Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-23T12:03:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joilma Menezes.pdf: 1646474 bytes, checksum: 55d6d57db450f3ab1ef86b3ac1a50087 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-23T12:03:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joilma Menezes.pdf: 1646474 bytes, checksum: 55d6d57db450f3ab1ef86b3ac1a50087 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Para tornar potáveis águas salobras ou salinas, é necessário fazer a dessalinização, processo que normalmente exige alto investimento e recursos tecnológicos complexos para a produção em larga escala. Neste caso, o preço da água para o consumidor final torna-se muito mais elevado, devido à menor oferta e gastos envolvidos. O objetivo geral desse trabalho foi desenvolver um dispositivo caseiro para dessalinização de pequenas quantidades de água para o uso em dessedentação humana para aplicação em regiões com água de salinidade inadequada para beber, utilizando material biológico, como sementes de espécies de plantas do Semi-Árido baiano ou com possível cultivo naquela região. A metodologia empregada no trabalho foi baseada na medida da salinidade da água antes e após o contato com o material biológico. Dez tipos diferentes de sementes foram estudados: Amendoa (Terminalia Catappa L.), Umbu (Spondndias Tuberosa Cheg. Cam.), Moringa (Moringa Oleifera Lam), Mulungu (Erythrina verna Vell), Umburana (Erythrina verna Vell), Bucha Vegetal (Luffa Cylindrica), Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), Abobora (Cucúrbita Pepo L., ), Girassol (Helianthus Annus), e Mesocarpo e Endocarpo do Coco (Cocos Nucifera) e para os experimentos utilizou-se água de salinidade 0,7o/oo (baixa salobridade de ocorrência freqüentemente no semi-árido baiano). Após o contato da água salobra com o material biológico determinava-se a concentração de sódio remanescente na água, representando o NaCl, não sorvido pelo material biológico, principal sal responsável pela salinidade da água. Para análise de sódio foi usado a técnica analítica da fotometria de chama (Micronal, Mod. B462). Na escolha final do sorvente a ser usado no dispositivo caseiro foi considerado prioritário, além da maior capacidade de sorção de sais, menor teor de sal intrínseco e abundância na região semi-árida e/ou com possibilidade de adaptação para cultivo naquela região. A semente de umbu (Spondndias Tuberosa Cheg. Cam.) apresentou maior capacidade de sorção de sais da água salobra, principalmente quando seca a 250º C, por 1 hora. Dessa forma desenvolveu-se um dispositivo caseiro para dessalinização de água, em pequenas quantidades, suficientes para o uso familiar em dessedentação humana, a partir desta semente tratada segundo indicação neste trabalho, podendo transformar água de baixa salobridade, mas imprópria para beber (> 0,5 a 1,5 o/oo) em água doce e baixar a alta dureza de águas a níveis de aceitação para consumo humano. O estudo da adsorção dos sais em umbu realizado para explicar o processo de dessalinização da água salobra usando-se material produzido por secagem e moagem da semente do umbu, atendeu ao modelo de Langmuir e permitiu estimar a capacidade máxima de adsorção de sódio pelo umbu a 30, 40 e 50°C em: 52,6, 165 e 250 mg g-1 respectivamente. Desta forma, 1 L de água salobra de salinidade entre 0,6 e como aquelas do Semi Árido baiano testadas, pode ter seu teor de sal removido com apenas 1g daquelas sementes tratadas segundo indicação neste trabalho e aquecendo a água a 50°C. / Salvador

Le présent travail de thèse met l'accent sur divers aspects de la distillation membranaire dans l'objectif de concevoir des procédés de dessalement proches du " zéro effluent liquide ". De manière générale, deux sujets sont discutés en détail: (i) la corrélation entre les caractéristiques de la membrane et les performances du procédé de distillation membranaire (ii) la compréhension et le contrôle de la polarisation thermique en DM. L'analyse de l'état de l'art en distillation membranaire porte notamment sur les progrès dans le développement des membranes, dans la compréhension des phénomènes de transport, les récents développements dans la conception des modules et le colmatage. Des phénomènes annexes et les applications innovantes sont également discutés dans la partie introductive de la thèse. L'effet des conditions de fabrication et de la composition des collodions sur les caractéristiques des membranes et la corrélation entre ces dernières et leurs performances a été discuté dans la section suivante. Il est établi que la morphologie de la membrane joue un rôle crucial dans ses performances pour des applications sur des fluides réels. En outre, on met en évidence que l'impact de la morphologie de la membrane est différente selon que la procédé fonctionne avec une phase liquide froide du côté distillat (Direct Contact Membrane Distillation - DCMD)) ou avec un courant d'air sec ou le vide (Air Gap ou Vacuum Membrane Distillation). Dans une deuxième partie, les aspects théoriques et expérimentaux de la polarisation thermique en distillation membranaire (DCMD) ont également été étudiés. Les phénomènes de polarisation thermique sur une membrane plane ont été étudiés en utilisant une cellule spécialement conçue. L'effet des conditions de fonctionnement et de la concentration de la solution sur la