Tomatoes are widely produced and consumed due to their nutritional content and versatility. However, the tomato is a soft fruit liable to damage and flavour deterioration. Hence, the main challenge for the tomato producing industry is to prevent the high loss incurred during harvest, handling and transportation of the crops. The objective of this study was to investigate the overall nutritional implication of controlled storage of tomatoes using ozone on the ripening process and the basic nutritional components of tomatoes. This investigation was also designed to focus on the effect of different ozone doses on the basic components and properties (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity and soluble sugars content) of the quality and dynamic maturity of tomatoes. Green tomatoes (Rio Grande) were treated in glass chambers with ozone enriched air [(air + 2, 7 and 21 mg O3/g tomato) and control (air only)] under humidity and temperature of 90-95% and 14-17 oC respectively. Tomatoes were sampled after 14 days of ozone treatment in the storage chamber and analyzed for different quality parameters (appearance, weight loss, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), titratable acidity, total ascorbic acid and carotene) of the ripening. The variety Elegance tomatoes were selected and the fruits were graded by colour and subjected to treatment with ozone (in doses 0 (clean air), 0.25, 0.50, and1.00 mg O3/g tomatoes) during storage for 6 days under the same humidity and temperature conditions. The fruits were analysed for carotenoids, ascorbic acid content, total antioxidant activity and soluble sugars. Analysis of the fruits clearly showed that ozone significantly delayed the development of colour on the surface, particularly in the low doses, and caused black spots on the surface of the tomatoes, particularly in higher ozone doses. Ozone did not affect the ascorbic acid and titratable acidity content. However ozone did reduce the Total Soluble Solids (TSS) by about 10% at the lowest ozone dose. A high inhibition of accumulation of carotenoids, particularly at low dose, of the tomatoes (Rio Grande) was also observed. Tomatoes (Elegance) under ozone treatments contained higher ß-carotene than those under the control treatment and lycopene content increased during storage in the red stage of tomato fruits. Ascorbic acid (AsA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and the total of AsA and DHA concentrations, and ratios of redox (ASA/ (ASA + DHA) and DHA/AsA in pericarp and pulp of tomatoes tissue, did not show clear differences between the different treatments. The concentrations of the glucose and fructose increased in the tomatoes which were subjected to ozone treatments. Results from this study show that controlled atmosphere storage of tomatoes using ozone is a viable technique which warrants further study.

L'énergie nucléaire est l'une des plus propres en matière d'émission de gaz à effet de serre et, malgré ses atouts, elle n'est développée que dans quelques pays du monde. La sûreté reste une question ouverte pour l'avenir de cette énergie après l'accident de Fukushima. En France, la loi de 2006 sur la gestion des déchets soutient le développement d'une nouvelle génération de réacteurs nucléaires et du prototype de Réacteur Technologiquement Avancé au Sodium pour la Démonstration Industrielle (projet ASTRID) qui vise à apporter une réponse industrielle et technologique à de nombreux enjeux de ce siècle. L'une des préoccupations de la technologie du Réacteur à Neutrons Rapide et caloporteur sodium (RNR Na) est la perte de ce dernier car elle pourrait entraîner un emballement de la réaction en chaîne si l'effet en réactivité de vidange sodium (SVRE) est positif. Lorsque le sodium est retiré du cœur, deux effets antagonistes se produisent qui affectent l'équilibre neutronique: l'un augmente la réactivité du cœur et est appelé la composante centrale (CC) et l'autre est la composante de fuite (LC) avec un effet négatif sur la réactivité. Maximiser la dernière composante est l'une des réponses pour augmenter la sûreté inhérente aux RNR-Na. C'est pourquoi le CEA a développé un concept de cœur innovant: le «Cœur à Faible Vidange» (CFV) qui donne une SVRE négatif. Cependant, de telles innovations doivent être validées expérimentalement et l'incertitude sur cet effet en réactivité doit être maîtrisée. En soutien au développement des RNR Na : la base de données expérimentale existante est assez importante (PRE-RACINE, CIRANO, BFS). / The nuclear energy is one of the cleanest energy in regard of greenhouse gas emission and despite its assets is only developed in few countries in the world. Safety remains an open issue for the future of this energy after the Fukushima accident . In France the 2006 law on the waste management ensures the development of a new generation of nuclear reactor and has lead to the Advanced Sodium Technology Reactor for Industrial Demonstration (ASTRID) which aims to bring an industrial and technological advanced answer to many issues of this century. One of the concerns in the sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) technology is the loss of sodium coolant accident because it might lead to a snowball effect in the chain reaction if the sodium void reactivity effect (SVRE) is positive. When the sodium is removed from the core, two antagonistic effects arise that affect the neutron balance: one increases the reactivity of the core and is called the central component (CC) and the other is the leakage component (LC) with a negative feedback on the reactivity. Maximizing the last component is one of the answer to increase the inherent safety of the SFRs. That is why the CEA has developed an innovative core design: the “Cœur à Faible Vidange” (CFV : Core with low void effect) which exhibits a negative SVRE. However, such innovations have to be experimentally validated and the uncertainty on this reactivity effect has to be mastered. In support of SFRs the existing experimental data base is quite large (PRE-RACINE, CIRANO, BFS).

