Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:18:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao sandra k de melo - parte 1.pdf: 1174678 bytes, checksum: 23084cd61c88de8cd244682ffbc84c82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-05 / Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) is a special type of an internal sulfate attack with SO4 2- ions from cement. This process is distinguished by neoformation of ettringite in concrete thermally cured at high temperature levels and exposed to high moisture in service life. This phenomenon can promote expansion and cracking, leading to rupture and spalling, achieving severe deterioration. This research had an experimental approach with the purpose to investigate DEF in concretes with pozzolanic Portland cement containing fly ash. These concretes were undergone to temperature rise by heat of hydration. It was produced two types of pumped concrete with cement content of 350 kg/m3 and 450 kg/m3 containing basaltic aggregate. Two big specimens were cast containing 200 liters of concrete and were immediately submitted to adiabatic temperature rise tests. After that, several specimens were drilled from them in order to evaluate compressive strength and elasticity modulus, as well as microstructural investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X Ray diffraction (XRD) along 270 days. In addition, it was cast several cylindrical and prismatic samples with concrete containing 350 kg/m3of cement. Some of them were stored at the same condition of those during the thermal cure and others were conditioned in a moist room as reference, for properties and microstructural investigation. Prismatic ones were submitted to mass variation study, ultrasonic wave tests and also expansion tests. In order to complement this experimental program, a specific study on cement pastes was performed. This involved casting three series of cylindrical samples submitted to different cure cycles followed by evaluation of mass variation, ultrasonic velocity and also microstructure investigation by SEM and XRD. Main results proved that rising internal temperature of concrete by hydration heat above 60ºC promote delayed ettringite formation by microstructural analyses, although this formation had not caused negative consequences on mechanic properties of concretes up to age of 270 days evaluated. The study on the cement pastes confirmed that high temperatures affects the microstructure of cement matrix and also the formed products, collaborating to the formation of hydrated alumina phases besides ettringite. The presence of suggestive thaumasite at advanced ages seems to indicate that this calcium silicate sulfo-carbonate hydrate can accompany DEF process. / A formação da etringita tardia - Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) é um tipo especial de ataque por sulfato interno, em que os íons SO4 2- são provenientes do cimento. O processo se distingue pela neoformação da etringita em concretos curados termicamente às elevadas temperaturas e expostos às altas umidades na etapa de serviço. Tal fenômeno pode promover expansão e consequente fissuração, culminando na ruptura e lascamento do material, levando-o à severa deterioração. Este trabalho, de caráter experimental, objetivou investigar a formação da etringita tardia em concretos de cimento Porltand pozolânico, contendo cinza volante, submetido à elevação da temperatura devido ao calor de hidratação do cimento. Para isso, foram produzidos dois concretos bombeados, contendo agregados basálticos, e com consumos de cimento de 350 kg/m3 e 450 kg/m3, com os quais foram moldados dois corpos-de-prova (CPs) de 200 litros, que foram, separadamente, submetidos aos ensaios de elevação adiabática de temperatura. Após o ciclo de cura térmica nestes ensaios, deles foram extraídos corpos-de-prova para a avaliação da resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade, além de investigações microestruturais por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de Raios X (DRX) durante 270 dias. Adicionalmente, foram moldadas duas séries de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos e prismáticos com o primeiro concreto, sendo que uma foi armazenada na câmara adiabática juntamente com o CP de 200 L e a outra curada continuamente em câmara úmida, servindo de referência para as análises do comportamento mecânico e investigações microestruturais dos CPs cilíndricos. Os CPs prismáticos foram utilizados para a avaliação da variação de massa, velocidade ultrassônica e expansão. Para complementar a pesquisa, realizou-se, também, um estudo específico em pastas de cimento, sendo moldadas três séries de CPs cilíndricos, que foram submetidas a três diferentes ciclos de cura seguidas por uma avaliação da variação de massa e velocidade ultrassônica, além de investigações microestruturais por MEV e DRX. Os principais resultados mostraram que o aumento da temperatura interna do concreto, acima de 60ºC, por calor de hidratação do cimento, propiciou a formação da etringita tardia, constatada pela presença de etringita neoformada durante as análises microestruturais, porém sem efeito negativo sobre as propriedades mecânicas avaliadas até a idade investigada de 270 dias. O estudo de pasta comprovou que as altas temperaturas influem na porosidade da microestrutura da matriz cimentícia e sobre o tipo de produto formado, favorecendo a formação de aluminatos hidratados ao final do ciclo térmico e da etringita durante a estocagem sob alta umidade. A sugestiva presença da taumasita, em idades mais avançadas, parece indicar que este sulfocarbonato de cálcio e sílica hidratado pode acompanhar o processo de DEF.