No presente trabalho é estudada a utilização da medição setorizada como instrumento de gestão da demanda de água em sistemas prediais. Para tanto, a caracterização dos medidores e a análise das interações dos elementos de medição com o sistema de suprimento de água fria e de equipamento sanitário são realizados a partir de um enfoque sistêmico e de desempenho. Considerando a coleta de melhores informações, qualitativamente e quantitativamente acerca do consumo, essencial para a gestão da demanda de água, e especialmente em um contexto de ações de conservação, neste trabalho levantou-se os sistemas de telemedição. Apresentou-se uma proposta de planejamento de implantação da medição setorizada e quais elementos que devem ser observados para a gestão da demanda. Para subsidiar as avaliações, realizou-se o estudo de caso da medição setorizada na Universidade de São Paulo, no qual foi possível verificar a importância da sua aplicação e os resultados extremamente positivos que justificaram sua implantação. / In this work it is studied the use of submetering as an instrument of water demand management in building systems. In such way, the characterization of the meters and the analysis of the interactions of its elements with the building hydraulical system are carried on a systemic approach and performance analysis of the proposal. Considering the collection of better information of water consumption essential for the water demand management, especially in a conservation context, it was searched out the systems and the technologies of remote metering. A proposal for the planning of the submetering implantation was showed, as well as the elements that should be considered for the demand management. To make the evaluations, the case study of the submetering program in the University of São Paulo was accomplished, in which it was possible to verify the importance of its application and the extremely positive results that had justified its implantation.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os impactos da implantação de medidas de gerenciamento da mobilidade (GM) em uma área urbana localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre com vários pólos atratores de viagens. O GM – abordagem européia do gerenciamento da demanda de viagens – busca uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, tentando influir no comportamento de viagem das pessoas. São discutidos seu conceito, suas ferramentas, medidas e serviços de transporte, incluindo exemplos de implantação no mundo. Foram escolhidas duas medidas de GM, dentro de um pacote de medidas a serem implantadas pelo projeto Moviman na área de estudo, localizada na zona leste de Porto Alegre, onde atualmente há uma universidade (PUCRS), hospitais, um shopping center, hipermercados, entre outros estabelecimentos. A primeira medida analisada foi a carona programada, uso compartilhado de um automóvel com divisão de custos. Foi feita uma pesquisa com alunos da PUCRS para verificar sua receptividade em relação a esta medida. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, foi avaliado o possível impacto da implantação desta medida no tráfego da área de estudo. Também foi feita pesquisa com trabalhadores de uma empresa local para comparar a receptividade a esta medida por usuários diferentes. A segunda medida foi a implantação de um Sistema de Informação ao Usuário (SIU) de transporte coletivo em duas paradas de ônibus, através da realização de pesquisas de importância e satisfação, para priorizar as informações e de uma pesquisa final de satisfação e análise de intenção de mudança modal causada pelo SIU. Os resultados demonstram que a carona programada é uma medida com boa receptividade entre os grupos-alvo pesquisados, que causa uma melhora das condições de tráfego locais. E um novo SIU nas paradas de ônibus é uma medida de qualificação do transporte coletivo com um bom potencial de atração de novos usuários e de fidelização dos atuais. Portanto, comprovouse o impacto positivo da implantação destas medidas de GM em uma cidade brasileira, pois ambas atenderam aos objetivos de uma mobilidade urbana sustentável sem a limitação da mobilidade das pessoas. / This dissertation presents the evaluation of the impacts produced by mobility management (MM) measures introduced in an urban area, with many trip production centers, located in Porto Alegre city, southern Brazil. The MM, European approach of travel demand management, aims a more sustainable urban mobility, trying to influence in the travel behavior of people. Their concepts, tools, measures and transport services are discussed, including other implantation examples worldwide. Two MM measures were chosen within a package of measures that would be implemented by the Moviman project in the studied area. The selected area, situated in the east zone of Porto Alegre, holds a university (PUCRS), hospitals, a shopping center, among others commercial establishments. The first analyzed measure was carpooling, shared use of an automobile with division of costs, using the application of a survey with university students, from PUCRS, to verify their receptivity in relation to this alternative transportation mode. The survey results were used for the analysis of possible impacts of this measure in the traffic of the study area. A survey with workers of a local company was done to compare the receptivity with these measures in distinct users. The second measure was the installation of a public transport user information system (UIS) in two bus stops, using importance and satisfaction surveys in order to define information priorities, and a final survey of satisfaction and analysis of modal change intention caused by UIS. The results demonstrate that carpooling is a transport measure with good receptivity among the target groups, and improves the local traffic conditions. Moreover the installation of new UIS in bus stops is a measure of qualification of the public transportation with good potential for attraction of new users and consolidation of actual users. Therefore, the impacts of MM measures in a Brazilian city were positive, considering that both measures reach the goal of sustainable mobility without limiting people mobility.

