pathogens and by elicitors such as salicylic acid and cellulase and is also developmentally regulated. In silico predictions and the transient expression of PtaRHE1-GFP fusion protein in N. tabacum epidermal cells revealed that PtaRHE1 is localized both in the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. The localization of expression of PtaRHE1 in poplar stem by in situ hybridization indicated that PtaRHE1 transcripts are localized within the cambial zone mainly in ray cells, suggesting a role of this gene in vascular tissue development and/or functioning. The overexpression of PtaRHE1 in tobacco resulted in a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by a curling of leaves, the formation of necrotic lesions on leaf blades, growth retardation as well as a delay in flower transition. Plant genes expression responses to PtaRHE1 overexpression provided evidence for the up-regulation of defence and/or programmed cell death (PCD) related genes. Moreover, genes coding for WRKY transcription factors as well as for MAPK, such as WIPK, were also found to be induced in the transgenic lines as compared to the wild type (WT). Taken together, our results suggest that the E3 ligase PtaRHE1 plays a role in the signal transduction pathways leading to defence responses against biotic and abiotic stresses. Identification of PtaRHE1 target(s) is required in order to fully assess the role of this E3 ligase in the ubiquitination-mediated regulation of defence response./ RÉSUMÉ PtaRHE1 est un gène qui code pour une protéine possédant un domaine RING (REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE) chez le peuplier (Populus tremula x P. alba). Les protéines de type RING sont très répandues chez les végétaux où elles jouent de rôles importants dans la régulation de plusieurs processus de développement et également dans les interactions plantes-environnement. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons procédé à la caractérisation fonctionnelle du gène PtaRHE1. Dans le but de découvrir la fonction de ce gène, nous avons adopté une stratégie faisant usage d’approches moléculaires ainsi que de l’altération de l’expression génique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la protéine PtaRHE1 est une E3 ligase et que cette activité enzymatique est spécifique à l’Ubiquitin-Conjugating enzym humaine UbCH5a. Les résultats du test histochimique GUS ont montré que le promoteur du gène PtaRHE1 est induit par des pathogènes et aussi par l’acide salicylique et la cellulase. Par ailleurs, ce promoteur est aussi régulé au cours du développement végétal. Les prédictions in silico et l’expression transitoire d’une fusion traductionnelle GFP-PtaRHE1, au niveau de l’épiderme des feuilles du tabac N. tabacum, ont révélé que la protéine PtaRHE1 se situe tant au niveau de la membrane cytoplasmique qu’au niveau du noyau. La localisation de l’expression du gène PtaRHE1, par les techniques d’hybridation in situ, montre que les transcrits de ce gène se retrouvent principalement au niveau des cellules de rayon, dans la zone cambiale, suggérant que ce gène pourrait jouer un rôle dans le développement ou la formation du tissu vasculaire. La surexpression du gène PtaRHE1 chez le tabac a conduit à l’obtention d’un phénotype pléiotropique caractérisé par un recroquevillement (incurvation) des feuilles, la formation des lésions nécrotiques sur le limbe, un retard de croissance ainsi qu’un retard dans la transition florale. L’analyse de la réponse de l’expression de différents gènes à la surexpression de PtaRHE1 a mis en évidence l’induction des gènes liés à la défense et ou à la mort cellulaire programmée. En outre, l’expression des gènes codant pour des facteurs de transcription WRKY et aussi des MAPKs, tel que WIPK, était aussi plus élevée chez les plantes transgéniques comparées au type sauvage. Les résultats de ce travail suggèrent que PtaRHE1, comme E3 ligase, pourrait jouer un rôle dans la transduction des signaux cellulaires conduisant aux réactions de défense contre les stress biotiques et abiotiques. L’identification de la (des) cible(s) de PtaRHE1 est indispensable pour la compréhension du rôle de cette protéine dans la régulation des réponses de défense par l’intermédiaire de l’ubiquitination.

Despite many economic and state reforms in South America, no comparable changes have taken place with regard to civil-military relations: Neither do the armed forces have a clearly defined mission of their own nor are they adequately democratically controlled. The article looks at the present civil-military relations from various angles and explicitly deals with examples from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. It presents the reasons for the lack of civilian control over the military and discusses the resulting consequences for domestic and foreign politics.

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