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-27T15:25:17Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (1).pdf: 4813708 bytes, checksum: 1d9f47d43918bba38729e74a5014833d (MD5) Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (2).pdf: 12360828 bytes, checksum: 0c969028600897645eaa255c2ea06346 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-27T15:28:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (1).pdf: 4813708 bytes, checksum: 1d9f47d43918bba38729e74a5014833d (MD5) Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (2).pdf: 12360828 bytes, checksum: 0c969028600897645eaa255c2ea06346 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-27T15:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (1).pdf: 4813708 bytes, checksum: 1d9f47d43918bba38729e74a5014833d (MD5) Dissertação - Sandra Kurotusch de Melo - 2010 - (2).pdf: 12360828 bytes, checksum: 0c969028600897645eaa255c2ea06346 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) is a special type of an internal sulfate attack with SO42- ions from cement. This process is distinguished by neoformation of ettringite in concrete thermally cured at high temperature levels and exposed to high moisture in service life. This phenomenon can promote expansion and cracking, leading to rupture and spalling, achieving severe deterioration. This research had an experimental approach with the purpose to investigate DEF in concretes with pozzolanic Portland cement containing fly ash. These concretes were undergone to temperature rise by heat of hydration. It was produced two types of pumped concrete with cement content of 350 kg/m3 and 450 kg/m3 containing basaltic aggregate. Two big specimens were cast containing 200 liters of concrete and were immediately submitted to adiabatic temperature rise tests. After that, several specimens were drilled from them in order to evaluate compressive strength and elasticity modulus, as well as microstructural investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X Ray diffraction (XRD) along 270 days. In addition, it was cast several cylindrical and prismatic samples with concrete containing 350 kg/m3of cement. Some of them were stored at the same condition of those during the thermal cure and others were conditioned in a moist room as reference, for properties and microstructural investigation. Prismatic ones were submitted to mass variation study, ultrasonic wave tests and also expansion tests. In order to complement this experimental program, a specific study on cement pastes was performed. This involved casting three series of cylindrical samples submitted to different cure cycles followed by evaluation of mass variation, ultrasonic velocity and also microstructure investigation by SEM and XRD. Main results proved that rising internal temperature of concrete by hydration heat above 60ºC promote delayed ettringite formation by microstructural analyses, although this formation had not caused negative consequences on mechanic properties of concretes up to age of 270 days evaluated. The study on the cement pastes confirmed that high temperatures affects the microstructure of cement matrix and also the formed products, collaborating to the formation of hydrated alumina phases besides ettringite. The presence of suggestive thaumasite at advanced ages seems to indicate that this calcium silicate sulfo-carbonate hydrate can accompany DEF process. / A formação da etringita tardia - Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) é um tipo especial de ataque por sulfato interno, em que os íons SO42- são provenientes do cimento. O processo se distingue pela neoformação da etringita em concretos curados termicamente às elevadas temperaturas e expostos às altas umidades na etapa de serviço. Tal fenômeno pode promover expansão e consequente fissuração, culminando na ruptura e lascamento do material, levando-o à severa deterioração. Este trabalho, de caráter experimental, objetivou investigar a formação da etringita tardia em concretos de cimento Porltand pozolânico, contendo cinza volante, submetido à elevação da temperatura devido ao calor de hidratação do cimento. Para isso, foram produzidos dois concretos bombeados, contendo agregados basálticos, e com consumos de cimento de 350 kg/m3 e 450 kg/m3, com os quais foram moldados dois corpos-de-prova (CPs) de 200 litros, que foram, separadamente, submetidos aos ensaios de elevação adiabática de temperatura. Após o ciclo de cura térmica nestes ensaios, deles foram extraídos corpos-de-prova para a avaliação da resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade, além de investigações microestruturais por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de Raios X (DRX) durante 270 dias. Adicionalmente, foram moldadas duas séries de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos e prismáticos com o primeiro concreto, sendo que uma foi armazenada na câmara adiabática juntamente com o CP de 200 L e a outra curada continuamente em câmara úmida, servindo de