Responsible for one in eight tonnes of national CO₂ emissions, the passenger car sector is pivotal to delivering on UK climate change commitments to avoiding warming of more than 2°C. This thesis provides a clear and quantitative framing of emissions reduction at the sectoral level, by disaggregating global cumulative emissions budgets and pathways associated with a range of probabilities of exceeding 2°C. The relatively low level of abatement currently planned for the UK car sector, it is argued, needs to be significantly increased for the following reasons: (i) a scientific basis in cumulative emissions for sectoral mitigation makes carbon budgets, rather than end point targets (e.g. 2050), of the first importance; (ii) the currently high probability (63%) of exceeding 2°C underpinning the current UK carbon budgets is inconsistent with the UK government’s commitment to avoiding ‘dangerous climate change’; (iii) short-term emissions growth in industrialising countries considerably reduces remaining emissions space for industrialised countries; (iv) very limited scope exists for any large sector to cut emissions by less than the national mean rate of decarbonisation at higher rates of mitigation (around 10% p.a. by the 2020s). The consequences for emissions space in other sectors if international aviation and shipping mitigate less than the mean are quantified. For UK car sector emissions to remain consistent with a low probability of exceeding 2°C while observing these limitations, this analysis finds that planned sectoral mitigation over the coming decade needs to be increased fourfold. Means to address this expected abatement shortfall using readily available technology are investigated using a fleet emissions model to compare the effect on cumulative emissions of changes in a range of fleet parameters (including mean new car bulk emissions factors, vehicle age-proportionate annual distance travelled, and rates of fleet growth and turnover). Pushing existing car technology to the limit of expected short term efficiency gains is found to be insufficient to deliver a pathway with better than 56% probability of exceeding 2°C. Without reduction in aggregate demand for vehicle kilometres in the short term, lower probabilities of 2°C are placed beyond reach. The possibility of rapid step changes in levels of per capita car use is explored in qualitative interviews using narrative storyline scenarios. A range of coercive and voluntary interventions is considered in relation to their potential to overcome the structural and behavioural constraints to rapid transformation of personal travel.