O processo de obtenção diagnóstica da tuberculose (TB) é permeado por aspectos relacionados à acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde, que interferem diretamente na conduta do doente em buscar por atendimento após perceber o início dos sintomas da doença. Reconhecer esses aspectos pode contribuir na elaboração de medidas que levem à identificação precoce dos casos, diminuição do tempo diagnóstico e disseminação do agravo na comunidade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo, analisar o tempo do doente na busca por serviço de saúde para o diagnóstico da tuberculose no município de Ribeirão Preto - SP, 2009. Estudo descritivo do tipo transversal, realizado em Ribeirão Preto. De 113 doentes de TB, que estavam em tratamento no período de julho a novembro de 2009, foram entrevistados 94, que atenderam os critérios de seleção. Utilizou-se um questionário estruturado baseado no Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT) adaptado para o enfoque no diagnóstico da TB. Para a análise dos dados, medidas de tendência central (mediana e intervalos interquartis) foram utilizadas para analisar a variável: \"tempo decorrido entre sentir-se doente e a primeira procura pelo serviço de saúde\". Estabeleceu-se a mediana como valor mais adequado para a caracterização dos dois grupos de doentes (atraso e não atraso). Considerou-se atraso ao diagnóstico, doentes que demoraram mais de 15 dias para buscar pelo primeiro atendimento em um serviço de saúde. Em seguida, por meio do cálculo da Razão de Prevalência identificaram-se as variáveis sócio-demográficas, clínicas e da dimensão porta de entrada de maior atraso na busca por atendimento. O primeiro serviço de saúde procurado foram os Serviços de Pronto Atendimento (SPA) (57,4%), seguidos pelas Unidades de Atenção Básica (UAB) (24,5%) e Serviços Especializados (SE) (18,1%). Já o acesso ao diagnóstico ocorreu nos SE (60,6%), seguidos dos SPA (26,6%) e das UAB (12,8%). Quanto ao tempo de atraso ao diagnóstico, em relação às informações sócio-demográficos, o perfil dos doentes que mais demoraram para buscar pelos SPA foram: idade entre 50 a 59 anos (30 dias); SE: gênero masculino (30 dias), com escolaridade (21dias); renda acima de cinco salários mínimos (30 dias). Informações clínicas: SE: forma clínica pulmonar, caso novo e com co-infecção TB/HIV, (20 dias). Dimensão porta de entrada (primeiro serviço de saúde pocurado): UAB: sintomas moderados da doença (30 dias); SPA: não consumiam bebidas alcoólicas (25 dias) e com conhecimento satisfatório sobre a TB (26 dias); SE: não realizavam controle preventivo de saúde (30 dias), fumavam (20 dias), com conhecimento satisfatório sobre a TB (26 dias), não procuravam o serviço de saúde mais próximo do domicílio (30 dias). O serviço de saúde de maior acessibilidade foram os SPA, (funcionamento de 24h, demanda livre). É necessário capacitar as equipes de saúde, para identificarem os doentes de TB que tiveram maior atraso na busca por atendimento, favorecendo a acessibilidade ao diagnóstico precoce e contribuindo no controle da doença. / The process of obtaining diagnosis for tuberculosis (TB) is permeated by aspects relating to the accessibility of health services, which impact directly on the conduct of patients in search of medical attention after noticing the first symptoms of the disease. Recognising these aspects can contribute to the development of measures that lead to the early diagnosis of cases, reduction in the overall time taken in the diagnostic process and alleviation of the impacts of TB on the community. The aim of the present study was to analyse the patient time in the search in first health service for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in city of Ribeirao Preto, SP, 2009. Descriptive study, cross sectional conducted in Ribeirao Preto. Of 113 TB patients that were in treatment during the period between June and November of 2009, 94 were interviewed that fulfilled the selection criteria. A questionnaire was used based on the Primary Care Assessment tool (PCAT), which was adapted for focus on the diagnosis of TB. For the analysis of data, measures of central tendency (median and interquartile intervals) were utilised to analyse the variable: ,,time elapsed between the appearance of symptoms and the first search for health services\". The median was established as the most appropriate value for the characterisation of two groups of patients (timely and delay). Patients were considered ,,delay\" if the time between the first signs of illness and the search for health sercices was greater than 15 days. Next, through calculation of the prevalence ratios, socioeconomic, demographic, clinical and gateway dimension were identified for the greatest delay in the search in first health service. The emergency services (ES) room was the most common health service first sought by patients (57.4%), followed by primary health care (PHC) (24.5%), and finally specialists services (SS) (18.1%). The leading service with regard to obtaining a diagnosis was that of SS (60.1%), followed by ES (26.6%), and PHC (12.8%). Regarding the delay in obtaining a diagnosis, and with relation to socio-demographic information, patients that took the longest to seek health services through ES rooms were: between 50-59 years of age (30 days); SS: masculine (30 days), educated (21 days), receive a salary greater than five times the minimum wage (30 days). Clinical Information: SS: lung clinics, new cases and with co-infection TB/HIV (20 days). Gateway dimension (the search in first health service): PHC: moderate symptoms of the disease (30 days); ES: non-drinkers (30 days), and with a satisfactory knowledge of TB (26 days); SS: not practicing preventative health control (30 days), smokers (20 days), satisfactory knowledge of TB (26 days), didn\"t seek the health service closest to residence (30 days). The most accessible health service proved to be ES (functioning 24 hours, on demand). It is necessary to properly equip health care professionals so as to facilitate the identification of patients from TB that delayed in the search in first health service, facilitating the health service accessibility thus enabling the early diagnosis of the disease and contributing to its control.