referência para as análises do comportamento mecânico e investigações microestruturais dos CPs cilíndricos. Os CPs prismáticos foram utilizados para a avaliação da variação de massa, velocidade ultrassônica e expansão. Para complementar a pesquisa, realizou-se, também, um estudo específico em pastas de cimento, sendo moldadas três séries de CPs cilíndricos, que foram submetidas a três diferentes ciclos de cura seguidas por uma avaliação da variação de massa e velocidade ultrassônica, além de investigações microestruturais por MEV e DRX. Os principais resultados mostraram que o aumento da temperatura interna do concreto, acima de 60ºC, por calor de hidratação do cimento, propiciou a formação da etringita tardia, constatada pela presença de etringita neoformada durante as análises microestruturais, porém sem efeito negativo sobre as propriedades mecânicas avaliadas até a idade investigada de 270 dias. O estudo de pasta comprovou que as altas temperaturas influem na porosidade da microestrutura da matriz cimentícia e sobre o tipo de produto formado, favorecendo a formação de aluminatos hidratados ao final do ciclo térmico e da etringita durante a estocagem sob alta umidade. A sugestiva presença da taumasita, em idades mais avançadas, parece indicar que este sulfocarbonato de cálcio e sílica hidratado pode acompanhar o processo de DEF.

Une augmentation de la température à jeune âge du béton peut être causée par la chaleur d’hydratation dans le cas d’éléments massifs ou par l’application d’un traitement thermique dans l’industrie de la préfabrication. Lorsque le couple critique température maximale/durée de maintien est dépassé, il y a formation différée de l’ettringite (DEF) expansive pouvant fissurer les pièces. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont pour but principal d’établir une limite sécuritaire pour des mélanges V-S pour béton de masse et V-P pour béton préfabriqué régulièrement utilisés par le Ministère des Transports du Québec. Ces bétons utilisent des liants binaires composés de fumée de silice de type GUb-SF et des liants ternaires composés de fumée de silice et de cendres volantes ou de laitier de haut-fourneau. La norme canadienne actuelle (CSA A23.1-14 et CSA A23.4-16) impose une limite fixe de température qui ne dépend ni de la durée de traitement ni du type de liant utilisé. Le lien, souvent énoncé dans la littérature, entre la réponse d’un liant à un traitement thermique et sa composition chimique et minéralogique, déterminé respectivement par fluorescence X et diffraction des rayons X couplée par la méthode de calcul Rietveld, a pu être confirmé. Le rapport SO3 solubles/Al2O3 est notamment ce qui permet la meilleure estimation de la sensibilité d’un liant. Le processus de formation différée de l’ettringite est lent et peut prendre plusieurs années. Donc, pour étudier le phénomène, des méthodes d’essais accélérés ont été testées. Des méthodes ont ainsi pu être proposées pour de futurs tests. Une méthode d’essai rapide d’expansion de barres de mortier permet d’identifier les liants les plus sensibles à la DEF. La formation de la DEF dans les liants les moins sensibles peut être appréciée par le gain de masse de prismes de béton et leur observation microstructurale au microscope électronique à balayage (MEB). Une méthode sur bétons de masse et bétons préfabriqués permet de classer le degré de sensibilité d’un liant face à la DEF selon le gain de masse des prismes de béton. Les liants ternaires montrent une bonne résistance face à la DEF. La sensibilité des liants binaires dépend du rapport SO3 solubles/Al2O3 du liant. / Abstract : A heat cure for concrete can be caused by hydration in massive structures or by thermal treatment in prefabrication industry. When the limit couple maximum temperature/duration of treatment is exceeded, the delayed formation of ettringite occurs and leads to cracking in concrete. The main goal of the work presented in this essay is to establish a safe batch limit for some mixtures, VS (mass concrete) and V-P (precast concrete) which are often used by MTQ. These concretes use some cements blended with silica fume and ternary blended cements with silica fume and fly ash or blast furnace slag. Indeed, the current Canadian standard (CSA A23.1) set a limit which doesn’t depend on duration of the treatment nor the type of bender. However, the link between composition of the used bender, with can be determined by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, and the response to a thermal treatment has been confirmed. The soluble SO3/Al2O3 ratio allows to estimate if a bender is sensitive to heat cure. The delayed formation of ettringite is a long process which can last a decade. In order to study this phenomenon, several accelerated test methods have been used. Some of them are available for some future tests. An accelerated expansion method using mortar bar allows to spot the DEF-sensitive benders. Delayed ettringite formation in the less sensitive bender can be estimated by weight gain in concrete prisms and by observation with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The sensitivity level of a bender can by estimated using a method based on weight gain. Ternary blended cements show a greater ability to withstand DEF. The sensibility of binary blended cements depends on soluble SO3/Al2O3 ratio.

