The financial and environmental effects of traffic congestion and automobile-centric air pollution continue to be problems that must be addressed within the United States. In response, travel demand management (TDM) has emerged as a potential way to reduce automobile-based travel in order to minimize these effects. TDM strategies are highly dependent on specific urban form characteristics such as bicycle lanes, sidewalks, or transit facilities. A current gap exists in the analytical tools available to transportation planners when evaluating TDM projects. The standard transportation models do not take into account urban form characteristics in a systematic way. These characteristics play an import role in an individual's selection of walking, bicycling, or transit based travel modes. This gap needs to be filled in order to evaluate TDM projects with the same decision-making rigor that is applied to road expansion projects. The purpose of this project is to develop an enhanced transportation mode choice model that presents a systematic approach for incorporating urban form characteristics. This approach determines which elements of urban form have the strongest influence on transportation mode choice behavior. This work is being done in conjunction with the Roanoke Valley Allegheny Metropolitan Planning Organization as a way to evaluate the potential of TDM projects in promoting non-automobile forms of travel within the Roanoke region. This approach to developing an enhanced transportation mode choice model is a step forward in address the gap between TDM strategies and the tools needed to evaluate them. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

This paper presents a two-stage model of optimization as a quick method to choose the best potential links for implementing urban travel demand management (UTDM) strategy like road pricing. The model is optimized by minimizing the hidden cost of congestion based on user equilibrium (MHCCUE). It forecasts the exact amount of flows and tolls for links in user equilibrium condition to determine the hidden cost for each link to optimize the link selection based on the network congestion priority. The results show that not only the amount of total cost is decreased, but also the number of selected links for pricing is reduced as compared with the previous toll minimization methods. Moreover, as this model just uses the traffic assignment data for calculation, it could be considered as a quick and optimum solution for choosing the potential links.

A contínua ampliação da infraestrutura viária já se provou ineficaz em resolver os problemas de congestionamento nos grandes centros urbanos e uma solução não sustentável tendo em vista os altos investimentos envolvidos. Em contraposição ao tradicional aumento da capacidade viária, surge a Gestão da Demanda de Viagens (GDV). Uma das medidas englobadas pela GDV é a mobilidade corporativa que visa a promover o uso de opções de transporte mais sustentáveis e eficientes nos deslocamentos casa-trabalho das pessoas. Aproximadamente 50% dos deslocamentos diários nas cidades brasileiras ocorrem por motivo de trabalho. Por isso organizações públicas e privadas desempenham um papel fundamental em questões atreladas ao transporte. Embora não controlem a forma como seus funcionários vão ao trabalho, as organizações, por muitas vezes, podem estimular a mudança de hábitos de deslocamento ao prover informações e incentivos para isso. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade da adoção de estratégias de mobilidade corporativa em organizações situadas no Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, apresenta-se mais profundamente o conceito, os benefícios e as medidas de mobilidade corporativa que podem ser implementadas. A seguir, são comparados e analisados diferentes métodos existentes para a elaboração de planos de mobilidade corporativa. Propõe-se um novo método adaptado à realidade local composto por sete passos que totalizam 26 atividades que devem ser cumpridas para a construção de um plano bem-sucedido. Realiza-se uma pesquisa-ação em um complexo administrativo que reúne 17 mil funcionários e está localizado a 20 km do centro da cidade. Investiga-se o padrão de deslocamento casa-trabalho dos funcionários da organização e são analisadas que medidas de mobilidade corporativa poderiam ser adotadas para estimular o transporte sustentável entre os funcionários deste local. / The continuous expansion of road infrastructure has proven to be ineffective in solving the problem of congestion in large urban areas. It is also an unsustainable solution due to the high investments involved. Instead of increasing road capacity, Travel Demand Management (TDM) emerges as an alternative to deal with the problem. One of TDM’s measures is corporate mobility, which aims to promote more sustainable and efficient transport options for commuting to work. Approximately 50% of daily trips in Brazilian cities are work related. Therefore public and private organizations play a key role in issues related to transportation. Although they do not control how employees commute to work, organizations have the ability to stimulate travel behavior change by providing information and incentives. This study aims to verify the applicability of the adoption of corporate mobility strategies in organizations located in Brazil. At first, a more in depth concept is explained in addition to the benefits and corporate mobility measures that can be implemented. Then, we compare and analyze different existing methods for the construction of corporate mobility plans. We propose a new method based on the local context. The method is composed by seven steps totalizing 26 activities which must be followed for developing of a successful plan. Finally, we describe the application of the method that was carried out in an Administrative Center which gathers 17 thousand employees and is located 20 km away from the city center. We investigate employees’ commute patterns and analyze which corporate mobility measures could be implemented to promote a more sustainable commute pattern to work.

