Le processus S&OP est souvent considéré comme un processus d'alignement de l'offre et de la demande dans les chaînes d'approvisionnement simples et linéaires, avec un seul marché et une seule usine. Les entreprises multinationales présentent aujourd'hui des configurations de chaînes d'approvisionnement plus complexes possédant des usines spécialisées qui desservent plusieurs marchés. Ce papier analyse comment les entreprises multinationales configurent leurs processus de gouvernance S&OP pour relier les usines et les marchés, ainsi que l'influence de cette gouvernance sur leur capacité à obtenir un alignement entre l'offre, la demande, et les plans financiers. Au travers d'entretiens menés avec des entreprises, une typologie est définie pour les modèles de gouvernance S&OP observés. Cette typologie suggère qu'un type de gouvernance S&OP exerçant une autorité, à la fois dans les usines et dans les marchés, conduit à des résultats S&OP plus probants. Un lien est également établi entre l'efficacité des S&OP et les mesures formelles d'alignement pour la planification financière. A partir de ceci, les éléments de Contrôle de Gestion sont précisés pour permettre la conceptualisation des S&OP en reconnaissant l'influence de la comptabilité sur la gouvernance du processus S&OP pour assurer la transparence et l'engagement multifonctionnel dans les contextes de la chaîne d'approvisionnement multinationale. Il en découle quatre règles normatives pour la réussite de la gouvernance et de l'alignement du processus S&OP dans un contexte de configuration de la chaîne d'approvisionnement multinationale. / S&OP is often seen as a process for alignment between supply and demand in simple, linear supply chains with one market and one factory. Multinational firms today have more complex supply chain configurations that have specialized factories serving multiple markets. This research explores how multinational companies configure their S&OP governance linking factories and markets and the influence this governance bas on their ability to obtain alignment between supply, demand and financial plans. Through company interviews, a typology for observed S&OP governance models is developed., and suggests that an S&OP governance type exerting authority simultaneously into both factories and markets leads to more successful S&OP outcomes. A link is also drawn between S&OP effectiveness and forma! policies for alignment with financial planning. From this, elements of Management Control are deployed as a framework to furthering S&OP conceptualization by recognizing the influence of accounting on S&OP governance in achieving transparency and multi-functional engagement in multinational supply chain contexts. The result is four normative rules for successful S&OP governance and alignment within a multinational supply chain configuration context.

This thesis deals with the prediction demand forecasting in a company, focusing especially on quantitative methods of prediction. The theoretical part presents the predictions of demand, its place and importance in a company. Secondly, it presents various methods of qualitative and quantitative demand forecasting and the methods for measuring prediction accuracy. The practical part applies several methods on a real data of the company. These are the methods of moving averages, exponential smoothing, Holt and Holt-Winters method and the simple linear regression. The accuracy of each method are compared with each other and most accurate method is then used to predict demand for the year 2015.

Transport demand planning in South Africa is a neglected field of study, using obsolete methods to model an extremely complex, dynamic system composed of an eclectic mix of First and Third World transport technologies, infrastructure and economic participants. We identify agent-based simulation as a viable modelling paradigm capable of capturing the effects emerging from the complex interactions within the South African transport system, and proceed to implement the Multi-Agent Transport Simulation Toolkit (MATSim) for South Africa's economically important Gauteng province. This report describes the procedure followed to transform household travel survey, census and Geographic Information System (GIS) data into an activity-based transport demand description, executed on network graphs derived from GIS shape files. We investigate the influence of network resolution on solution quality and simulation time, by preparing a full network representation and a small version, containing no street-level links. Then we compare the accuracy of our data-derived transport demand with a lower bound solution. Finally the simulation is tested for repeatability and convergence. Comparisons of simulated versus actual traffic counts on important road network links during the morning and afternoon rush hour peaks show a minimum mean relative error of less than 40%. Using the same metric, the small network differs from the full representation by a maximum of 2% during the morning peak hour, but the full network requires three times as much memory to execute, and takes 5.2 times longer to perform a single iteration. Our census- and travel survey-derived demand performs significantly better than uniformly distributed random pairings of home- and work locations, which we took to be analogous to a lower bound solution. The smallest difference in corresponding mean relative error between the two cases comes to more than 50%. We introduce a new counts ratio error metric that removes the bias present in traditional counts comparison error metrics. The new metric shows that the spread (standard deviation) of counts comparison values for the random demand is twice to three times as large as that of our reference case. The simulation proves highly repeatable for different seed values of the pseudo-random number generator. An extended simulation run reveals that full systematic relaxation requires 400 iterations. Departure time histograms show how agents 'learn' to gradually load the network while still complying with activity constraints. The initial implementation has already sparked further research. Current priorities are improving activity assignment, incorporating commercial traffic and public transport, and the development and implementation of the minibus taxi para-transit mode. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Industrial and Systems Engineering / unrestricted