La temperatura de curado, utilizada por la industria de fibrocemento como catalizador en la hidratación del cemento para lograr alta resistencia inicial en sus productos, genera la hipótesis de expansión causada por formación tardía de etringita. Para el planteamiento de dicha hipótesis, el siguiente estudio contempló dos grupos de muestras con el objetivo de estudiar aisladamente su comportamiento químico y físico: uno de los grupos conformado por pasta cementicia con 35% de sustitución de calcario, y el otro conformado por fibrocemento con incorporación de PVA y celulosa. Por calorimetría isotérmica se observó la cinética de reacción de dos pastas, una de ellas curada a 23 ºC y la otra a 85 ºC donde esta última experimentó un efecto catalizador en sus reacciones. Ensayos de DRX y DTG/TG mostraron la presencia de etringita a 23 °C durante todas las edades de hidratación exhibiendo una tendencia de aumento en la intensidad de los picos y en la cantidad, respectivamente, en función del tiempo; sin embargo, a 85 ºC la presencia de esta fase fue inconstante durante las primeras edades de hidratación, a partir de mes de hidratación mostró aumento en cada una de las siguientes medidas realizadas mensualmente; a 85 °C hubo una menor formación de portlandita en comparación con los resultados obtenidos a 23 °C. Utilizando el método Rietveld y análisis químico fueron determinadas las cantidades y las composiciones químicas, respectivamente, de las fases del cemento anhidro y del calcario para alimentar el programa GEMS y simular la hidratación de la pasta estudiada en laboratorio para un tiempo infinito bajo la influencia de la temperatura. Simulaciones de la hidratación de la pasta se aproximaron a los resultados reportados por la revisión bibliográfica permitiendo predecir la presencia de fases en función de la estabilidad termodinámica. Resultados de porosimetría por inyección de mercurio mostraron una mayor concentración de poros, asociados a defectos, en muestras curadas a 85°C con respecto a las de 23 °C. Finalmente, medidas de variación longitudinal para muestras de fibrocemento elaboradas en laboratorio y en fábrica presentaron dispersión en los resultados de expansión para cada uno de los escenarios sin poder correlacionar todos los datos con el aumento de masa exhibido por cada una de las muestras; no obstante, se resalta el riesgo de deterioro del fibrocemento por el aumento de defectos causado por la temperatura así como la creación de todas las condiciones necesarias que favorecen la formación tardía de etringita a partir del proceso de fabricación empleado para este producto. / The curing temperature using by the fibercement industry as a catalyst in the hydration of cement, hypothesizes expansion caused by delayed ettringite formation. To approach this hypothesis, this study looked at two groups of samples in order to study its chemical and physical behavior individually. One group was composed of cement paste with 35% substitution of limestone filler, and the other by fibercement with addition of PVA and cellulose. In the isothermal calorimetry test was observed the kinetics reaction of both pastes, one cured at 23 °C and the other at 85 °C, the latter showed a catalytic effect in his reactions. XRD and DTG/TG showed the presence of ettringite at 23 °C for all hydration ages exhibiting a trend of increase in the peak intensity and amount, respectively in function of time, however, at 85 °C the presence of this phase was unstable during early ages of hydration until completing one month hydration where showed an increase in each of the following measurements monthly performed. At 85 °C there was a lower formation of portlandite when it was compared with results obtained at 23 °C. Using the Rietveld quantitative method analysis and chemical analysis were determined amounts and chemical compositions, respectively, of the phases of cement anhydrous and limestone filler to feed the GEMS software and simulate the hydration of paste studied in the laboratory for an infinite time under the influence of temperature. Simulations of paste hydration approached the reported data in literature allowing predicting the presence of phases according to thermodynamic stability. Additionally, results of mercury intrusion porosimetry showed a higher concentration of pores associated with defects, in samples cured at 85 ° C compared to 23 °. Finally, were taken measures of length offset of fibercement samples produced in laboratory and factory which had incorporation of PVA fibers and cellulose; they presented dispersion in the results of expansion for each of the scenarios unable to correlate with the mass gain exhibited by each sample. However, the risk of deterioration of the fibercement is highlighted by the increase of defects caused by temperature and the creation of all necessary conditions to favor the late formation of ettringite from the manufacturing process used for this product.