After World War II, automobile use expanded rapidly in the developed countries. As a result, travel pattern changed entirely and automobile has become the dominant form of transport in cities. As a result, the city has been shaped and sized in response to automobile needs. Such increase caused traffic problems in the Central Business Districts and surrounding areas. The problems of traffic congestion and pedestrian circulation have become an important issue in the whole city. As traffic problems have grown in developed cities, they had to be engaged in managing travel demand of people in order to provide mobility and access with reference to the advancing principles of sustainability. In this scope, this study shows the need of travel demand management to create a sustainable transport system. As a case, this study will evaluate the transport problems of Ankara and the place of the city in the urban transport policy process. At this point, transport problems and the transformation of road network and their impacts on the city will be examined in four periods. As a conclusion, urban transportation strategies needed for creating a sustainable transport system are overviewed for the city of Ankara.

A contínua ampliação da infraestrutura viária já se provou ineficaz em resolver os problemas de congestionamento nos grandes centros urbanos e uma solução não sustentável tendo em vista os altos investimentos envolvidos. Em contraposição ao tradicional aumento da capacidade viária, surge a Gestão da Demanda de Viagens (GDV). Uma das medidas englobadas pela GDV é a mobilidade corporativa que visa a promover o uso de opções de transporte mais sustentáveis e eficientes nos deslocamentos casa-trabalho das pessoas. Aproximadamente 50% dos deslocamentos diários nas cidades brasileiras ocorrem por motivo de trabalho. Por isso organizações públicas e privadas desempenham um papel fundamental em questões atreladas ao transporte. Embora não controlem a forma como seus funcionários vão ao trabalho, as organizações, por muitas vezes, podem estimular a mudança de hábitos de deslocamento ao prover informações e incentivos para isso. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade da adoção de estratégias de mobilidade corporativa em organizações situadas no Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, apresenta-se mais profundamente o conceito, os benefícios e as medidas de mobilidade corporativa que podem ser implementadas. A seguir, são comparados e analisados diferentes métodos existentes para a elaboração de planos de mobilidade corporativa. Propõe-se um novo método adaptado à realidade local composto por sete passos que totalizam 26 atividades que devem ser cumpridas para a construção de um plano bem-sucedido. Realiza-se uma pesquisa-ação em um complexo administrativo que reúne 17 mil funcionários e está localizado a 20 km do centro da cidade. Investiga-se o padrão de deslocamento casa-trabalho dos funcionários da organização e são analisadas que medidas de mobilidade corporativa poderiam ser adotadas para estimular o transporte sustentável entre os funcionários deste local. / The continuous expansion of road infrastructure has proven to be ineffective in solving the problem of congestion in large urban areas. It is also an unsustainable solution due to the high investments involved. Instead of increasing road capacity, Travel Demand Management (TDM) emerges as an alternative to deal with the problem. One of TDM’s measures is corporate mobility, which aims to promote more sustainable and efficient transport options for commuting to work. Approximately 50% of daily trips in Brazilian cities are work related. Therefore public and private organizations play a key role in issues related to transportation. Although they do not control how employees commute to work, organizations have the ability to stimulate travel behavior change by providing information and incentives. This study aims to verify the applicability of the adoption of corporate mobility strategies in organizations located in Brazil. At first, a more in depth concept is explained in addition to the benefits and corporate mobility measures that can be implemented. Then, we compare and analyze different existing methods for the construction of corporate mobility plans. We propose a new method based on the local context. The method is composed by seven steps totalizing 26 activities which must be followed for developing of a successful plan. Finally, we describe the application of the method that was carried out in an Administrative Center which gathers 17 thousand employees and is located 20 km away from the city center. We investigate employees’ commute patterns and analyze which corporate mobility measures could be implemented to promote a more sustainable commute pattern to work.

