O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar os processos de polpação sodaantraquinona e bissulfito base magnésio para Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. com 2 anos de idade oriundos de plantios comerciais no Maranhão Brasil visando a produção de polpa celulósica branqueável e não branqueável (números kappa 30±2 e 50±2 respectivamente). A matéria-prima foi caracterizada com relação à densidade básica, composição química e dimensões de fibras; para aos processos de polpação avaliou-se o tempo total de cozimento, o fator H, o rendimento bruto, rendimento depurado, teor de rejeitos, carga de reagentes químicos e propriedades físicomecânicas das polpas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a matéria-prima apresentou valores típicos para a espécie em questão no que diz respeito à densidade básica, dimensões e índices morfológicos das fibras e composição química. Para o processo de polpação soda-antraquinona os níveis de deslignificação determinados (números kappa) foram obtidos com cargas alcalinas de 15 e 19% (base NaOH) respectivamente e fator H de 1218; para o processo bissulfito base magnésio as polpas celulósicas com os níveis de deslignificação estabelecidos foram obtidas com uma mesma carga de reagentes químicos 26% (base SO2) e fator H de 1218 para polpas com número kappa 30±2 e 828 para polpas com número kappa 50±2; o tempo total de cozimento para o processo soda-antraquinona necessário para obtenção das polpas celulósicas desejadas são, em média, 3,8 vezes menores aos do processo bissulfito base magnésio. Adicionalmente os rendimentos depurados foram 3,0 e 4,6 pontos porcentuais superiores para as polpas com números kappa 30±2 e 50±2 respectivamente no processo soda-antraquinona. Os ensaios físicomecânicos mostram as diferenças entre as polpas tanto no que diz respeito ao processo de polpação empregado quanto no nível de deslignificação, sendo este último um fator de diferenciação dos produtos (papel) que podem ser obtidos a partir das polpas celulósicas. Comparando-se os processos de polpação no que diz respeito às propriedades físico-mecânicas observa-se a superioridade das polpas soda-antraquinona exceto nos parâmetros de drenabilidade e densidade aparente. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram que para a produção de polpa celulósica a partir de Bambusa vulgaris o processo soda-antraquinona é superior ao processo bissulfito base magnésio tanto nos aspectos de engenharia de processo (quantitativos) como nos aspectos relacionados à qualidade da polpa obtida. / The present study had as objective evaluates and to compare the soda-antraquinone and magnesium base bisulfite pulping processes for Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. with 2 years old originating from commercial plantings in Maranhão Brazil seeking the production of bleachable and unbleachable cellulosic pulp grade\'s (kappa numbers 30±2 and 50±2 respectively). The raw material was characterized regarding the basic density, chemical composition and dimensions of fibers; for to the pulping processes was evaluated the total time of cooking, H factor, total yield, screened yield, rejects, load of chemical reagents and physicalmechanical properties of the pulps. The obtained results show that the raw material presented typical values for the species in subject in what says respect to the basic density, dimensions and morphologic indexes of the fibers and chemical composition. For the soda-antraquinone pulping process the certain levels of delignification (kappa numbers) were obtained with alkaline loads of 15 and 19% (NaOH base) respectively and a H factor of 1218; for the magnesium base bisulfite process the cellulosic pulps with the established levels of delignification were obtained with a fix load of chemical reagents 26% (SO2 base) and H factor of 1218 for pulps with kappa number 30±2 and 828 for pulps with kappa number 50±2; the necessary total time of cooking to the sodaantraquinone process to obtain the wanted cellulosic pulps are, on average, 3,82 time less when compared with the bisulfite process. Additionally the screened yields were 3 and 4,63 percent superior for the pulps with numbers kappa 30±2 and 50±2 respectively in the soda-antraquinone process. The physical-mechanical tests show the differences among the pulps in what says respect to the used pulping process as in the delignification level, being this last one a factor of differentiation of the products (paper) that can be obtained starting from the cellulosic pulps. Comparing the pulping processes as what concerns of physical-mechanical properties the superiority of the soda-antraquinone pulps is observed except in freeness and density parameters. The results obtained in this work show that for the production of cellulosic pulp from Bambusa vulgaris the soda-antraquinone process it is superior than the magnesium base bisulfite process as much in the aspects of engineering process (quantitative) as in the aspects related to the quality of the obtained pulp.