La réaction sulfatique interne (RSI) est une pathologie conduisant au gonflement et à la dégradation du béton de certains ouvrages. En tant que gestionnaire d'ouvrages, VINCI doit assurer la sécurité des usagers et des biens. Pour cela, une évaluation de l'aptitude au service des ouvrages concernés est nécessaire. Ce travail a pour but d'améliorer la modélisation des phénomènes mécaniques induits par la formation d'ettringite différée, notamment sous contrainte. Une campagne expérimentale a été réalisée sur éprouvettes prismatiques en béton réactif libres de contraintes, armées uniaxialement, armées triaxialement et soumises à un chargement uniaxial de compression de 14,5 MPa. Les phénomènes expansifs sont relativement isotropes en l'absence de contraintes et atteignent 0,6 % en fin de réaction. Le bridage induit par la présence des armatures conduit à une diminution importante des déformations dans les directions concernées, sans impact majeur sur le gonflement dans les directions libres : les déformations du béton initiées par la RSI sont de fait anisotropes sous chargement anisotrope. Une fissuration préférentielle est observée parallèlement à la direction gênée. L'application d'un chargement uniaxial de compression à hauteur de 14,5 MPa entraine un raccourcissement du béton dans la direction chargée, les déformations de fluage masquant les éventuelles expansions. La décharge de ces corps d'épreuve après environ 420 jours d'immersion a provoqué une reprise des gonflements de l'ordre de 0,10 % en 3 jours dans la direction chargée, sans effet visible dans les autres directions. Au cours des 200 jours suivants, des gonflements longitudinaux et transversaux similaires en termes de cinétique et d'amplitude ont été observés. Ce phénomène a été attribué au renouvèlement de l'eau de conservation ayant eu lieu au moment de la décharge, en particulier à une réaccélération du lessivage des alcalins. L'endommagement induit par la RSI sur le béton a été caractérisé par le biais d'essais de compression, traction par fendage et mesures de module d'Young avant et après gonflement. [...] / Delayed ettringite formation is a pathology leading to swelling and degradation of the concrete of certain structures. As structure manager, VINCI must ensure the safety of users and goods. To do so, an assessment of the serviceability of affected structures is necessary. This work aims to improve the modeling of mechanical phenomena induced by delayed ettringite formation, especially under stress. An experimental campaign was carried out on prismatic reactive concrete specimens. Some were plain, uniaxially reinforced, triaxially reinforced and subjected to an uniaxial compressive loading of 14.5 MPa. Expansions appeared fairly isotropic in stress-free conditions and reached 0,6 %. Restraint due to reinforcements led to decreased strains in the restrained directions. Expansions were only slightly impacted in transversal free directions. Therefore, DEF expansion under uniaxial stress is anisotropic. Cracks were observed parallel to the restrained direction. For prestressed concrete, creep strains hid possible strains induced by DEF. These specimens were unload after 420 days of immersion in water. It led to a strain increase of about 0,10 % in 3 days in the loaded direction, without any effect on transversal directions. Similar kinetic and range of expansion was measured in both longitudinal and transversal throughout the 200 following days. This phenomenon was understood as the consequence of an alkali leaching acceleration after storage water renewal that occurred during specimens unloading. DEF induced damage on concrete was characterize through compressive tests, brazilian tensile tests and Young modulus measurements before and after expansions. DEF effect on steel-concrete bond behavior was also measured through pull-out tests. Maximal steel-concrete bond stress appears slightly impacted by longitudinal expansions of about 0.25 %, but the bond shear modulus decreases significantly after DEF. All collected experimental data were used to fit a poromechanical model of DEF taking into account all the phenomena involved in the of reinforced concrete behavior (plasticity, damage, creep, shrinkage, distributed reinforcements...). [...]