As características biológicas e comportamentais relacionadas aos doentes de tuberculose (TB) são importantes aspectos a serem considerados quando se almeja a precocidade da detecção dos casos, uma vez que determinam a procura e utilização dos serviços de saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos relacionados aos doentes de TB que interferem no tempo de procura por um serviço de saúde após a percepção do início dos sintomas da doença na cidade de São José do Rio Preto - SP. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo e exploratório, do tipo inquérito. Participaram do estudo 100 doentes de TB entrevistados por meio de um instrumento que contemplou questões sócio-demográficas, clínicas, econômicas e comportamentais dos doentes. A partir da questão relacionada ao tempo para proceder a procura por um serviço de saúde realizou-se o cálculo da mediana e, por meio do valor obtido, definiu-se o ponto de corte a partir do qual se considerou atraso na procura por atendimento. O tempo mediano decorrido entre a percepção do início dos sintomas da TB e a primeira procura por um serviço de saúde foi de 15 dias, sendo a Unidade de Pronto Atendimento (UPA) o principal serviço de saúde procurado. Houve predominância de doentes do sexo masculino. Encontrou-se atraso (>15 dias) entre homens e indivíduos com idade entre 50 a 59 anos que procuraram pelas UPA e entre mulheres e indivíduos cuja faixa etária estava entre 18 a 29 e maiores de 60 anos que optaram pelas Unidades de Atenção Básica (UAB). No que se refere ao estado civil, somente tiveram atraso doentes que se declararam divorciados/separados. Doentes sem escolaridade ou com EF incompleto, sem remuneração e que possuíam a forma pulmonar da TB atrasaram ao buscar UPA. Doentes com forma extrapulmonar da TB e em recidiva/retratamento atrasaram quando a busca por atendimento ocorreu nas UAB. Co-infectados foram mais rápidos ao buscar por atendimento nos serviços especializados. Demoraram para buscar pelo primeiro atendimento aqueles que relataram os sintomas ao início da doença como sendo de fracos a moderados. Houve atraso entre doentes que não fumavam e procuraram por UAB e UPA. Houve demora superior a 15 dias somente quando a procura por assistência entre os doentes consumidores de bebidas alcoólicas ocorreu nas UAB. Tiveram retardo doentes com conhecimento precário que procuraram as UAB e aqueles com conhecimento satisfatório que optaram pelas UPA. A maioria dos doentes deste estudo tinham o hábito de procurar pelos serviços mais próximos do domicílio antes do diagnóstico da TB e não atrasaram ao buscar por atendimento em UAB e serviços especializados. Levanta-se a necessidade de maior atenção por parte da equipe dos serviços de saúde quanto às caracteristicas do perfil dos usuários que tiveram atraso na busca por atendimento. O reconhecimento dessas características e do padrão de utilização dos serviços de saúde é primordial para o planejamento em saúde e definição de estratégias que favoreçam a busca por atendimento entre os usuários em menor tempo, de modo a possibilitar o diagnóstico precoce da TB pelos serviços de saúde. / The biological and behavioral characteristics related to patients with tuberculosis (TB) are important aspects to be considered when the early detection of cases of the disease is aimed, since they seem to play an important role in demand and utilization of health services patterns. This study aimed to describe the aspects related to TB patients that affect time to search for a health facility after the perception of the onset of disease symptoms in Sao Jose do Rio Preto - SP. An epidemiological study, descriptive and exploratory type of investigation were conducted including 100 TB patients, who were interviewed by an instrument that included socio-demographic, clinical, economic and behavioral characteristics. From the issue related to time to search for a health service the median was calculated, and half the value obtained, we defined the cutoff point from which delay in seeking treatment was considered. The median time between the perception of TB symptoms\' onset and the first demand for a health service was 15 days, being the Emergency Unit (EU) the main health service sought. There was a predominance of male patients. A delay was found (> 15 days) among men and those with age from 50 to 59 years who sought first a EU and among women and those with age between 18 to 29, as well as seniors over 60, who opted for searching first a Primary Care Unit (PHU). Regarding to marital status, in general, only patients who declared themselves as divorced/separated had shown delay. Patients without education or with incomplete level of formation, without remuneration and who presented the TB pulmonary form seek the EU with delay. Patients with extrapulmonary TB and relapse/retreatment delayed when searching for treatment occurred in the PHU. Co-infection patients seek faster care at specialized services. Those who reported the