Denna studie undersöker hur efterfrågeplanering hanteras av företag som använder Produkt-som-tjänst (PaaS) affärsmodell (BM) inom transportsektorn, specifikt för tillgångar i en miljö med lång ledtid. Genom en blandad datainsamlings metod, som kombinerar en kvantitativ systematisk litteraturöversikt och kvalitativa data från semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vi undersökte olika PaaS-modeller och -metoder i syfte att tillhandahålla värdefulla insikter, metoder och tankesätt för företag som för närvarande använder eller överväger att anta PaaS-modellen. Ett urval av 8 artiklar användes och 4 intervjuer genomfördes med ämnet Produkt-som-tjänst i åtanke. Våra resultat gav behovet av standardisering, två distinkta efterfråge-planeringsmetoder och det allmänna fördelar som företag kan vinna på att använda PaaS-modellen. Dessutom utvecklade vi en tabellram för att underlätta förståelsen av PaaS-metoder i akademisk forskning. Den här studien tar upp den nuvarande klyftan i PaaS-forskningen och utökar vår kunskap om hur efterfråge-planeringsstrategier används av företag som antagit denna innovativa affärsmodell. / This study investigates how demand planning is handled by companies using the Product-as-a-Service (PaaS) business model (BM) in the transportation sector, specifically for assets in a long lead-time environment. Through a mixed method approach, combining a quantitative systematic literature review and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews. We examined various PaaS models and methods, aiming to provide valuable insights, methodologies, and mindsets for companies currently using or considering adopting the PaaS model. A sample of 8 articles was used, and 4 interviews were conducted with the topic of Product-as-a-Service in mind. Our findings provided the need for standardization, two distinct demand planning methods, and the general benefits companies can gain from adopting the PaaS model. Furthermore, we developed a tabular framework to facilitate the understanding of PaaS approaches in academic research. This study addresses the current gap in PaaS research and expands our knowledge of how demand planning strategies are used by companies that have adopted this innovative business model.

In today’s fast-moving world, a company´s ability to align with changes in the market is becoming a major competitive factor. Demand forecasting form the basis of all supply chain planning and is a process that companies often fail to recognize as a key contributor to corporate success. Different contexts and market dynamics creates different challenges for companies to overcome in order to have an efficient forecasting process, matching demand with supply. This master thesis looks at the whole forecasting process, also called forecasting management, at a decentralized global company to identify the main challenges within the process and propose recommendations on how to overcome them. The research is based on a single case study where the forecasting process is investigated using four different dimensions: Functional Integration, Approach, Systems and Performance Measurements. The study identified twelve challenges in the forecasting process where a majority can be connected to issues within information sharing and lack of support in the process. Based on the identified challenges, eight improvement suggestions where developed to target the challenges and improving the process for a decentralized global company. / I dagens snabbt utvecklande och växande landskap så är ett företags förmåga att anpassa sig till marknadens behov en betydande konkurrensfaktor. Säljprognoser utgör grunden för all planering inom försörjningskedjan och är en process som företag ofta inte erkänner som en viktig bidragsgivare till företagets framgång. Olika marknadslandskap och förutsättningar skapar olika utmaningar för företag att bemästra för att kunna bedriva ett effektivt prognosarbete och matcha efterfrågan med utbud. Detta examensarbete tittar på hela prognosprocessen, även kallad prognoshantering, hos ett decentraliserat globalt företag för att identifiera de viktigaste utmaningarna i processen och föreslå rekommendationer om hur man kan övervinna dem. Forskningen bygger på en enda fallstudie där prognosprocessen undersöks utifrån fyra olika dimensioner: Funktionell integration, strategi, system och prestandamätningar. Studien identifierade tolv utmaningar i prognosprocessen där en majoritet kan kopplas till utmaningar inom informationsdelning och brist på stöd i processen. Baserat på de identifierade utmaningarna utvecklades åtta förbättringsåtgärder för att övervinna utmaningarna och förbättra processen för ett decentraliserat globalt företag.