Properly proportioned, placed and cured concrete can be durable under most conditions. However, deterioration of concrete does occur under certain environments. One of the problems that affect the durability of hardened concrete is delayed ettringite formation (DEF) which is an important problem encountered in precast concrete industry where high temperature curing is applied. Although there had been many researches on DEF, there are still many uncertainties about its chemistry and mechanism. In this study, the effects of partial cement replacement by different mineral admixtures (trass, blast furnace slag and fly ash), SO3/Al2O3 molar ratio and specific surface area of cement on DEF were investigated. For this purpose, 9 groups of control cements were prepared with 3 different specific surface areas and 3 different SO3/Al2O3 molar ratios. Different amounts of mineral admixtures were blended with the control cements. High temperature curing was applied to the cement pastes and the expansions of these pastes were measured periodically for 240 days. v The experimental results obtained were interpreted for a comparative analysis of the effects of the afore-mentioned parameters.

Concrete bridges in Texas have developed large cracks in bent caps and pretensioned trapezoidal bridge girders. The bridges show premature concrete deterioration due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and delayed ettringite formation (DEF). There is concern that deterioration due to ASR/DEF may lead to a loss of structural capacity. However, there are no quantitative guidelines to relate the level of concrete deterioration due to ASR/DEF to structural performance. Using such guidelines, the need for rehabilitation of beams with ASR/DEF cracking can be assessed. The goal of this research was to determine the shear capacity of pretensioned trapezoidal box girder specimens exhibiting varying degrees of ASR and/or DEF cracking and to use the shear testing results to evaluate the severity of the problem that may exist in Texas bridge structures. To achieve this goal, beams that were severely deteriorated due to ASR/DEF over a period of more than ten years were transported to the University of Texas for testing to failure. Both severely deteriorated and uncracked beams were tested in shear. The test results were used to evaluate the shear performance of trapezoidal box beams affected by ASR/DEF. In addition, three different types of forensic analyses were conducted on the beams to understand the nature of the ASR/DEF cracks and severity of the deterioration. After testing, it is found that the shear capacity of the test specimens was not significantly reduced even with heavy ASR/DEF cracking. Assessment using current US design provisions for bridges or buildings (ACI 318-08 and AASHTO LRFD 2008) and the proposed provision from an earlier project (TxDOT Project 5253) yielded conservative estimates of strength. Results from forensic analyses provided a qualitative indication of ASR/DEF damage but did not correlate with the observed levels of ASR/DEF deterioration. / text

Across the State of Texas and many other areas of the world, relatively young concrete structures have developed signs of premature concrete deterioration. Large cracks form on the surface of the concrete due to expansive forces from alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and delayed-ettringite formation (DEF). The goal of this project is to assess the effect of ASR/DEF on the trapezoidal box beam bridges in the US 59 corridor and Katy Central Business District (CBD) HOV lanes in Houston, TX. Five dapped-end beams were rejected during the casting process and have been in storage at a local precast yard for nearly fifteen years. These beams have been subject to accelerated deterioration and represent the potential severity of the ongoing ASR/DEF distress within the dapped end regions of the in-service trapezoidal box beams. The results from five load tests, corresponding strut-and-tie models, and forensic investigation are used to provide insights into the relationship between the severity of the deterioration and the capacity margin. / text

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-23T17:14:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mário Henrique Gomes Brito - 2013.pdf: 6257761 bytes, checksum: 3ff568c727b44a8a7e645c8475216a03 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-23T18:50:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mário Henrique Gomes Brito - 2013.pdf: 6257761 bytes, checksum: 3ff568c727b44a8a7e645c8475216a03 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-23T18:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mário Henrique Gomes Brito - 2013.pdf: 6257761 bytes, checksum: 3ff568c727b44a8a7e645c8475216a03 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The overall objective of this research, which was essentially experimental, is to study the influence of the isothermal period and the maximum temperature of the thermal cure cycle steam under atmospheric pressure in the development of compressive strength of concrete blocks over time. The influences of two