polarisation thermique a été étudié expérimentalement. Nous avons observé que l'augmentation de concentration de la solution favorise la polarisation thermique à cause d'une détérioration de l'hydrodynamique résultante à la surface de la membrane. Certaines techniques actives et passives pour réduire la polarisation thermique et le colmatage en distillation membranaire ont également été examinées dans l'étude cette étude. Nous avons montré que la polarisation thermique peut être considérablement réduite en générant des écoulements secondaires dans le fluide circulant à l'intérieur du canal d'alimentation, donc à l'intérieur de la fibre creuse si c'est cette configuration qui est retenue. Dans la présente étude, l'induction d'un écoulement secondaire a été réalisée en utilisant les fibres torsadées en hélice et une configuration ondulée. En raison de l'amélioration du niveau de polarisation thermique du côté de l'alimentation et du distillat, les géométries de fibres ondulées fournissent des flux et des taux de rendement supérieurs à ceux des autres configurations. La mise en œuvre d'un écoulement pulsé et intermittent pour contrôler la polarisation en distillation membranaire a également été examinée. Notre étude permet de conclure que ces types d'écoulements ont un impact positif sur les taux de rendement et le facteur d'amélioration volumique (gain en flux ramené par rapport à l'augmentation du volume de l'équipement) sans compromis sur le taux de remplissage des carters de fibres creuses. / The current PhD work emphasizes on various aspects of membrane distillation for approaching zero liquid discharge in seawater desalination. In broader sense, two themes have been discussed in detail: (i) correlation between membrane features and their performance in MD (ii) understanding and control of thermal polarization in MD. Introduction and state-of-the-art studies of MD including progress in membrane development, understanding the transport phenomenon, recent developments in module fabrication, fouling and related phenomenon and innovative applications have been discussed in introductory part of the thesis. The effect of operating conditions and dope compositions on membrane characteristics and correlation between membrane features and their performance has been discussed in subsequent section. It has been established that membrane morphology plays a crucial role in performance of the membrane for real applications. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the effect of membrane morphology is different for direct contact and vacuum configurations. Theoretical and experimental aspects of thermal polarization in direct contact membrane distillation have also been investigated. Thermal polarization phenomenon in a flat sheet membrane has been studied by using a specifically designed cell. The effect of operating conditions and solution concentration on thermal polarization has been explored experimentally. It has been observed that increased solution concentration favors the thermal polarization due to resulting poor hydrodynamic at the membrane surface and increase in diffusion resistance to the water vapors migrating from bulk feed phase to the membrane surface. Some active and passive techniques to decrease thermal polarization and possible fouling in membrane distillation have also been discussed in the current study. Thermal polarization can be greatly reduced by inducing secondary flows in the fluid flowing inside the fiber. The induction of secondary flows in the current study has been realized by using the fibers twisted in helical and wavy configurations. Due to improvement of thermal polarization coefficient on up and downstream, the undulating fiber geometries provide high flux and superior performance ratio. Application of intermittent and pulsatile flow to control thermal polarization in MD has also been discussed. It has been inferred that these flows have positive impact on performance ratio and volume based enhancement factors without compromising on packing density of the system. The application of MD for treatment of produced water has also been studied.

Ankarstiftelsen, a non-profit organization with the mission of assuring the access to basic necessities in developing countries, presented a brief for a sustainable water desalination system, to obtain acceptable drinking water, in the region of La Guajira, Colombia.  The main objective of the project is the creation of an initial proposal for a sustainable desalination system using solar energy with a minimal cost of construction.    This project required large amounts of research regarding the principles of desalination and water purification systems. As well as the living conditions, weather, and water situation in La Guajira. Empirical studies helped verify initial information and provided a better understanding of desalination systems and their principles. Methodologies such as user personas, interviews, and Function analysis were used to determine key constraints and aspects to be considered in the project development.  In addition, simple functionality tests were conducted to evaluate the concepts generated. The resulting design proposal is a collection of technical functionality aspects and user identity that aims to create a meaningful and coherent product to be implemented in its designated context.