symptoms of the disease as being low to moderate showed longer time to search. Patients who didn´t smoke and looked for PHU and EU also present delayed. Among patients who consumed alcohol, delay was greater than 15 days when demand for care occurred at UAB. Those who present poor knowledge and sought PHU and those with satisfactory knowledge that opted for the EU also showed longer delays. Most patients in this study were used to seek services closer to their homes before the diagnosis of TB and did not delay in seeking care at PHU and specialized services. Need for greater focus by the team of health services regarding the characteristics of the profile of users who have had to seek delays for care is raised. Recognition of patient\'s characteristics and health services\' utilization patterns, in their different ways of organizing and delivering assistance is central to health planning and developing strategies to promote the search for treatment among users in less time, in order to enable early diagnosis of TB at health services.

A Doença de Chagas é uma infecção parasitária causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi1, transmitida aos humanos principalmente pelas fezes contaminadas de insetos triatomídio. Esta patologia permanece endêmica na América Latina com grande impacto socioeconômico. O envolvimento cardíaco é a principal causa de morte, sendo que a fisiopatologia e a evolução clínica da doença não são completamente compreendidas e a estratificação de risco permanece desafiadora. A presença de disfunção miocárdica associada ou não à doença arterial aterosclerótica vem acompanhada de áreas de fibrose miocárdica e tem se mostrado como importante fator de pior prognóstico. Ressonância Magnética (RM) é um método já consagrado na detecção de fibrose miocárdica pela técnica de realce tardio (RT). Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: identificar e quantificar a área de realce tardio em pacientes com Cardiopatia Chagásica e disfunção contrátil do ventrículo esquerdo por meio da Tomografia Coronária; associar a extensão do RT pela tomografia com a FE do ventrículo esquerdo, medida pela ecocardiografia; determinar se há ou não associação da presença e extensão do realce tardio com a presença de coronariopatia significativa; determinar a presença de aterosclerose coronária neste subgrupo de pacientes chagásicos por meio do escore de cálcio; e identificar a presença de coronariopatia obstrutiva nesta população. Foram selecionados 36 pacientes com o diagnóstico confirmado de Doença de Chagas e disfunção ventricular (FE< 50%) confirmada pela ecocardiografia que respeitaram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, e que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a angiotomografia coronária com a técnica de realce tardio e escore de cálcio. Todos os pacientes completaram o protocolo sem efeitos adversos com dose de radiação média de 11,17 +- 1,26 mSv e com exames interpretáveis. Observadores cegos e independentes, sem conhecimento prévio dos dados clínicos ou dos exames, realizaram análise visual e quantitativa do grau de estenose coronária, do escore de cálcio e do realce tardio. A média da idade foi de 57,5+- 8, dos quais 61,1% eram mulheres. A média da FE foi de 38,19 +- 6,91. Foram encontradas 2 lesões significativas (>50%) em 2 pacientes. A média do escore de cálcio foi de 19,06 +- 40,72. A fibrose miocárdica foi observada em 86,1% dos 36 pacientes e sua quantificação foi realizada de acordo com o esquema de segmentação miocárdica segundo a orientação da American Hear Association. A partir dos nossos achados, concluímos que, por meio da Tomografia coronária, é possível identificar áreas de fibrose miocárdica em pacientes chagásicos, que a quantidade de fibrose é inversamente proporcional à fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda (r= 0,52 p = 0,0011) e que a fibrose segue um padrão de localização específico da doença. Nossos achados permitem também inferir que a fibrose miocárdica nesse grupo de pacientes não se correlaciona à presença de obstruções coronárias, sendo o padrão de realce tardio diferente daquele observado em portadores de doença arterial coronária. Não houve correlação entre o escore de cálcio e áreas de fibrose vistas pela técnica de realce tardio (r= 0,04 p= 0,80). Desta forma, a tomografia pode ser uma alternativa à RM para a pesquisa de fibrose em pacientes chagásicos, aspecto que pode ser particularmente relevante naqueles que apresentam contraindicação formal à realização deste exame. / Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi1. It is transmitted to humans mainly by the infected feces of triatomine insects. This pathological condition remains endemic in Latin America, posing a major socioeconomic impact on the region. Cardiac involvement is the principal cause of death of patients, given that the physiopathological mechanism and clinical evolution of the disease are not fully understood and risk stratification remains a challenge. Whether associated with arteriosclerotic vascular disease or not, the presence of myocardial dysfunction is accompanied by areas of myocardial fibrosis and has emerged as an important factor associated with poor prognosis. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a well-established method of detecting myocardial fibrosis by the delayed enhancement (DE) technique. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis are to identify and quantify DE areas on left ventricular contractile dysfunction patients with chagasic cardiopathy using coronary tomography, to associate tomography DE extension with left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) measured by echocardiography, to determine whether the presence and extension of DE are associated with the presence of significant coronaropathy, and to identify the presence of obstructive coronaropathy in chagasic patients. Background: Methods: Thirty six patients with confirmed Chagas disease and ventricular dysfunction diagnosis (EF < 50%), as verified by echocardiography. All the patients underwent coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography using DE technic. All the patients successfully completed the protocol with a mean radiation dose of 11.17 1.26 mSv, without adverse effects and undergoing measurable tests. Independent observers blinded to the clinical data or examinations of the patients performed visual and quantitative analyses of the degree of coronary stenosis, and DE. Results: The mean age was 57.5 8 years, and 61.1% of them were female. The mean EF was 38.19 6.91%. Two significant lesions (>50%) were identified in two patients. Myocardial fibrosis was observed in 86.1% of the 36 patients, and its quantification was assessed in accordance with the myocardial segmentation scheme and the American Heart Association guidelines The amount of fibrosis is inversely proportional to left ventricular EF (r = 0.52, p = 0.0011), and that the myocardial fibrosis in these patients follows the specific localization pattern of Chagas disease. Our findings reveal that myocardial fibrosis in this patient sub group was not related to coronary obstruction and that the DE pattern is different from the one found in patients who presented ischemic events. Computed tomography DE is also inversely related to left ventricle ejection fraction, another important prognosis marker. Therefore, computed tomography can provide an adequate alternative to MR in the assessment of myocardial fibrosis particularly in patients presenting formal contraindications to MR.

Os casos de reimplante tardio são considerados de prognóstico duvidoso pois a ocorrência de anquilose e reabsorções são fatos comuns para esta condição. Neste sentido, é proposta a utilização de drogas para imersão do dente antes do reimplante visando um favorecimento no prognóstico. Recentemente, o alendronato de sódio tem sido experimentalmente indicado com esta finalidade; porém, a capacidade de adsorção deste medicamento pelo dente é desconhecida. Neste estudo foi avaliada a adsorção de alendronato de sódio pelo dente utilizando-se a Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Para isto, realizou-se a imersão do dente em frascos contendo soluções deste medicamento nas concentrações de 3,2 Zg/ml (10-5M) e 32,0 Zg/ml (10-4M). Após períodos experimentais de 10, 15 e 30 minutos foram retiradas amostras das soluções para análise da concentração que foi comparada com a do controle que continha apenas a solução, sem presença do dente. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o dente adsorve alendronato de sódio quando imerso em solução e que para a concentração de 3,2 Zg/ml são necessários 15 minutos para que a saturação ocorra, já para a concentração de 32,0 Zg/ml uma elevada média de adsorção foi observada após 10 minutos de imersão. / Delayed tooth replantation is considered a poor prognosis because of ankylosis and root resorption occurrence. The use of drugs for topical treatment before replantation is recommended expecting better prognosis. Recently, the sodium alendronate has been experimentally indicated for this purpose; but tooth adsorption capability of this drug is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tooth adsorption of sodium alendronate utilizing the High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Six maxillary central incisors were immersed in solutions of alendronate in concentrations of 10-5 and 10-4M; after experimental times of 10, 15 e 30 minutes samples of solutions were obtained for concentration analysis. The concentrations obtained were compared with control concentrations (solutions without tooth immersion). The results showed the occurrence of adsorption when teeth were immersed in sodium alendronate solutions. At the concentration of 10-5M it is necessary to keep the tooth immersed for at least 15 minutes, while at the concentration of 10-4M after 10 minutes a high adsorption value is observed.