Dans le contexte de la bioraffinerie végétale, notamment pour la production du bioéthanol, le prétraitement est une étape incontournable pour réduire la récalcitrance et accroitre la réactivité de la biomasse lignocellulosique vis-à-vis des procédés de conversion enzymatique/biologique. La récalcitrance est principalement due à la présence de la lignine et à la forme cristalline de la cellulose. Le but de tout prétraitement de la biomasse est d’altérer la structure du matériau lignocellulosique pour accroitre l’accessibilité de la cellulose et les hémicelluloses aux enzymes. Les prétraitements conventionnels, comportent généralement des étapes agressives, utilisant des réactifs nocifs, en exposant la matière à des températures et pressions élevées et ce pour de longues durées. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé un procédé original de délignification des résidus de colza, en combinant des prétraitements physiques (ultrasons (US), microondes (MO) et électrotechnologies (CEP, DEHT)) aux prétraitements chimiques conventionnels (organosolv, alcalin). Ce couplage a permis d’améliorer les performances du procédé en terme de rendement d’extraction des phytomélanines (jusqu’à 40 % de gain) dans le cas des pellicules de colza et de rendement de délignification (plus que 2 fois la performance d’un procédé chimique seul) dans le cas des menues pailles de colza tout en réduisant pour la plupart des technologies étudiées la sévérité du procédé global. En termes qualitatifs, la caractérisation des pâtes cellulosiques par microscopie électronique a révélé des modifications au niveau du tissu végétal représentées par l’apparition de pores au niveau des pellicules de colza et une déstructuration des fibres des menues pailles de colza traitées induisant de meilleurs rendements d’hydrolyse enzymatique.Cependant, une perte des sucres de la cellulose et des hémicelluloses a été observée avec les prétraitements physiques. L’analyse structurale des lignines récupérées a confirmé la contamination par ces sucres et a permis d’identifier certains mécanismes d’action tels que la recondensation de la lignine sous l’effet des ultrasons et le clivage des ponts férulates sous l’action des décharges électriques à haute tension. Une étude préliminaire concernant la conception d’adhésifs «verts » éco-sourcés a été menée à partir des fractions de phytomélanines isolées par les procédés étudiés. Enfin, une étude de l'incidence des technologies innovantes en terme de performances technico-économiques a été réalisée pour permettre d'envisager une éventuelle suite à plus grande échelle et il a été conclu que l’étape physique permettait de réduire l’écart entre les coûts et les revenus de l’implantation d’une telle bioraffinerie. / In the context of plant biorefinery, especially for bioethanol production, pretreatment step is important to reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass and to increase the reactivity towards enzymatic / biological conversion processes. Recalcitrance is mainly due to the presence of lignin and crystalline cellulose. The goal of any pretreatment of biomass is to alter the structure of the lignocellulosic material in order to increase the accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose to the enzymes. Conventional pretreatments include aggressive steps, using harmful reagents and exposing the material to high temperatures and pressures for long periods. In this work, we developed a new process for delignification of rapeseed residues, combining physical pretreatments (ultrasounds (US), microwaves (MW)) and electrotechnologies (PEF, HVED)) to conventional chemical pretreatments (Organosolv, alkaline). This coupling has improved the process in terms of phytomelanin extraction yield (up to 40 % gain) in the case of rapeseed hulls and delignification efficiency (more than 2 times more efficient than the chemical process performed alone) in the case of rapeseed straw while reducing for most studied technologies the severity of the overall process. Characterization through electron microscopy revealed changes in plant tissue represented by the appearance of pores in the treated rapeseed hulls and fiber breakdown of treated rapeseed straw inducing better enzymatic hydrolysis performance. However, loss of sugars from cellulose and hemicellulose was observed with physical pretreatments. Analysis of the recovered lignins allowed us to observe lignin modifications during physical treatments such as recondension reactions in presence of ultrasounds and cleavage of ferulates bridges with high-voltage electrical discharges. Then the formulation of « eco-sourced » adhesives from phytomélanins extracted by the previous studied processes was attempted. Finally, a study of the impact of innovative technologies in terms of technical and economic performances was carried out to consider a scale-up of these technologies. It was concluded that physical step enhanced the profitability of this biorefinery.