abstract: Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are considered the most effective treatment to remove salt from water. Specifically, thin film composite (TFC) membranes are considered the gold standard for RO. Despite TFC membranes good performance, there are drawbacks to consider including: permeability-selectivity tradeoff, chlorine damage, and biofouling potential. In order to counter these drawbacks, polyamide matrixes were embedded with various nanomaterials called mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) or thin film nanocomposites (TFNs). This research investigates the use of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) into the polyamide matrix of a TFC membrane. GO and RGO have the potential to alter the permeability-selectivity trade off by offering nanochannels for water molecules to sieve through, protect polyamide from trace amounts of chlorine, as well as increase the hydrophilicity of the membrane thereby reducing biofouling potential. This project focuses on the impacts of GO on the permeability selectivity tradeoff. The hypothesis of this work is that the permeability and selectivity of GO can be tuned by controlling the oxidation level of the material. To test this hypothesis, a range of GO materials were produced in the lab using different graphite oxidation methods. The synthesized GOs were characterized by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron microscopy to show that the spacing is a function of the GO oxygen content. From these materials, two were selected due to their optimal sheet spacing between 3.4 and 7 angstroms and embedded into desalination MMM. This work reveals that the water permeability coefficient of MMM embedded with GO and RGO increased significantly; however, that the salt permeability coefficient of the membrane also increased. Future research directions are proposed to overcome this limitation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil and Environmental Engineering 2017

An experimental characterisation of a pre-commercial spiral wound permeate gap membrane distillation module was carried out to test its performance at different operating conditions for the purpose of seawater desalination. The experimental setup consisted of a flat plate solar collector field indirectly coupled to the permeate gap membrane distillation module via an inertia tank. The operating parameters varied were the condenser inlet temperature (from 20 °C to 30 °C), evaporator inlet temperature (from 60 °C to 80 °C) and seawater feed flow rate (from 200 l/h to 400 l/h). Within this operational boundary, it was found that the maximum permeate/distillate flux was 4.135 l/(h∙m2) which equates to a distillate production/flow rate of close to 21.3 l/h. The maximum potential distillate production rate is expected to be significantly higher than this value though as the maximum manufacturer specified feed flow rate is 700 l/h and the maximum evaporator inlet temperature is rated at 90 °C. Both these parameters are positively related to the distillate production rate. The minimum specific thermal energy consumption was found to be 180 kWh/m3. A mathematical model of the overall system was developed, and experimentally validated, to mathematically describe the coupling of the membrane distillation module with a solar collector field. The effectiveness of internal heat recovery of the membrane distillation module was found to be an accurate and simple tool to evaluate the thermal energy demand of the distillation process at a given set of operation parameters. The mathematical model was used to further investigate the experimental findings and provide insights into the operational dynamics of the membrane distillation module. It was also used to determine some external conditions required for steady state operation, at a given distillation operating point, such as the minimum solar irradiation required for operation and the auxiliary cooling required in the solar collector loop for maintaining steady state conditions. Finally, general guidelines are provided toward better operational practices to improve the coupling of a solar thermal collector unit/field with a membrane distillation system using a storage tank or inertia tank.