Introdução: Prurigo é uma terminologia de conotação sindrômica que tem o prurido como sintoma incondicional. O sinal é dermatológico, caracteristicamente manifestado por pápulas que se distribuem com relativa simetria pelo tegumento. Do ponto de vista clínico é uma condição de fácil suspeita, mas de difícil conclusão causal. Na Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Amazonas (FCECON), quadro de prurigo em pacientes oncológicos eram ocasionalmente identificados após início da radioterapia para o tratamento do tumor de base, contexto epidemiológico que não é classicamente relacionado ao prurigo. Objetivos: Descrever os aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e imunoistoquímicos dos casos pósradioterapia. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo, de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2012, com seleção de pacientes com CID de prurigo na FCECON. Serão descritas as características clínicas, histopatológicas e imunoistoquimicas dos casos com pesquisa de DNA viral do EBV, CMV e parvovírus B19. Resultados: Foram 35 mulheres e um homem, com idade média de 47 anos, sempre com queixa de prurido. A pelve sempre foi o campo irradiado com mediana de 28 dias para o surgimento dos sintomas. Foram 34 tumores ginecológicos com 31 casos de colo de útero. Ao todo ocorreram 13.339 lesões (média de 371), com 535 do grupo 1 (vesículas e urticas), 4.934 do grupo 2 (pápulas), 4.218 do grupo 3 (escoriações) e 3.652 do grupo 4 (residuais). Os membros inferiores foram acometidos em todos os casos e em 27 casos houve acometimento dos membros superiores. A histologia das 27 lâminas disponíveis identificou epiderme normal em cinco pacientes, atrofia em dois, espongiose em oito e alteração secundária ao prurido nas demais. Espongiose folicular e/ou espongiose do acrossiríngeo foram identificadas por nove ocasiões. Infiltrado perivascular superficial, profundo e intersticial composto por linfócitos e eosinófilos com distribuição perianexial foi o padrão mais encontrado na derme. O padrão do infiltrado foi de linfócitos T CD4 e ausência de linfócitos CD20 e linfócitos CD56. Não foi identificado DNA viral nas amostras examinadas. Discussão: O quadro de prurigo pós-radioterapia possui as mesmas características clínicoepidemiológicas e histológicas da síndrome EPPER. Histologicamente pode ser inclusa dentro das doenças inflamatórias eosinofílicas da pele, com padrão imunoistoquímico do infiltrado sugestivo de reação de hipersensibilidade mediada por linfócitos no padrão Th2. Como reação a picada de mosquitos foi o diagnóstico histológico de todos os casos, postula-se que o prurigo pós radioterapia, ou síndrome EPPER, seja reação imunológica precipitada pela exposição aos antígenos salivares do mosquito em um ambiente imune induzido pelo efeito abscopal secundário a irradiação pélvica. A natureza do estudo não permite confirmar esta conclusão, que deverá ser fruto de pesquisas futuras. Conclusões: O quadro de prurigo pós radioterapia esteve associado a irradiação da pelve, especialmente de tumores ginecológicos, com predomínio do câncer de colo de útero. Clinicamente semelhante a erupção pruriginosa, polimórfica, eosinofílica associada a radioditerapia (EPPER), pode ser classificado como prurigo agudo. As manifestações clínicas, histológicas e imunoistoquímicas são semelhantes ao quadro de hipersensibilidade a picada de mosquito do padrão celular, mediado por linfócitos Th2, sem evidencia de co-participação viral nos casos examinados / Introduction: Prurigo, a terminology used with a syndromic connotation, is characterized by pruritus, as an unconditional symptom, and papules usually distributed with relative symmetry by the integument. From the clinical point of view, it is a condition of easy suspicion, but of difficult causal conclusion. At the Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Amazonas (FCECON), prurigo was occasionally identified in cancer patients after radiation therapy for the treatment of the underlying tumor, an epidemiological context that is not classically related to prurigo. Objectives: To describe the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of post-radiotherapy prurigo. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study, from January 2006 to December 2012, with the selection of patients with prurigo as classified by international classification of diseases in FCECON. The clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the cases with viral DNA screening by RT-PCR EBV, CMV and parvovirus B19 is described. Results: There were 35 women and one man, with an average age of 47 years. Pruritus was always present. The pelvis was invariably the irradiated field with a median of 28 days for the onset of symptoms. There were 34 cases with gynecological tumors with 31 of the uterine cervix. A total of 13,339 lesions (mean of 371), with 535 of group 1 (vesicles and urticas), 4,934 of group 2 (papules), 4,218 of group 3 (excoriations) and 3,652 of group 4 (residual). The lower limbs were affected in all cases, and in 27 cases there was involvement of the upper limbs. The histology of the 27 available slides identified normal epidermis in five patients, atrophy in two, spongiosis in eight and alteration secondary to pruritus in the others. Follicular spongiosis or spongiosis of the acrosyringium were identified on nine occasions. A superficial, deep and interstitial perivascular infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and eosinophils with perianexial distribution was the most common pattern found in the dermis. The composition of the infiltrate was of CD3 CD4 T lymphocytes and absence of CD20 lymphocytes and CD56 lymphocytes. There were no viral DNA identified in the samples examined. Discussion: Postradiotherapy prurigo has the same clinical-epidemiological and histological characteristics of eosinophilic, polymorphic, pruritic associated with radiotherapy (EPPER) syndrome. Histologically it can be included within the inflammatory eosinophilic diseases of the skin, and the immunohistochemestry pattern of the infiltrate suggests a hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Th2 lymphocytes. Since a reaction to mosquito bites was the clinicopathological diagnosis of all cases, the authors postulate that post-radiation prurigo, or EPPER syndrome, is an immunological reaction precipitated by exposure to the mosquito\'s salivary antigens in an immune environment induced by the abscopal effect secondary to irradiation of the pelvis. The nature of the study does not allow this conclusion, which should be the result of future research. Conclusions: Post-radiation prurigo was associated with irradiation of the pelvis especially to treat gynecological tumors, with cancer of the cervix predominance. Clinically similar to EPPER syndrome, it can be classified as acute prurigo. Clinical, histological and immunohistochemical manifestations are similar to the hypersensitivity of Th2 lymphocytemediated mosquito bites, with no evidence of viral co-participation in the cases examined