This study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate different actors and layers of policy, implementation, and reception of pro-environmental Travel Demand Management policy and measures in Umeå. One initiative by Upab (Umeå Parkering AB) and Umeå municipality, Grönt parkeringsköp, which means moving parking spaces from the central area of Umeå and replacing them with facilities that promote sustainable travel, was investigated more thoroughly. The data was collected through a manually distributed survey in three properties that have implemented Grönt parkeringsköp, as well as through interviews with property owners. Utilizing discourse analysis, thematic analysis as well as OLS-regressions, the results have shown that the comprehensive plan of Umeå puts emphasis on sustainable growth to 200 000 inhabitants, as well as minimising car traffic in the central areas of town, mainly through densification of already built-up areas. The property owners stated several motives to implement such policies, including ecological, financial as well as brandstrengthening benefits. Attitudes amongst survey respondents are generally positive towards measures that improve conditions for bicycle users, and more negative towards push-measures. There are different predictors for attitudes and perceived importance of Travel Demand Management measures, including altruism and self-interest. The use of the installed measures through Grönt parkeringsköp however appear to be limited, possibly due to a lack of information.

A contínua ampliação da infraestrutura viária já se provou ineficaz em resolver os problemas de congestionamento nos grandes centros urbanos e uma solução não sustentável tendo em vista os altos investimentos envolvidos. Em contraposição ao tradicional aumento da capacidade viária, surge a Gestão da Demanda de Viagens (GDV). Uma das medidas englobadas pela GDV é a mobilidade corporativa que visa a promover o uso de opções de transporte mais sustentáveis e eficientes nos deslocamentos casa-trabalho das pessoas. Aproximadamente 50% dos deslocamentos diários nas cidades brasileiras ocorrem por motivo de trabalho. Por isso organizações públicas e privadas desempenham um papel fundamental em questões atreladas ao transporte. Embora não controlem a forma como seus funcionários vão ao trabalho, as organizações, por muitas vezes, podem estimular a mudança de hábitos de deslocamento ao prover informações e incentivos para isso. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade da adoção de estratégias de mobilidade corporativa em organizações situadas no Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, apresenta-se mais profundamente o conceito, os benefícios e as medidas de mobilidade corporativa que podem ser implementadas. A seguir, são comparados e analisados diferentes métodos existentes para a elaboração de planos de mobilidade corporativa. Propõe-se um novo método adaptado à realidade local composto por sete passos que totalizam 26 atividades que devem ser cumpridas para a construção de um plano bem-sucedido. Realiza-se uma pesquisa-ação em um complexo administrativo que reúne 17 mil funcionários e está localizado a 20 km do centro da cidade. Investiga-se o padrão de deslocamento casa-trabalho dos funcionários da organização e são analisadas que medidas de mobilidade corporativa poderiam ser adotadas para estimular o transporte sustentável entre os funcionários deste local. / The continuous expansion of road infrastructure has proven to be ineffective in solving the problem of congestion in large urban areas. It is also an unsustainable solution due to the high investments involved. Instead of increasing road capacity, Travel Demand Management (TDM) emerges as an alternative to deal with the problem. One of TDM’s measures is corporate mobility, which aims to promote more sustainable and efficient transport options for commuting to work. Approximately 50% of daily trips in Brazilian cities are work related. Therefore public and private organizations play a key role in issues related to transportation. Although they do not control how employees commute to work, organizations have the ability to stimulate travel behavior change by providing information and incentives. This study aims to verify the applicability of the adoption of corporate mobility strategies in organizations located in Brazil. At first, a more in depth concept is explained in addition to the benefits and corporate mobility measures that can be implemented. Then, we compare and analyze different existing methods for the construction of corporate mobility plans. We propose a new method based on the local context. The method is composed by seven steps totalizing 26 activities which must be followed for developing of a successful plan. Finally, we describe the application of the method that was carried out in an Administrative Center which gathers 17 thousand employees and is located 20 km away from the city center. We investigate employees’ commute patterns and analyze which corporate mobility measures could be implemented to promote a more sustainable commute pattern to work.