L’accès à l’eau potable est un des plus importants problèmes que l’on rencontre partout dans le monde même dans les pays riches en eau. Par exemple, les provinces côtières du Delta du Mékong (DM) subissent des périodes alternées d’inondations et de sécheresse. De plus, le changement climatique à l’origine d’une diminution de la pluviométrie et d’intrusion d’eau salée affecte gravement la qualité des eaux de la région. Les principales sources de pollution proviennent des déchets humains et des rejets des élevages de poissons, bétail et volaille. La pollution aux pesticides peut s’avérer un problème sérieux dans certaines zones. La détérioration de la qualité des eaux dans le DM et l’absence d’accès à l’eau potable dans les communes rurales via des systèmes d’approvisionnement sûrs entraine une augmentation des maladies d’origine hydrique liées à la salinité, la présence de microorganismes et de polluants organiques. L’objectif de ce travail a consisté à examiner dans quelle mesure la technologie membranaire peut permettre de produire de l’eau potable de qualité. L’étude a porté sur les eaux saumâtres contenant des pesticides. Deux solutions modèles synthétiques ont été choisies pour représenter les eaux de surface du DM. Le dessalement et l’élimination des pesticides ont été réalisés en utilisant la nanofiltration (NF) couplée à l’électrodialyse. Le logiciel Nanoflux® a été utilisé pour interpréter les performances de deux membranes de NF (NF90 et NF270). Par ailleurs, la consommation d’énergie des deux procédés couplés a été estimée en fonction de la qualité de l’eau d’alimentation. Toutes ces données seront utilisées pour concevoir un démonstrateur pour la production familiale d’eau potable. / Access to clean water is one of the most important problems that is encountered worldwide even in countries as water-rich. For instance, the Mekong Delta (MD)’s coastal provinces have to face up to alternated flooding and drought periods. Moreover, climate changes inducing less rainfall and salt water intrusion water severely affect the water quality of the area. The main sources of pollution come from the human and farming wastes including fish, livestock and poultry. Pesticide pollution can also be a serious problem in some areas. The deterioration of water quality in the MD and the lack of access to clean water via safe supply systems in the rural communes entail an increase of waterborne diseases related to the salinity, the presence of microorganism and organic pollutants. The study is aimed at investigating the membrane technology to treat surface water in the MD region in order to produce good drinking water. The study was focused on brackish waters containing pesticides. Two synthetic model water samples were chosen as representative of surface waters found in the Mekong Delta. Desalination and pollutant removal were performed using nanofiltration (NF) integrated with electrodialysis. The Nanoflux® software was used to explain the experimental performance of two NF membranes (NF90 and 270). On the other hand, energy consumption of the two coupled processes was also estimated depending on the quality of water feed. All the data obtained should be used in the future to design a demonstrator pilot for the family-sized production of drinking water.

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Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-11T00:11:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MANIZA SOFIA MONTEIRO FERNANDES LOPES – TESE(PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 3583306 bytes, checksum: 5cb9a8ad6bd93dd659f061639f9baf25 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-11T00:11:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MANIZA SOFIA MONTEIRO FERNANDES LOPES – TESE(PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 3583306 bytes, checksum: 5cb9a8ad6bd93dd659f061639f9baf25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Capes / O crescimento populacional e aumento dos usos múltiplos da água vêm gerando uma pressão sobre os recursos hídricos superficiais e subterrâneos. Na região do Nordeste, a carência de água potável tratada, em função da escassez hídrica durante os longos períodos de estiagens, tem-se mostrado uma das fontes de problemas de ordem ambiental e socioeconômica. Os processos de dessalinização dessas águas vêm sendo uma das alternativas aplicadas para minimizar esses tipos de problemas, com o beneficiamento de água para as comunidades que não têm acesso a água potável. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a eficiência das espécies de microalgas isoladas da região semiárida do Nordeste com a finalidade de “bio-dessalinização”, com a produção concomitante de biomassa de algas como fonte potencial de bioenergia. As microalgas foram cultivadas em meios aquosos com concentrações de sal de acordo com a classificação estabelecida pelo CONAMA 357/2005. Este estudo foi dividido em duas fases: a primeira avaliou o crescimento de cinco espécies de microalgas cultivadas em meio aquoso contendo diferentes concentrações de cloreto de sódio; na segunda fase, as duas microalgas apresentando maior tolerância a concentrações (CDM) foram selecionadas para avaliar a capacidade de dessalinização e a produtividade de biomassa concomitante no contexto da produção de bioenergia. As duas microalgas mais tolerantes ao sal das espécies testadas foram as Chlorella sp., que cresceram bem em meios com 10,0 g.L-1 de NaCl, e Scenesdesmus acuminatus, com 6,0 g.L-1 de NaCl. Analisando o desempenho do CDM utilizando membranas de osmose reversa na presença de Scenesdesmus acuminatus ou Chlorella sp. no compartimento catódico, houve uma remoção do íon cloreto no compartimento central da ponte salina de 64,15% e 