Balancing subject learning and decoder adaptation is central to increasing brain machine interface (BMI) performance. We addressed these complementary aspects in two studies: (1) a learning study, in which mice modulated “beta” band activity to control a 1D auditory cursor, and (2) an adaptive decoding study, in which a simple recurrent artificial neural network (RNN) decoded intended saccade targets of monkeys. In the learning study, three mice successfully increased beta band power following trial initiations, and specifically increased beta burst durations from 157 ms to 182 ms, likely contributing to performance. Though the task did not explicitly require specific movements, all three mice appeared to modulate beta activity via active motor control and had consistent vibrissal motor cortex multiunit activity and local field potential relationships with contralateral whisker pad electromyograms. The increased burst durations may therefore by a direct result of increased motor activity. These findings suggest that only a subset of beta rhythm phenomenology can be volitionally modulated (e.g. the tonic “hold” beta), therefore limiting the possible set of successful beta neuromodulation strategies. In the adaptive decoding study, RNNs decoded delay period activity in oculomotor and working memory regions while monkeys performed a delayed saccade task. Adaptive decoding sessions began with brain-controlled trials using pre-trained RNN models, in contrast to static decoding sessions in which 300-500 initial eye-controlled training trials were performed. Closed loop RNN decoding performance was lower than predicted by offline simulations. More consistent delay period activity and saccade paths across trials were associated with higher decoding performance. Despite the advantage of consistency, one monkey’s delay period activity patterns changed over the first week of adaptive decoding, and the other monkey’s saccades were more erratic during adaptive decoding than during static decoding sessions. It is possible that the altered session paradigm eliminating eye-controlled training trials led to either frustration or exploratory learning, causing the neural and behavioral changes. Considering neural control and decoder adaptation of BMIs in these studies, future work should improve the “two-learner” subject-decoder system by better modeling the interaction between underlying brain states (and possibly their modulation) and the neural signatures representing desired outcomes.

Os efeitos das cirurgias primárias sobre os arcos dentários vêm sendo objeto de estudo ao longo do tempo. O presente estudo se propõe a avaliar a relação oclusal dos arcos dentários de pacientes com fissura transforame incisivo unilateral submetidos à cirurgia de lábio e palato mole no primeiro tempo e palato duro no segundo tempo por meio de modelos de estudo documentados em pacientes portadores de fissura transforame incisivo unilateral em uma fase mais tardia. Para a avaliação das arcadas utilizou-se o índice oclusal de Goslon (Mars et al 1987) em uma amostra de 42 modelos de gesso de pacientes com idade entre 15 e 19 anos que reparam o palato mole aos 6 meses e o palato duro aos 40 meses. O objetivo dos índices consiste em facilitar o prognóstico e a aplicação de protocolos terapêuticos no tratamento dos pacientes com fissuras de lábio e palato. Em relação aos resultados, a distribuição do Índice oclusal de Goslon foi 42,86% dos pacientes no grupo 1 (G1), 19,05% no grupo 2 (G2), 16,67% no grupo 3 (G3), 7,14% no grupo 4 (G4) e 14,29% no grupo (G5). Para os escores agrupados do índice de Goslon, 61,90 % dos pacientes foram classificados nos grupos 1 e 2 (G1+G2) demonstrando uma relação interarcos satisfatória e 21,43% foram categorizados nos grupos 4 e 5 (G4+G5), considerando uma pobre relação interarcos. / The purpose of this work was to evaluate the outcomes of the application of delayed hard palate closure treatment protocol on the dental arch on a sample of Brazilian patients aging 15 to 19 years old. The sample comprised 42 patients with UCLP, on the permanent dentition, aging 15 to 19 years old, treated with the referred protocol. The mean age of closure was 6 (±3.15) and 40 (±36.07) months for soft and hard palate respectively. Dental casts were obtained and analyzed by a single calibrated (kappa > .71) examiner. Dental arch relationships were accessed on the by applying the Goslon Yardstick, which has been proved to be a useful method for longitudinal assessment of dental arch relationship. The frequencies of each Goslon Yardstick score were described in order to evaluate long-term treatment results on these patients. The distribution of the cases into their assigned Goslon Yardstick scores showed 18 (42.86%) cases on group 1, 8 (19.05%) cases on group 2, 7 (16.67%) cases on group 3, 3 (7.14%) cases on group 4 and 6 (14.29%) cases on group 5. In evaluating the results described, it was possible to conclude that long-term results of delayed hard palate closure treatment protocol for UCLP regarding dental arch relationships were satisfactory on the studied sample: 61.9% of the patients showed excellent or good arch relationship (G1+G2) while 21.43% were classified as having poor or very poor arch relationship (G4+G5).