This thesis examines the interaction of political-economic restructuring, sustainability, and the governance of municipal services in the province of Ontario, Canada. Two issues are studied: the restructuring of business models, and programs for sustainable infrastructure management (focusing on programs for the reduction of water consumption and production). The primary data are derived from a province-wide expert survey, archival research, a one-day expert workshop, and seven municipal case studies. Since the early 1990s, political-economic restructuring in Ontario predominantly reflects processes and policy orientations consistent with neoliberalization. Two strands of research posit particular relationships between neoliberalization and sustainability. One (associated with political ecology) asserts that neoliberalization yields negative outcomes for environmental policy. The other (ecological modernization) asserts that neoliberal restructuring leads to environmental improvements. This thesis tests and complicates both sets of claims. Specifically, neoliberalization does not necessarily induce improved programming for sustainability and can, hinder its development. Neoliberalization, however, is not the unique hindrance to progress on sustainability. Rather, a techno-physical approach to service delivery combined with governance arrangements that neither empower nor compel a variety of necessary actors presents a key barrier to sustainability. In terms of the restructuring of business models, I find that the primary neoliberal strategy is the depoliticization of governance through the pursuit of arms length business models for service delivery. This, however, is not readily accomplished in complete or straightforward ways. Municipal governments and anti-neoliberal alliances have complex relationships to neoliberalization that prove important in restructuring outcomes. Specifically, neoliberalization is also contested within municipal government and for environmental advocates, although their best option, the municipal department model remains unsatisfactory. Concerning sustainable infrastructure management, the thesis finds that up-take of supply and demand management in Ontario has been limited to date. This results from incentives created by policy processes associated with neoliberalization (specifically new public management) and technically-driven management methods in the water sector. Moreover, where programs for sustainable infrastructure management currently occur, they are rarely motivated by sustainability concerns. Importantly, however, sustainable infrastructure management is underdeveloped for reasons other than neoliberalization; governance arrangements and the continuing supply-side orientation of water utilities are other factors. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The thesis is focused on product development in companies in the telecommunications industry. These companies provide products to end customers. The introductory section lists and describes the basic concepts accompanying the issue. Also described herein is a method for achieving the objectives of the thesis, that is based on personal interviews with specialists in selected telecommunications companies. The first objective is to identify variables affecting success launching a new product to market services. The thesis defines the internal and external factors in the organization. Part of the analysis is to assess the current state of internal RFC, that was unexpectedly during the development of a long implementation period (TTM). The content of this thesis is identification of key factors and their impacts on implementation also unveiling constraints of the development process. These constraints are in the view of issues that prevent better performance of the relevant processes. The third and the main objective of this thesis is based on previous analyses, proposal of improvements that could contribute in the future to better product development. The proposed improvements are consulted with a specialist Demand Management to determine the feasibility and potential benefit in practice. The greatest contribution of the thesis lies in the proposed improvements and their assessment for future implementation.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This study examined the impact of the City’s water management strategies, specifically the water management devices, on selected households in Saxonsea. The impact of cost recovery policies on poor households was interrogated in the light of government’s distributional and procedural equity in service delivery. The main issues arising from the study were lack of consultation, inadequate information, and perception of powerlessness. The study concludes that although water management devices have contributed to significant improvements in water saving, poor households are burdened with the responsibility of saving water. If the idea is to save water across the board, this regimen should be extended to all water users and not targeted at poor households only

[ES] Esta tesis tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de una metodología para la optimización de sistemas híbridos renovables que incluya mecanismos de gestión de la demanda y permita su operación tanto en modo isla, como en modo península, para su posterior validación experimental en aplicaciones dirigidas a granjas acuícolas ubicadas en la región costera central del estado de Veracruz, México. Para la consecución del objetivo, en primera instancia se elaboraron modelos de los componentes del sistema híbrido y se definió una estrategia de despacho para el sistema híbrido, los cuales fueron simulados en MATLAB y en la herramienta de ordenador HOMER. En estos modelos se incluyeron datos de los recursos renovables presentes en el sitio de estudio, la demanda eléctrica, así como también los costes de los componentes y los correspondientes a la operación, mantenimiento y combustible relacionados con la operación del sistema. Para la optimización