The aim of this work is to contribute to the process development of the ECF light bleaching sequence Q(OP)D(PO) by providing a better understanding of the bleaching of softwood kraft pulp. There are few published studies on this type of sequence, and more knowledge is needed on how to reduce environmental impact, improve cost-effectiveness and ensure a high pulp quality. Firstly, this research showed that using a pH buffer to stabilize the pH at a near-neutral level during bleaching with chlorine dioxide can lower the formation of adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX) without altering the bleaching efficiency. A near-neutral pH decreases the formation of strongly chlorinating species so that the AOX content in the bleaching effluents is reduced by up to 30%. The increased pH in the near-neutral pH D stage compared with the reference lowered the chlorine dioxide consumption, resulting in a higher kappa number and viscosity. A lower degradation of hexenuronic acid correlated well with a lower AOX content in the effluents, affirming earlier theories that hexenuronic acid has an important impact on AOX formation. Secondly, this research aimed at studying bleachability in (OO)Q(OP)D(PO). The bleachability was defined as delignifying and brightness gain bleachability, which is suited to ECF light bleaching sequences. The delignifying and brightness gain bleachability were used to evaluate the stages in (OO)Q(OP)D(PO) in regard to the unbleached kappa number. When comparing different stages, it is possible to distinguish the bleaching efficiency in each stage. For this ECF light sequence, the bleachability depends on the purpose of the stage. It was found that in the stages that are mainly delignifying (OO and D), a higher unbleached kappa number is beneficial for the delignifying bleachability, although the brightness gain is not improved. However, in the stages that are mainly brightness increasing (OP and PO), the brightness gain bleachability is improved by a lower unbleached kappa number. Thirdly, the bleaching of the pulp samples in this study with the ECF light sequence was most effective with a kappa number around 32 after cooking. Although an even higher kappa number resulted in a higher yield after cooking, it seemed that this bleaching sequence cannot preserve the yield gain. Kappa number 32 also gave the best results in regard to brightness ceiling and viscosity. On the other hand, kappa number 27 was the most favourable with regard to yellowing and chemical charge. / <p>Examinator: Helena Håkansson, lektor, Karlstads universitet</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:01:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1819292 bytes, checksum: f38b1f4e74c0a2d92ad3fefe6b225fc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-08 / The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of production of eucalyptus kraft pulp at higher kappa number (20-25), aiming to increase production, economy of reagents for pulping, improving the viscosity and the physical-mechanical properties bleached pulp. We used industry wood chips, characterized as "mix of eucalyptus&#8221; and diluted black liquor. We evaluated four levels of delignification (kappa 17, 19, 22 and 25) and made LoSolids cooking with and without the mixture of anthraquinone and surfactant. For the pulps produced were evaluated for production increase, the charge for alkaline cooking, the solids content of black liquor, the cost of bleaching, the pulp viscosity and changes in the quality of the final paper. The cooking with kappa 22 showed greater gains in R$/tad of pulp produced, for cooking without additives (gain of R$10.47 for pulp K22), and for the pulping with additives (a gain of R$12.75 for pulp K22AQ ). The alkali charge was reduced to 4.0% for pulp K22 and 3.6% for pulp K22AQ, providing less load to the recovery boiler and without the production of shives. There was a reduction of solids content of black liquor, but in amounts that will not interfere in the energy matrix of factory. The cost of the bleaching reagents increased (increase factory. The cost of the bleaching reagents increased (increase of R $ 12.49 