other types of curing are also being investigated; curing by enveloping with plastic sheet and open air curing, considered the last case scenario for reference. This study specifically aimed to further our understanding on how to; a) evaluate and quantify the importance of adopting procedures for curing the average resistance (Fbm) and characteristic (fbk) strength to compression of concrete blocks, comparing the processes of thermal curing and curing by enveloping plastic sheet to open air curing; b) evaluate statistically the aging effect of blocks over its compressive strength; c) evaluate the interaction effects of the variables "type of cure" and "age analysis" of the results of compressive strength of concrete blocks; and d) identify the main changes in the microstructure of the blocks subjected to a thermal curing process, especially observing eventual delayed ettringite formation in the internal structure of the material. To examine the influence of maximum curing temperature, two levels were adopted; 65°C and 85°C. As for analyzing the influence of isothermal period, three levels were adopted; 3 hours, 4 hours and 5 hours. The age analysis was evaluated in five levels; 1, 3, 7, 28 and 91 days. The results showed that the worst condition for curing, or curing type, was the open air curing (curing time approximately equal to 24 hours), which led to a lower overall average result of compressive strength of concrete blocks, proving the importance of adopting procedures of curing to optimize the mechanical performance of concrete blocks. Furthermore, it was also determined that the best curing conditions were the curing with enveloping plastic sheet (curing time approximately equal to 24 hours) and the thermal curing with steam under atmospheric pressure isotherm of 65°C and isothermal period of 3 hours (curing time approximately equals 8.5 hours), which were considered statistically equal. It was also observed that there was no significant influence of the curing in maximum temperature in relation to the compressive strength of the blocks. In the other hand, the isothermal period was very significant; the best condition was 3 hours, while 4 hours and 5 hours were considered statistically equal. Regarding the delayed ettringite formation, it was only verified for thermal curing conditions of isothermal of 85°C and isothermal period of 4 hours and 5 hours. / O objetivo geral desta pesquisa, de caráter essencialmente experimental, é estudar a influência do período isotérmico e da temperatura máxima do ciclo de cura térmica a vapor sob pressão atmosférica no desenvolvimento da resistência à compressão de blocos de concreto ao longo do tempo. Paralelamente, foram investigadas ainda as influências de dois outros tipos de cura, a saber: cura por envelopamento com lona plástica e cura ao ar livre, considerada esta última a situação de referência. De modo específico, o estudo visou ainda: a) avaliar e quantificar a importância da adoção de procedimentos de cura nas resistências média (fbm) e característica (fbk) à compressão de blocos de concreto, comparando os processos de cura térmica e cura por envelopamento com lona plástica com a cura ao ar livre; b) avaliar estatisticamente o efeito da idade dos blocos sobre a sua resistência à compressão; c) avaliar a interação dos efeitos das variáveis “tipo de cura” e “idade de análise” sobre os resultados de resistência à compressão dos blocos de concreto; e d) identificar as principais transformações ocorridas na microestrutura dos blocos submetidos aos processos de cura térmica, em especial observando eventual formação de etringita tardia na estrutura interna do material. Para analisar a influência da temperatura máxima de cura, foram adotados dois níveis: 65°C e 85°C. Já para analisar a influência do período isotérmico, foram adotados três níveis: 3 horas, 4 horas e 5 horas. Por sua vez, a idade de análise foi avaliada em cinco níveis: 1, 3, 7, 28 e 91 dias. Os resultados mostraram que a pior condição de cura, ou seja, o tipo de cura que conduziu ao menor resultado médio global de resistência à compressão dos blocos de concreto, foi a cura ao ar livre (tempo de cura aproximadamente igual a 24 horas), comprovando a importância da adoção de procedimentos de cura para a otimização do desempenho mecânico dos blocos de concreto. Além disso, foi verificado ainda que as melhores condições de cura foram a cura por envelopamento com lona plástica (tempo de cura aproximadamente igual a 24 horas) e a cura térmica a vapor sob pressão atmosférica com isoterma de 65°C e período isotérmico de 3 horas (tempo de cura aproximadamente igual a 8,5 horas), os quais foram considerados, estatisticamente, iguais. Também foi verificado que não houve influência significativa da temperatura máxima de cura em relação à resistência à compressão dos blocos. Já o período isotérmico foi significativo, de modo que a melhor condição foi 3 horas, enquanto 4 horas e 5 horas foram considerados, estatisticamente, iguais. Quanto à formação de etringita tardia, esta só foi verificada para as condições de cura térmica com isoterma de 85°C e períodos isotérmicos de 4 horas e 5 horas.