60,15%, respectivamente. Ao usar membranas eletrodialíticas, as reduções foram de 49,9% e 43,75%, respectivamente. A produção de biomassa com Scenesdesmus acuminatus no compartimento catódico do CDM usando membranas de osmose reversa atingiu uma concentração de 8,00 x 107 células.ml-1 com uma concentração de lipídeos de 12,65% do peso seco celular. No caso da Chlorella sp., a biomassa total atingiu 8,70 x 107 células.mL-1, com um teor lipídico de 15,69% do peso seco celular. A CDM gerou uma tensão de aproximadamente 0,65 V para ambas as algas. Ao usar membranas eletrodialíticas no biorreator, Scenesdesmus acuminatus atingiu uma biomassa de células de 7.64x107 mL-1 e um teor de lipídeos de 12.17% do peso seco celular para uma tensão entre os dois eletrodos de 0.880V. A Chlorella sp. atingiu uma concentração de biomassa de 7,35 x 107 células.ml-1, com um teor de lipídeos de 12,20% de peso seco celular e tensão de 0,66 V. Para o experimento utilizando a água do poço e o efluente de fossa séptica, a CDM teve um desempenho satisfatório tanto com a membrana de osmose quanto com a eletrodialítica, alcançando 7,25x107 células.mL-1 e 7,48x107 células.mL-1, redução na condutividade de 54,60% e 21,98% e geração de tensão de 0,650 V e 0,690 V, e as concentrações de lipídeos foram de 12,3% e 9,8% respectivamente. Os resultados indicam que as microalgas tolerantes ao sal podem ser usadas no biorreator do CDM para fornecer dessalinização pelo menos parcial de águas salobras com a produção concomitante de biomassa de algas com elevadas concentrações de lipídeos importantes para a produção de biocombustíveis em pressões atmosféricas normais. A energia elétrica, embora com baixas tensões, também foi produzida. Outras investigações devem considerar a geometria do CDM, os tipos de eletrodos e a avaliação de microalgas potencialmente mais eficiente. / Population growth and the increasing multiple uses of water have generated pressures on surface and groundwater resources. This is particularly true in semi-arid regions such as northeast Brazil, where the shortage of drinking water due to water scarcity occurs during the long periods of drought and is one of the sources of environmental and socioeconomic problems. The desalination process of these waters has been one of the key alternatives used to minimize these types of problems with the provision of water for communities that do not have access to conventional drinking water supplies. The present work aims to evaluate the efficiency of microalgae species isolated from the northeastern semi-arid region for the purpose of “bio-desalination”, with the concomitant production of algal biomass as a potential source of bioenergy. The microalgae were cultured in aqueous media with salt concentrations above the maximum permissible value permitted according to the classification established by CONAMA 357/2005. This study was divided into two phases: the first involved evaluating the growth of five microalgae species isolated from the northeast region, cultured in aqueous media containing different concentrations of sodium chloride; in the second phase the two microalgae showing the most tolerance to elevated saline concentrations were grown in a Microbial Desalination Cell (MDC), to evaluate their desalination capacity and concomitant biomass productivity in the context of bioenergy production. The two most salt tolerant microalgae of the species tested were a Chlorella sp. which grew well in media with 10.0 g.L-1 of NaCl and Scenesdesmus acuminatus with 6.0 g.L-1 of NaCl. Analyzing the performance of the MDC using electro-dialytic membranes (ED), in the presence of Scenesdesmus acuminatus or Chlorella sp. in the cathodic compartment, there were reductions of the chloride ion in the central, “saline bridge” compartment of 64.15% and 60.15% respectively. When using ED membranes, the reductions were 49.9% and 43, 75% respectively. Biomass production with Scenesdesmus acuminatus in the MDC cathodic compartment using RO membranes reached a concentration of 8.00x107 cells.ml-1 with a lipid concentration of 12.65% of the cellular dry weight. In the case of the Chlorella sp., total biomass reached 8.70x107 cells.mL-1, with a lipid content of 15.69% of the cellular dry weight. The MDC generated a voltage of approximately 0.65V for both algae. When using ED membranes in the CDM, Scenesdesmus acuminatus attained a biomass of 7.64x107 cells ml-1 and a lipid content of 12.17% of the cellular dry weight for a voltage between the two electrodes of 0.880V. The Chlorella sp. attained a biomass concentration of 7.35 x 107 cells.ml-1, with a lipid content of 12.20% of cellular dry weight and voltage 0.66 V. In the MDC experiment using brackish well water in the central “salt bridge” compartment and septic tank effluent in the anodic compartment and Chlorella, algal cell density reached a concentration of 7.25x107 cells.ml-1 with the RO membranes and 7.48x107 cells.ml-1 with ED membranes with reductions in conductivity of 54.60% and 21.98% respectively. Lipid concentrations for Chlorella were 12.3% of the cellular dry weight using RO and 9.8% with ED membranes. The voltages generated in the MDC were similar to values of 0.650 V and 0.690 V for RO and ED membranes respectively. The results suggest that salt tolerant microalgae can be used in the MCD bioreactor to provide at least partial desalination of brackish waters with the concomitant production of algal biomass with elevated lipid concentrations important for biofuel production at normal atmospheric pressure. Electrical energy, albeit at low voltages, was also produced. Further investigations should consider MDC geometry, the use of other types of electrodes and evaluate other potentially more efficient microalgae.