for pulp K22 and R$16.56 for pulp K22AQ), but the balance at the end of the process was positive. The pulp viscosity was 3.2 cP K22 greater than the reference, and for pulp K22AQ the increase was 3.8 cP. The increase in kappa number to 22 provided an improvement in physical and mechanical properties such as increased modulus of elasticity, resistance to air flow, burst index and tensile index and reduced bulk, when evaluated as a function of energy consumption refining. / O objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar a viabilidade técnica de produção de celulose kraft de eucalipto em níveis de número kappa mais elevados (20-25), visando aumento de produção, economia de reagentes para polpação, melhoria da viscosidade e das propriedades físico-mecânicas da polpa branqueada. Foram utilizados cavacos industriais, caracterizados como &#8220;mix de eucalipto&#8221;, e licor negro de diluição industrial. Foram avaliados quatro níveis de deslignificação (kappas 17, 19, 22 e 25) e realizados cozimentos LoSolids com e sem o uso de uma mistura de antraquinona e surfactante. Para as polpas produzidas foram avaliados o aumento de produção, a carga alcalina para cozimento, o teor de sólidos do licor negro, o custo do branqueamento, a viscosidade das polpas e as alterações na qualidade final do papel. Os cozimentos com kappa 22 proporcionaram maior ganho em Reais por tonelada de polpa produzida, tanto para os cozimentos sem aditivos (ganho de R$10,47 para polpa K22), quanto para os cozimentos com aditivos (ganho de R$12,75 para polpa K22AQ). A carga alcalina foi reduzida em 4,0% para a polpa K22 e de 3,6% para a polpa K22AQ, proporcionando menor carga para a caldeira de recuperação e sem a produção de rejeitos. Houve redução do teor de sólidos do licor negro, mas em valores que não vão interferir na matriz energética da fábrica. O custo dos reagentes do branqueamento aumentou (aumento de R$12,49 para polpa K22 e R$16,56 para polpa K22AQ), porém o saldo ao final do processo foi positivo. A viscosidade da polpa K22 foi 3,2 cP maior que a referência e para a polpa K22AQ o aumento foi de 3,8 cP. O aumento do número kappa para 22 proporcionou melhoria nas propriedades físicomecânicas como aumento no módulo de elasticidade, resistência a passagem de ar, índice de arrebentamento e índice de tração e redução do volume específico aparente, quando avaliadas em função do consumo de energia de refino.

Spruce Bark contains several fundamental main substances; lignin, non-cellulose polysaccharides, cellulose and extractives. This undergraduate study focuses on developing a process to extract each of these components from spruce bark using a biorefinery concept, with a main focus on extracting lignin without degradation. The purpose of the Bark biorefinery concept is to contribute to a circular bioeconomy, by making use of natural resources. With extended research on the area, it will be possible to produce polymers, green chemicals and biofuel from the components in bark.  This report covers the extraction of the bark components with soxhlet extraction, Hot-water extraction, organosolv extraction and peracetic acid delignification. The extraction was made on two samples, matchstick-sized bark (MS) and 20 mesh-sized bark with a diameter of 0.8 mm (20M). The purpose was to be able to compare the efficiency of the extraction between the two samples. Afterwards, the characterisation of extracts and residue was executed with carbohydrate analysis, 2D HSQC-NMR and FTIR-analysis.  The results showed that a smaller particle size led to more efficient extractions of all components as well as more pure extract solutions. Lignin concentration determinations of samples at each step showed that a significant amount of lignin was lost prior to the organosolv extraction. Future research should look into ways to reduce this loss in order to increase the lignin yield. The findings in the FTIR and NMR analyses correlates with what could be seen in other reports, discussing similar subjects. For upscaling of this process, future research should go toward optimization of all extraction methods in order to make an upscaling of the process economically viable.