by Choi, Heung Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-95). / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Cocaine --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- History --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Epidemiology --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pharmacology --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Maternal Cocaine Abuse --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Human Studies --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Prevalence --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Effects of Cocaine on the Developing Fetus --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1.2.1 --- Fetal Mortality --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1.2.2 --- Placental Abruption --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1.2.3 --- Premature Birth --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1.2.4 --- Neonatal Effects --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Congenital Abnormalities --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.1 --- Cardiovascular Abnormality --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.2 --- Genitourinary Tract Malformation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.3 --- Gastrointestinal Abnormality --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.4 --- Respiratory Disorders --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.5 --- Visual and Hearing Disorders --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.1.3.6 --- CNS and Behavioural Abnormalities --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Animal Studies --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- "Routes of Administration, Dosage and Tissue Distribution " --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Maternal and Offspring Effects --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.1 --- Fetal and Maternal Mortality --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.2 --- Gestational Length --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.3 --- Maternal Weight Gain and Fetal Weight --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.2.2.4 --- Little Size --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Congenital Abnormalities --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Behavioral Changes --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Neurochemical Changes --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.1 --- Glucose Metabolism --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.2 --- Dopamine Transporter --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.3 --- Dopamine D1 Receptor --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.4 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.5 --- Tyrosine Hydroxylase --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.2.5.6 --- Other Changes --- p.31 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Aim of the Study --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- Administration of Cocaine --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Biochemical Studies --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Receptor Binding Assays --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Dopamine Transporter --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.1 --- Specific Binding Assay and Scatchard Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Dopamine D1 Receptor --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.1 --- Association Curve --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.2 --- Competition Assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.2.3 --- Specific Binding Assay and Scatchard Analysis --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.3.1 --- Association Curve --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1.3.2 --- Competition Assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1.3.3 --- Specific Binding Assay and Scatchard Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Assay for Residual Cocaine in Maternal Brain --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Statistics --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Morphological Studies --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) Immunocytochemical Staining --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5 --- Molecular Genetic Studies --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Material for DNA Insert --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- "Dopamine Transporter, D2 receptor and β-actin cDNA Probe " --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Preparation for DNA Insert --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Competent Cells and Transformation of Plasmid --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Growth Transformed Bacteria and Isolation of DNA --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.2.3 --- Purification of cDNA by Geneclean® II Kit --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Isolation of Total mRNA From Tissue --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Northern Blot Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Analysis of Northern Blots --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- In Situ Hybridization --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.5.1 --- Tissue Preparation --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.5.2 --- Preparation of Dopamine Transporter Ribroprobe …… --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.5.3 --- In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry --- p.51 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- "Litter Size, Birth Weight and Maternal Weight Gain " --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Biochemical Studies --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Specific Binding --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Dopamine Transporter - Scatchard Analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Dopamine Receptor --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Association Curve --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Competitive Curve --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Scatchard Analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Association Curve --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Competitive Curve --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Scatchard Analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Residual Cocaine Assay in Maternal Brain --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- Specific Binding --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.5.1.1 --- Dopamine Transporter --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5.1.2 --- Dopamine D1 Receptor --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.5.1.3 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Morphological Studies --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) Immunocytochemical Staining --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4 --- Molecular Genetic Studies --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Northern Blot Analysis --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Dopamine Transporter --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Dopamine D2 Receptor --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- In Situ Hybridization --- p.64 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Discussion --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2 --- Conclusion --- p.77 / References --- p.79 / Publications --- p.95