Various forecasting tools, based on historical data, exist for planners of national networks that are very effective in planning national interventions to ensure energy security, and meet carbon obligations over the long term. However, at a local community level, where energy demand patterns may significantly differ from the national picture, planners would be unable to justify local and more appropriate intervention due to the lack of appropriate planning tools. In this research, a new methodology is presented that initially creates a virtual community of households in a small community based on a survey of a similar community, and then predicts the energy behaviour of each household, and hence of the community. It is based on a combination of the statistical data, and a questionnaire survey. The methodology therefore enables realistic predictions and can help local planners decide on measures such as embedding renewable energy and demand management. Using the methodology developed, a study has been carried out in order to understand the patterns of electricity consumption within UK households. The methodology developed in this study has been used to investigate the incentives currently available to consumers to see if it would be possible to shift some of the load from peak hours. Furthermore, the possibility of using renewable energy (RE) at community level is also studied and the results presented. Real time pricing information was identified as a barrier to understanding the effectiveness of various incentives and interventions. A new pricing criteria has therefore been developed to help developers and planners of local communities to understand the cost of intervention. Conclusions have been drawn from the work. Finally, suggestions for future work have been presented. / Libyan government

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Eduardo Miranda dos Santos.pdf: 1807322 bytes, checksum: 7f50ddc0b91b7f1ac5122ffcdf2d22d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-31 / Great attention has been dedicated to knowledge administration thematic in the last years. Articles and books have been published and companies have been increasing the investments in that study field, that presents multidisciplinary relationship with other themes, such as information, human resources administration and organizational behavior systems. Inserted in an environment of competition and competitiveness, great companies coexist with the constant variation of the demand for their products, turning essential the existence of a daily activity foreseeing future situations, in order to maximize the outcome and to provide value to the business. Such an activity is situated in a field of study which goes by the area of marketing and production planning. In this sense, the objective of this study was to list the knowledge management, under a Processual perspective, in the demand planning activity, in an exploratory nature research carried out in five different companies, pertaining companies to five different sectors, characterized as a multi-case case study. The evidences were acquired by means of interviews, observation and document analysis, where content analysis was employed for analyzing and interpreting data. The outcome revealed the presence of elements having explicit, tacit and cultural knowledge in the demand planning activity: information technology tools the and documents, experience of professionals, means for transferring knowledge, collective interaction, social relationships and corporative vision what directs the business. In addition, the creation, transfer, storage and knowledge use processes were also considered as an outcome of the research, standing out the different formal meetings scheduled for knowledge exchange and the "knowledge combination" element, characterized by the interaction among the people during the process of knowledge creation and proposed in the Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization process. / Grande atenção tem sido dada à temática gestão do conhecimento nos últimos anos. Artigos e livros têm sido publicados e empresas têm aumentado os investimentos nesse campo de estudo, que apresenta multidisciplinariedade com outros temas, como sistemas de informação, gestão de recursos humanos e comportamento organizacional. Inseridas em um ambiente de concorrência e competitividade, grandes empresas convivem com a constante variação da demanda de seus produtos, o que torna essencial a existência de uma atividade diária de previsão de situações futuras, a fim de se maximizar os resultados e de se fornecer valor ao negócio. Tal atividade se situa em um campo de estudo que passa pela área de marketing e planejamento de produção. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi relacionar a gestão do conhecimento, sob uma perspectiva processual, na atividade de planejamento de demanda, em uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório realizada em cinco empresas diferentes, pertencentes a cinco setores diferentes, caracterizada como um estudo de multicasos. As evidências foram perquiridas por meio de entrevistas, observação e análise de documento, sendo que, para análise e interpretação dos dados, foi empregada a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados revelaram a presença de elementos de conhecimento explícito, tácito e cultural na atividade de planejamento de demanda: ferramentas de tecnologia da informação e documentos, experiência dos profissionais, meios de transferência do conhecimento, interação coletiva, relações sociais e visão corporativa que direciona o negócio empresa. Além disso, os processos de criação, transferência, armazenamento e de uso do conhecimento também foram considerados no resultado da pesquisa, destacando-se os diferentes encontros formais agendados para a troca de conhecimento e o elemento de "combinação do conhecimento , caracterizado pela interação entre as pessoas durante a criação do conhecimento e proposto no processo de Socialização, Externalização, Combinação e Internalização.