<p>Converting wood into paper is a complex process involving many different stages, one of which is pulping. Pulping involves liberating the wood fibres from each other, which can be done either chemically or mechanically. This thesis focuses on the most common chemical pulping method, the kraft cooking process, and especially on a recently developed improvement of the impregnation phase, which is the first part of a kraft cook.</p><p>Extended impregnation kraft cooking (EIC) technique is demonstrated to be an improvement of the kraft pulping process and provides a way to utilize softwood to a higher degree, at higher pulp yield. We demonstrate that it is possible to produce softwood (<em>Picea abies</em>) kraft pulp using a new cooking technique, resulting in a pulp that can be defibrated without inline refining at as high lignin content as 8% on wood, measured as kappa numbers above 90. Lignin is the wood constituent that holds the wood fibres together in the wood matrix. The new cooking technique uses the differences in reaction rate between the diffusion and consumption of hydroxide ions; it is used to ensure a homogenous impregnation of wood chips at lower impregnation temperatures and longer impregnation times than are generally used in the industry. The applied cooking temperatures are also substantially lower than those used in conventional kraft pulping systems, promoting uniform delignification. This results in a narrower kappa number distribution than in lab-cooked conventional kraft pulp.</p><p>High-kappa-number pulps were investigated for pulp sheet properties such as tensile strength, tensile stiffness, and compression strength. It was demonstrated that an EIC pulp of kappa number 95 has strength properties comparable to those of a conventional pulp of kappa number 82. Comparing the effects of starch multilayers on conventional and EIC pulps reveals similar effects. The use of the starch multilayer treatment increased the tensile index and decreased the tensile stiffness and short-span compression test (SCT) indices.</p><p>The EIC technique has also been used to produce a series of bleachable-grade pulps. The results indicate the possibility of increasing the lignin content of the pulp entering the oxygen delignification stage, since the reject content of gently defibered pulp is lower than 0.1% at kappa number 49.</p><p>In this thesis, we recommend that wood chips be impregnated for 2 h at 110 °C to neutralize acidic compounds in the wood and impregnate the chips with cooking chemicals, and that the ensuing cook be performed at 135–140 °C, depending on the target kappa number. We also recommend increasing the available amounts of cooking chemicals in the impregnation stage by using a higher liquor-to-wood ratio and keeping the alkali profile fairly high in the ensuing cook. This concept will reduce the amount of reject material, increase the pulping uniformity, and increase the selectivity towards lignin degradation in the kraft cook.</p> / <p>Omvandling av ved till papper är en komplicerad process som består av många olika steg där ett är massaframställningen (eng. <em>pulping</em>). Massaframställning medför att vedfibrerna frigörs från varandra på kemisk eller mekanisk väg. Denna avhandling fokuserar på den vanligaste kemiska metoden, sulfatkokning och speciellt den nyligen utvecklade förbättringen av impregnerings fasen, som är den första delen av ett sulfatkok. <em></em></p><p>Här visas att<em> Extended Impregnation kraft Cooking </em>(EIC) innebär en förbättring av sulfatkokningen och ett sätt att uppnå högre vedutnyttjande vid högre utbyte för barrved. Vi visar att det är möjligt att producera barrvedsmassa med en ny kokningsprincip som resulterar i en massa som är defibrerbar utan inline-raffinering vid så högt lignin innehåll som 8% (på ved), mätt som kappatal över 90. Lignin är den vedkomponent som håller ihop vedfibrerna i vedmatrisen. Kokningsprincipen utnyttjar skillnaderna i reaktionshastighet mellan diffusion och konsumtion av hydroxidjoner och nyttjas till att skapa en homogen impregnering av vedflisen vid lägre impregneringstemperatur och under längre tid än vad som vanligen används i industrin. De använda koktemperaturerna är också betydligt lägre än vid konventionell sulfatkokning vilket gynnar jämn delignifiering. Detta resulterar i en smalare kappatalsfördelning jämfört med laboratoriekokade konventionella massor.