Bicycle planning is a current topic for planning for sustainable travel, both in Sweden and internationally. The purpose of this study is to investigate how bicycle planning can be implemented to make cities more sustainable. The study will examine Cykellänken in Linköping municipality to answer the questions: How has Linköping municipality planned for Cykellänken? How does the bicycle planning of Cykellänken meet the safety and accessibility aspects? The theoretical framework consists of the concept Travel demand management, security and accessibility aspects. The methods are interviews and observations. The conclusions are that there are some general improvement measures, which are safer crossings, reduced power play between vehicles, reduced speed, improved marketing and information and more evaluations. / Cykelplanering är ett aktuellt ämne för att planera för hållbart resande, både i Sverige och internationellt. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur cykelplanering kan genomföras för att städer ska bli mer hållbara. Studien kommer undersöka Cykellänken i Linköpings kommun för att svara på frågeställningarna: Hur har Linköpings kommun planerat för Cykellänken? Hur uppfyller cykelplaneringen av Cykellänken aspekterna säkerhet, tillgänglighet och framkomlighet? Det teoretiska ramverket består av konceptet Travel demand management, samt aspekterna säkerhet, tillgänglighet och framkomlighet. Metoderna för studien är intervjuer och observationer. Slutsatsernaär att det finns några generella förbättringsåtgärder, vilket är säkrare korsningar, reducera maktspelet mellan bil och cykel, sänkt hastighet, förbättrad marknadsföring och information samt fler utvärderingar.

This research explores the feasibility of providing innovative and effective solutions for traffic congestion. The design of reservation systems is being considered as an alternative and/or complementary travel demand management (TDM) strategy. A reservation indicates that a user will follow a booking procedure defined by the reservation system before traveling so as to obtain the right to access a facility or resource. In this research, the reservation system is introduced for a cordon-based downtown road network, hereafter called the Downtown Space Reservation System (DSRS). The research is executed in three steps. In the first step, the DSRS is developed using classic optimization techniques in conjunction with an artificial intelligence technology. The development of this system is the foundation of the entire research, and the second and third steps build upon it. In the second step, traffic simulation models are executed so as to assess the impact of the DSRS on a hypothetical transportation road network. A simulation model provides various transportation measures and helps the decision maker analyze the system from a transportation perspective. In this step, multiple simulation runs (demand scenarios) are conducted and performance insights are generated. However, additional performance measurement and system design issues need to be addressed beyond the simulation paradigm. First, it is not the absolute representation of performance that matters, but the concept of relative performance that is important. Moreover, a simulation does not directly demonstrate how key performance measures interact with each other, which is critical when trying to understand a system structure. To address these issues, in the third step, a comprehensive performance measurement framework has been applied. An analytical technique for measuring the relative efficiency of organizational units, or in this case, demand scenarios called network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), is used. The network model combines the perspectives of the transportation service provider, the user and the community, who are the major stakeholders in the transportation system. This framework enables the decision maker to gain an in-depth appreciation of the system design and performance measurement issues. / Ph. D.