La temperatura de curado, utilizada por la industria de fibrocemento como catalizador en la hidratación del cemento para lograr alta resistencia inicial en sus productos, genera la hipótesis de expansión causada por formación tardía de etringita. Para el planteamiento de dicha hipótesis, el siguiente estudio contempló dos grupos de muestras con el objetivo de estudiar aisladamente su comportamiento químico y físico: uno de los grupos conformado por pasta cementicia con 35% de sustitución de calcario, y el otro conformado por fibrocemento con incorporación de PVA y celulosa. Por calorimetría isotérmica se observó la cinética de reacción de dos pastas, una de ellas curada a 23 ºC y la otra a 85 ºC donde esta última experimentó un efecto catalizador en sus reacciones. Ensayos de DRX y DTG/TG mostraron la presencia de etringita a 23 °C durante todas las edades de hidratación exhibiendo una tendencia de aumento en la intensidad de los picos y en la cantidad, respectivamente, en función del tiempo; sin embargo, a 85 ºC la presencia de esta fase fue inconstante durante las primeras edades de hidratación, a partir de mes de hidratación mostró aumento en cada una de las siguientes medidas realizadas mensualmente; a 85 °C hubo una menor formación de portlandita en comparación con los resultados obtenidos a 23 °C. Utilizando el método Rietveld y análisis químico fueron determinadas las cantidades y las composiciones químicas, respectivamente, de las fases del cemento anhidro y del calcario para alimentar el programa GEMS y simular la hidratación de la pasta estudiada en laboratorio para un tiempo infinito bajo la influencia de la temperatura. Simulaciones de la hidratación de la pasta se aproximaron a los resultados reportados por la revisión bibliográfica permitiendo predecir la presencia de fases en función de la estabilidad termodinámica. Resultados de porosimetría por inyección de mercurio mostraron una mayor concentración de poros, asociados a defectos, en muestras curadas a 85°C con respecto a las de 23 °C. Finalmente, medidas de variación longitudinal para muestras de fibrocemento elaboradas en laboratorio y en fábrica presentaron dispersión en los resultados de expansión para cada uno de los escenarios sin poder correlacionar todos los datos con el aumento de masa exhibido por cada una de las muestras; no obstante, se resalta el riesgo de deterioro del fibrocemento por el aumento de defectos causado por la temperatura así como la creación de todas las condiciones necesarias que favorecen la formación tardía de etringita a partir del proceso de fabricación empleado para este producto. / The curing temperature using by the fibercement industry as a catalyst in the hydration of cement, hypothesizes expansion caused by delayed ettringite formation. To approach this hypothesis, this study looked at two groups of samples in order to study its chemical and physical behavior individually. One group was composed of cement paste with 35% substitution of limestone filler, and the other by fibercement with addition of PVA and cellulose. In the isothermal calorimetry test was observed the kinetics reaction of both pastes, one cured at 23 °C and the other at 85 °C, the latter showed a catalytic effect in his reactions. XRD and DTG/TG showed the presence of ettringite at 23 °C for all hydration ages exhibiting a trend of increase in the peak intensity and amount, respectively in function of time, however, at 85 °C the presence of this phase was unstable during early ages of hydration until completing one month hydration where showed an increase in each of the following measurements monthly performed. At 85 °C there was a lower formation of portlandite when it was compared with results obtained at 23 °C. Using the Rietveld quantitative method analysis and chemical analysis were determined amounts and chemical compositions, respectively, of the phases of cement anhydrous and limestone filler to feed the GEMS software and simulate the hydration of paste studied in the laboratory for an infinite time under the influence of temperature. Simulations of paste hydration approached the reported data in literature allowing predicting the presence of phases according to thermodynamic stability. Additionally, results of mercury intrusion porosimetry showed a higher concentration of pores associated with defects, in samples cured at 85 ° C compared to 23 °. Finally, were taken measures of length offset of fibercement samples produced in laboratory and factory which had incorporation of PVA fibers and cellulose; they presented dispersion in the results of expansion for each of the scenarios unable to correlate with the mass gain exhibited by each sample. However, the risk of deterioration of the fibercement is highlighted by the increase of defects caused by temperature and the creation of all necessary conditions to favor the late formation of ettringite from the manufacturing process used for this product.