</p><p>Massor med höga kappatal undersöktes med avseende på egenskaper hos handark, såsom dragstyrka, dragstyvhet och kompressionsstyrka Det visades att handark från EIC massa vid kappatal 95 hade jämförbara styrkeegenskaper med konventionell massa vid kappatal 82. Vid jämförelse av effekten av stärkelse multilager på konventionella och EIC massor avslöjar liknande effekter. Användningen av stärkelsemultilager ökade dragindex och minskade dragstyvhets- och kompressions index (SCT, short-compression test).</p><p>Kokprincipen har även använts för att ta fram en serie blekbara massor. Resultaten visar på möjligheten att öka lignininnehållet i massan in till i syrgasdelignifierings-steget eftersom spetinnehållet för milt defibrerad massa var lägre än 0,1% vid kappatal 49.</p><p>I den här avhandlingen rekommenderar vi att vedflis impregneras i 2 timmar vid 110 °C för att neutralisera sura komponenter i veden och impregnera flisen med kokkemikalier, samt att utföra det efterföljande koket vid 135–140 °C beroende på önskat kappatal. Vi rekommenderar även att öka den tillgängliga mängden kokkemikalier i impregneringssteget genom att använda högre vätske-ved förhållande och att hålla alkali profilen relativt hög i det efterföljande koket. Detta koncept reducerar spetmängden, ger jämnare kokning och ökar selektiviteten för nedbrytning av lignin i sulfatkoket.</p>

New technologies, such as an efficient vapor-compression evaporator, a stationary lime kiln (SLK), and the MixAlco process, compelled us to re-evaluate methods for producing sugar from cane. These technologies allow more water and lime to be used, and they add more value to bagasse. Extracting and preserving the sugars, and lime pretreating the bagasse to enhance biodigestibility, all at the same time in a pile, was demonstrated to be unfeasible; therefore, sugar extraction must occur before lime treating the bagasse. Sugar extraction should occur countercurrently by lixiviation, where liquid moves in stages opposite to the soaked bagasse (megasse), which is conveyed by screw-press conveyors that gently squeeze the fiber in each stage, improving extraction. The performance of a pilot-scale screw-press conveyor was tested for dewatering capabilities and power consumption. The unoptimized equipment decreased megasse moisture from 96 to 89%. Simulation of the process suggested that eight stages are necessary to achieve 98% recovery from typical sugarcane. The cumulative power for the screw-press conveyor system was 17.0±2.1 hp•h/ton dry fiber. Thin raw juice preserved with lime for several months showed no sucrose degradation and no quality deterioration, except for reducing sugar destruction. The lime loading needed for 1-year preservation is 0.20 g Ca(OH)2/g sucrose. Shorter times require less lime. After preservation, the juice was carbonated and filtered, and the resulting sludge pelletized. Due to their high organic content, the pellets were too weak for calcination temperatures used in the SLK. The organics must be decreased prior to pelletization and sodium must be supplemented as a binding agent. Long-term lime pretreatment of bagasse showed two delignification phases: bulk (rapid) and residual (slow). These were modeled by two simultaneous first-order reactions. Treatments with air purging and higher temperatures (50 – 57oC) delignified more effectively, especially during the residual phase, thus yielding higher cellulase-enzyme digestibilities after 2 – 8 weeks of treatment. At temperatures > 60oC, pure oxygen purging is preferred. Fresh bagasse was of better quality than old bagasse. Treatment with NaOH yielded a larger bulk delignification phase than Ca(OH)2. Long-term lime pulping of bagasse was unsuitable for copy-quality paper, but it was appropriate for strawboard and other filler applications.

No description available.