This dissertation seeks to understand travel satisfaction, travel affinity, and other psychological factors in relation to travel demand, such as the desire for trip making, willingness to spend time traveling, and choice of travel mode. The research was based on the Mood State in Transport Environments survey of 247 Android users (about 6,000 completed trip surveys) in the Blacksburg-Roanoke, VA, Washington, DC, and Minneapolis, MN metropolitan areas from fall 2016 to spring 2018. Respondents answered an entry survey, tracked their travel for 7 days, and answered a trip survey associated with each trip. The dataset provides opportunities to examine travel and activities during travel at the within- and between-person levels. Three studies in this dissertation examined three measures of the positive utility of travel and their relationship with travel behavior. I quantified (1) the desirability of trip making, (2) the ideal travel time related to different travel characteristics, and (3) the effect of satisfaction on commute mode choice. The first study examines the patterns of travel affinity with various travel modes, trip purposes, and activities during the trip. Travel affinity was measured by asking the willingness to forgo a trip when there is an opportunity to do so. I found that this is a valid and strong measure of the positive utility of travel. Travelers were more willing to make trips when they traveled on foot or bicycle, talked with someone during the trip, and took shorter trips. Additionally, commute trips were less likely to be enjoyed as compared to other, non-commute trips. The second study focused on (1) testing the validity of the "ideal travel time" measurement and (2) measuring factors associated with the willingness to spend time traveling. I found that although ideal travel time was a strong measure of the positive utility of travel, it was very weakly associated with the desirability of trip making and satisfaction with trips. Although few people wanted zero commute time (3%), the number of trips that had zero ideal travel time was much higher (16%), indicating that the desired travel amount may vary across different trip and environmental characteristics and purpose. Ideal travel time was longer for active travel trips, leisure trips, when conducting activities during trips (e.g., talking, using the phone, looking at the landscape), when traveling with companions and during the weekend. The third study investigated the role of travel satisfaction and attitude in mode choice behavior. This is one of the very few studies that have considered the role of these psychological factors in multimodal mode choice based on revealed preference data. I found that satisfaction and attitude toward modes and travel played a significant role in the choice model; it also modified the role of travel time in the models. However, the perception of travel time usefulness was insignificant in the model. Scenario analyses based on the model results showed that it is optimal to invest in active transportation and public transit at the same time in order to shift car drivers to these sustainable modes. These studies contribute to the small but growing body of literature on the positive utility of travel and transrational decision making in transportation. It is the only study that employed a smartphone survey with a repeated measure of trips over the course of 1-2 weeks. The third study is among the earliest attempts to include satisfaction and attitude together into mode choice models. This dissertation has several implications for research and practice. First, it calls for better measurements of well-being and satisfaction. Second, models with appropriate psychological factors would more realistically resemble actual travel behavior. Including satisfaction in the choice model changes the coefficient of travel time (and potentially cost), which modifies the value of travel time savings, a basis of most benefit-cost analyses in transportation planning and engineering. Better mode choice and trip generation models will generate more reliable predictions of future infrastructure use and investment. Third, studies of travel affinity (positive utility of travel) have implications for demand modeling and management practice. Practitioners should reevaluate the effectiveness of travel demand management strategies aimed at reducing travel time and trips, such as congestion pricing (e.g., tolls), online shopping, and telecommuting. / Doctor of Philosophy / People have various motivations to travel every day. For some, traveling is a means to an end to get from one place to another. Their main travel purpose is to perform some activities at destinations, such as grocery shopping, working, or visiting a friend. For others, traveling is a joy to get some fresh air, to be on one’s own company, to enjoy driving or exercising (while walking or bicycling), in addition to conducting activities at destinations. This idea of traveling for fun is still unpopular in transportation research. This dissertation seeks to understand the patterns of travel and motivations: who are traveling for fun, and when? Whether this affinity and satisfaction for travel drive people’s decision to choose a travel mode? To answer these questions, I measured the affinity for travel in two ways: willingness to make trips (i.e., travel from one place to another) and desired amount of time spent on travel. I found that people were willing to travel more when they conducted certain activities during trips, such as talking to others, talking on the phone, or other activities. Commuting was less fun as compared to other travel purposes, such as socializing or leisure. Bicyclists and pedestrians liked their trips and wanted to travel more than car drivers and bus users. People who were satisfied with their commute trips made by one mode would be more likely to use that mode for commuting. The affinity for travel is relevant to urban residents’ mental well-being and demand for travel, which translate into health and congestion relief benefits. The results from my studies suggest that more attentions on traveling for fun and multitasking should be paid to account for future mobility options, such as ride hailing (e.g., Uber, Lyft) and autonomous vehicles. These modes have promised fun from activities during travel, the autonomy, and convenience, and thus would generate more traffic on the road while providing less social and environmental benefits. The results from this dissertation would inform city planners, engineers, and health practitioners on planning for sustainable cities by improving well-being for transportation users and accommodate sustainable modes of transport, such as bicycling, walking, and transit by providing users with safe and satisfactory travel environments. The results also imply potential pitfalls of the current planning practice such as overestimating the value of travel time savings, benefit-cost analyses, and the effectiveness of travel demand management strategies, such as telecommuting and using information and communications, in reducing travel.