del sistema híbrido, fueron considerados como indicadores económicos el Coste Total Anual (CTA), el Coste Neto Presente (NPC) y el Coste de Energía (COE); mientras que las emisiones de CO2, emisiones evitadas de CO2 y la Fracción Renovable (FR), fueron los indicadores medioambientales seleccionados para el caso de estudio. Posteriormente, se definieron algunos arreglos básicos y escenarios de gestión de la demanda aplicables a la operación del sistema híbrido, que permitiera evaluar los resultados de optimización y así determinar la configuración óptima, tanto en modo isla como en modo península. Finalmente, se aplicó la metodología a una granja acuícola modelo donde se consiguió definir el mejor escenario de gestión de la demanda y las posibles configuraciones de los componentes del sistema híbrido para su operación en modo isla y en modo península. Un análisis de sensibilidad desarrollado en HOMER sirvió de apoyo para evaluar el impacto de las variaciones en la demanda eléctrica de la granja y de la velocidad promedio del viento en la viabilidad técnica, económica y medioambiental del sistema híbrido óptimo. / [CAT] Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu el desenvolupament d'una metodologia per a l'optimització de sistemes híbrids renovables que incloga mecanismes de gestió de la demanda i permeta la seua operació tant en manera illa, com en manera península, per a la seua posterior validació experimental en aplicacions dirigides a granges aqüícoles situades a la regió costanera central de l'estat de Veracruz, Mèxic. Per a la consecució de l'objectiu, en primera instància es van elaborar models dels components del sistema híbrid i es va definir una estratègia de despatx per al sistema híbrid, els quals van ser simulats en MATLAB i en l'eina d'ordenador HOMER. En aquests models es van incloure dades dels recursos renovables presents en el lloc d'estudi, la demanda energètica, així com també els costos dels components i els corresponents a l'operació, manteniment i combustible relacionats amb l'operació del sistema. Per a l'optimització del sistema híbrid, van ser considerats com a indicadors econòmics el Cost Total Anual (CTA), el Cost Net Present (NPC) i el Cost d'Energia (COE); mentre que les emissions de CO2, emissions evitades de CO2 i la Fracció Renovable (FR), van ser els indicadors mediambientals seleccionats per al cas d'estudi. Posteriorment, es van definir alguns arranjaments bàsics i escenaris de gestió de la demanda aplicables a l'operació del sistema híbrid, que permetera avaluar els resultats d'optimització i així determinar la configuració òptima, tant en manera illa com en manera península. Finalment, es va aplicar la metodologia a una granja aqüícola model on es va aconseguir definir el millor escenari de gestió de la demanda i les possibles configuracions dels components del sistema híbrid per a la seua operació en manera illa i en manera península. Una anàlisi de sensibilitat desenvolupat en HOMER va servir de suport per a avaluar l'impacte de les variacions en la demanda energètica de la granja i de la velocitat faig una mitjana de del vent en la viabilitat tècnica, econòmica i mediambiental del sistema híbrid òptim. / [EN] This thesis aims to develop a methodology for the optimization of renewable hybrid systems that includes demand management mechanisms and allows its operation both in island mode, as in peninsula mode, for later experimental validation in applications aimed at aquaculture farms located in the central coastal region of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. To achieve the objective, in the first instance models of the hybrid system components were developed and a dispatch strategy for the hybrid system was defined, which were simulated in MATLAB and in the HOMER computer tool. These models included data on the renewable resources present at the study site, the electricity demand, as well as the costs of the components and those corresponding to the operation, maintenance and fuel related to the operation of the system. For the optimization of the hybrid system, the Total Annual Cost (TAC), the Net Present Cost (NPC) and the Cost of Energy (COE) were considered as economic indicators; while CO2 emissions, avoided CO2 emissions and the Renewable Fraction (RF), were the environmental indicators selected for the case study. Subsequently, some basic arrangements and demand management scenarios applicable to the operation of the hybrid system were defined, which allowed to evaluate the optimization results and thus determine the optimal configuration, both in island mode and in peninsula mode. Finally, the methodology was applied to a model aquafarm where it was possible to define the best demand management scenario and the possible configurations of the components of the hybrid system for operation in island mode and in peninsula mode. A sensitivity analysis developed at HOMER served as a support to assess the impact of variations in the farm's electrical demand and the average wind speed on the technical, economic and environmental viability of the optimal hybrid system. / Gómez González, FJ. (2020). Diseño y optimización de un sistema híbrido renovable con gestión de la demanda y aplicaciones en península y modo isla [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/158563 / TESIS