Converting wood into paper is a complex process involving many different stages, one of which is pulping. Pulping involves liberating the wood fibres from each other, which can be done either chemically or mechanically. This thesis focuses on the most common chemical pulping method, the kraft cooking process, and especially on a recently developed improvement of the impregnation phase, which is the first part of a kraft cook. Extended impregnation kraft cooking (EIC) technique is demonstrated to be an improvement of the kraft pulping process and provides a way to utilize softwood to a higher degree, at higher pulp yield. We demonstrate that it is possible to produce softwood (Picea abies) kraft pulp using a new cooking technique, resulting in a pulp that can be defibrated without inline refining at as high lignin content as 8% on wood, measured as kappa numbers above 90. Lignin is the wood constituent that holds the wood fibres together in the wood matrix. The new cooking technique uses the differences in reaction rate between the diffusion and consumption of hydroxide ions; it is used to ensure a homogenous impregnation of wood chips at lower impregnation temperatures and longer impregnation times than are generally used in the industry. The applied cooking temperatures are also substantially lower than those used in conventional kraft pulping systems, promoting uniform delignification. This results in a narrower kappa number distribution than in lab-cooked conventional kraft pulp. High-kappa-number pulps were investigated for pulp sheet properties such as tensile strength, tensile stiffness, and compression strength. It was demonstrated that an EIC pulp of kappa number 95 has strength properties comparable to those of a conventional pulp of kappa number 82. Comparing the effects of starch multilayers on conventional and EIC pulps reveals similar effects. The use of the starch multilayer treatment increased the tensile index and decreased the tensile stiffness and short-span compression test (SCT) indices. The EIC technique has also been used to produce a series of bleachable-grade pulps. The results indicate the possibility of increasing the lignin content of the pulp entering the oxygen delignification stage, since the reject content of gently defibered pulp is lower than 0.1% at kappa number 49. In this thesis, we recommend that wood chips be impregnated for 2 h at 110 °C to neutralize acidic compounds in the wood and impregnate the chips with cooking chemicals, and that the ensuing cook be performed at 135–140 °C, depending on the target kappa number. We also recommend increasing the available amounts of cooking chemicals in the impregnation stage by using a higher liquor-to-wood ratio and keeping the alkali profile fairly high in the ensuing cook. This concept will reduce the amount of reject material, increase the pulping uniformity, and increase the selectivity towards lignin degradation in the kraft cook. / Omvandling av ved till papper är en komplicerad process som består av många olika steg där ett är massaframställningen (eng. pulping). Massaframställning medför att vedfibrerna frigörs från varandra på kemisk eller mekanisk väg. Denna avhandling fokuserar på den vanligaste kemiska metoden, sulfatkokning och speciellt den nyligen utvecklade förbättringen av impregnerings fasen, som är den första delen av ett sulfatkok. Här visas att Extended Impregnation kraft Cooking (EIC) innebär en förbättring av sulfatkokningen och ett sätt att uppnå högre vedutnyttjande vid högre utbyte för barrved. Vi visar att det är möjligt att producera barrvedsmassa med en ny kokningsprincip som resulterar i en massa som är defibrerbar utan inline-raffinering vid så högt lignin innehåll som 8% (på ved), mätt som kappatal över 90. Lignin är den vedkomponent som håller ihop vedfibrerna i vedmatrisen. Kokningsprincipen utnyttjar skillnaderna i reaktionshastighet mellan diffusion och konsumtion av hydroxidjoner och nyttjas till att skapa en homogen impregnering av vedflisen vid lägre impregneringstemperatur och under längre tid än vad som vanligen används i industrin. De använda koktemperaturerna är också betydligt lägre än vid konventionell sulfatkokning vilket gynnar jämn delignifiering. Detta resulterar i en smalare kappatalsfördelning jämfört med laboratoriekokade konventionella massor. Massor med höga kappatal undersöktes med avseende på egenskaper hos handark, såsom dragstyrka, dragstyvhet och kompressionsstyrka Det visades att handark från EIC massa vid kappatal 95 hade jämförbara styrkeegenskaper med konventionell massa vid kappatal 82. Vid jämförelse av effekten av stärkelse multilager på konventionella och EIC massor avslöjar liknande effekter. Användningen av stärkelsemultilager ökade dragindex och minskade dragstyvhets- och kompressions index (SCT, short-compression test). Kokprincipen har även använts för att ta fram en serie blekbara massor. Resultaten visar på möjligheten att öka lignininnehållet i massan in till i syrgasdelignifierings-steget eftersom spetinnehållet för milt defibrerad massa var lägre än 0,1% vid kappatal 49. I den här avhandlingen rekommenderar vi att vedflis impregneras i 2 timmar vid 110 °C för att neutralisera sura komponenter i veden och impregnera flisen med kokkemikalier, samt att utföra det efterföljande koket vid 135–140 °C beroende på önskat kappatal. Vi rekommenderar även att öka den tillgängliga mängden kokkemikalier i impregneringssteget genom att använda högre vätske-ved förhållande och att hålla alkali profilen relativt hög i det efterföljande koket. Detta koncept reducerar spetmängden, ger jämnare kokning och ökar selektiviteten för nedbrytning av lignin i sulfatkoket. / QC 20120216