La presente investigación consiste en Proponer una Solución para Reducir los Reclamos en el Abastecimiento de Repuestos de Productos de Línea Blanca. Para ello, se aplicó principalmente Métodos de Clasificación ABC, Diagramas de Análisis de Actividades, Distribución por Mezcla de Familias, Métodos de Pronósticos de la Demanda, entre otras herramientas de la Ingeniería Industrial. Finalmente, se concluyó que al mejorar la Productividad del “Picking” (Sacado) y del Embalaje, al mejorar la Identificación y Reconocimiento Visual de los Repuestos y de los Espacios y al realizar una mejor Planificación de la Demanda, un adecuado Control del Inventario, una mejor Planificación del Abastecimiento, se reducirán los Reclamos en el Abastecimiento de Repuestos de productos de línea blanca. The present research is to propose a solution to Reduce Claims in supply of spare parts Products Appliances. To do this, we will mainly apply ABC classification methods, diagrams Analysis Activities, Distribution mix of families Methods demand forecast and other tools of industrial engineering. Finally, it was concluded that by improving the productivity of the "Picking" (Taken) and packaging, improving the identification and Visual Recognition of parts and spaces and improving planning Demand with an adequate control of inventory and with a better supply planning, Claims will be reduced in the Supply of white goods´ spare parts.

Hoy en día nos encontramos en la era de la información, donde cada vez las empresas se encuentran en la búsqueda de soluciones a través de herramientas de apoyo que les faciliten la extracción de la información. Las empresas que realizan operaciones de comercio internación buscan transformar los datos en conocimiento para agregar valor en sus operaciones, buscando la toma de decisiones más asertivas a través de las herramientas de Business Intelligence que proporcionan en tiempo real a toda la organización. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo, descubrir cuáles los factores de crecimiento en la aplicación del Business Intelligence en el ámbito de la logística internacional en las principales empresas importadoras de reactivos de diagnóstico en Lima Metropolitana durante el año 2020. Esta investigación se divide en 5 capítulos, en las que se usó el método científico donde se desarrollaran el marco conceptual, plan de investigación, la metodología empleada en la investigación, el desarrollo y análisis de los resultados. La investigación busca descifrar que con la herramienta del Business Intelligence se pueden obtener diversos factores que impacten en la logística internacional de las empresas peruanas importadoras de reactivos de diagnóstico de Lima Metropolitana. Las categorías que se desarrollaron en la investigación a través del marco teórico fue la planificación de la demanda, reducción de costos, medición del desempeño y obtención de la información para la toma de decisiones en la logística internacional. / Today we are in the information age, where companies are increasingly looking for solutions through support tools that facilitate the extraction of information. Companies that carry out international trade operations seek to transform data into knowledge to add value in their operations, seeking to make more assertive decisions through Business Intelligence tools that are provided in real time by the most relevant organization. The objective of this research is to discover which growth factors in the application of Business Intelligence in the field of international logistics in the main importing companies of diagnostic reagents in Metropolitan Lima during the year 2020. This research is divided into 5 chapters, in which the scientific method was used where the conceptual framework, research plan, the methodology used in research, development and analysis of the results were developed. Along the same lines, it seeks to decipher that with the Business Intelligence tool, various factors that impact the international logistics of Peruvian companies importing diagnostic reagents from Metropolitan Lima can be obtained. The categories that were taken into account for the development of the research through the theoretical framework were demand planning, cost reduction, performance measurement and obtaining information for decision-making in international logistics. / Tesis