The present study examines a Mobility Management measure called “test traveller project”, which aims at increasing the public transport modal share by offering free public transport tickets to those who often use their car for their daily commuting and trips. The existing literature consists of a rather limited number of cases and their scope is usually limited because only some of the main elements that influence one’s travel behaviour are considered in each study. Furthermore, literature is not unanimous in concluding that this measure can reduce car use. This work studies more than 50 cases in Sweden, and by employing the Theory of Planned Behaviour the effects of test traveller projects have been examined in an empirical case in the Swedish municipality of Botkyrka, located in the Stockholm metropolitan area. The findings underline that a test traveller project, despite its limitations, may be a valid and relatively simple tool available to public bodies and public transport companies for enticing a segment of car drivers to switch to public transport where it is a valid alternative. In fact, according to the literature, the major results achievable are around 20% of new public transport users among test travellers, whereas in Sweden 20% has been achieved by the first upper quartile of the projects. In particular, the effectiveness of a test traveller project is greater when combined or conducted in parallel with other measures such as improvements in the public transport offer and/or changes in the transport system aiming at disadvantaging car use. The case study of Botkyrka has confirmed that attitudes are the major influencing factor when making the transport mode choice. Further, it has confirmed that environmental concerns and the time passed from one’s residential relocation also play an important role. Habits seem to be less important, thus adhering to that literature whose authors argue that an external event (such as moving home) makes people reflect upon and rethink their travel habits. The case study in Botkyrka has empirically demonstrated how the project participants correct their beliefs and perceptions about public transport, sometimes in a positive way and sometimes in a negative way. An interesting finding is the existence of a new category of people living in the suburbs. Literature indicates that, in the same suburban context, individuals with suburban land use preferences tend to use the car more that individuals with urban land use preferences. In the case study of Botkyrka clearly emerged as a majority among the test traveller project participants a category of individuals who have a suburban land use preference but at the same time would like to use public transportation instead of their car and have high environmental concerns.

This research study focused on the development and subsequent evaluation of an in-vehicle Active Traffic and Demand Management (ATDM) system deployed on I-66. The ATDM elements inside the vehicle allowed drivers to remain consistently aware of traffic conditions and roadway requirements even if external signage was inaccessible. Forty participants were accompanied by a member of the research team and experienced the following features from the in-vehicle device (IVD): 1) dynamic speed limits, 2) dynamic lane use/shoulder control, 3) High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) restrictions, and 4) variable message signs (VMS). This system was equipped with auditory and visual alerts to notify the driver when relevant information was updated. The research questions addressed distraction, desirability, and driver behavior associated with the system. Participant data was collected from the instrumented vehicle, various surveys, and researcher observation. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer tests were performed to analyze participant eye glance durations towards the IVD and instrument cluster. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to draw conclusions from participant speed data and some survey responses. Several key findings were uncovered related to each research category: 1) the IVD would not be classified as a distraction according to NHTSA distraction guidelines, 2) seventy-three percent of participants would want the in-vehicle technology in their next vehicle, and 3) the speed limit alert motivated participants to alter their speed (based on both survey results and actual participant speed data). / Master of Science

Companies face constant change in today's dynamic business landscape, navigating shifting customer demands, globalization, and economic fluctuations. To thrive, businesses must optimize costs and meet customer needs, making supply chain management necessary. At its core lies demand management, a strategic and operational process that aligns customer needs with the capabilities of the supply chain. The ever-changing demand sets challenges for the integration between supply and demand that need to be studied. While other studies may focus on individual activities, this study treats demand management as a holistic process. Through a case study in ABB Robotics focusing on the spare parts industry, renowned for its stringent service level requirements and extensive availability. This thesis investigates demand management practices, emphasizing integration between demand and supply units, uncovering challenges across the supply chain, and exploring improvement opportunities. The study employs a single case study design with an exploratory abductive approach, using a qualitative method and interviews to gather empirical data that is later analyzed against theoretical frameworks based on prior research. Despite solid inventory planning and collaboration levels, the study identifies several challenges the company faces in meeting demand effectively, including inadequate coordination and failure to incorporate supply capabilities, divergent goals, departmental silos, lack of alignment, and systematic process deficiencies hindering informed decision-making alignment. Also, unclear allocation strategies in supply limitations and customer prioritization are present. Figure 8 in this study advocates integrating demand and supply teams equally, which is crucial for optimized cost and value. The study suggests adopting Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) to involve stakeholders systematically. Necessary actions include understanding roles and responsibilities, setting clear goals, sharing knowledge, enhancing customer and marketing segmentation, and increasing data transparency. In conclusion, successful demand management necessitates viewing it as an integrated process involving all teams focused on reducing variables through continuous information flow.