O crescimento acelerado da população mundial e o consequente aumento da produção de bens de consumo tem impulsionado uma crise na disponibilidade de recursos naturais, principalmente os hídricos. Diante da escassez de recursos hídricos, processos de tratamento de efluentes industriais e domésticos que visam o descarte zero de líquido (ZLD - Zero Liquid Discharge) vêm sendo cada vez mais estudados. Atualmente, diversos processos têm sido empregados com este propósito. No entanto, ainda há a geração, juntamente com a água recuperada, de uma corrente composta por uma solução salina concentrada, cuja composição normalmente é constituída por diferentes tipos de sais inorgânicos. Uma das formas de alcançar o descarte zero de líquidos é por meio da implementação de um processo adicional de separação, sendo a cristalização evaporativa considerada viável para essa finalidade. O emprego deste processo é limitado ao controle das características morfológicas das partículas obtidas, visto que estas influenciam diretamente na efetividade de separação dos processos subsequentes à cristalização (filtração, centrifugação). Além disso, efluentes industriais são soluções complexas, e a utilização da cristalização envolve a presença de mais de um sal em solução (co-cristalização). Este processo é pouco investigado na literatura científica, logo, a determinação de condições de processos visando controlar a características destas partículas não é trivial. Neste trabalho, foram estudados o efeito da taxa de evaporação e da presença de sementes na morfologia, composição, tamanho e hábito de partículas de cloreto de sódio e sulfato de cálcio obtidas por co-cristalização evaporativa em bateladas. Os resultados serviram para a determinação de parâmetros de operação para a co-cristalização visando a obtenção de partículas com elevado tamanho médio e baixa dispersão de tamanhos. Taxas de evaporação elevadas favoreceram a obtenção de aglomerados de partículas. A presença de sulfato de cálcio em solução resultou em partículas maiores, menos polidispersas e com menor grau de aglomeração. Tal resultado foi considerado positivo, visto que, estas características são desejáveis para a separação dos cristais da solução mãe. Foi também observado que as sementes de hemihidrato atuam inibindo a aglomeração dos cristais de NaCl. O aumento da quantidade de sementes destes sais culminou na obtenção de partículas menos aglomeradas, porém houve um alargamento das distribuições de tamanho de partículas. Nos experimentos em que foram utilizadas sementes de ambos os sais, o mesmo efeito na aglomeração foi observado. Em todos os experimentos com semeadura de hemihidrato, foi observada a aglomeração deste sal com o NaCl, que foi intensificada com o aumento da taxa de evaporação e com o aumento da concentração de sementes. Foi identificada a possibilidade de recuperação de ambos os sais e obtenção - em determinadas condições - de mais de 90% do NaCl com até 99,50% de pureza. / The accelerated growth of the world population and the consequent increase in the production of consumer goods, has driven to a crisis in the availability of natural resources, especially water. Due to the scarcity of water resources, industrial and domestic wastewater treatment processes that aim the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) have been increasingly studied. Nowadays, several processes have been used for this purpose. However, in all of them, there is still the generation of a brine composed of a concentrated salt solution, concomitantly with the recovered water, whose composition is normally constituted by different types of inorganic salts. One way to achieve the ZLD is through the implementation of an additional separation process, for which the evaporative crystallization is considered technically viable for this purpose. The use of this process is limited to the control of the morphological characteristics of the particles obtained, since this influences directly the separation effectiveness of the downstream processes to crystallization (filtration, centrifugation). Besides, industrial effluents are complex solutions and its crystallization involves the presence of more than one salt in solution (cocrystallization). This process is still not well investigated on scientific literature, thus, the determination of process conditions aiming to control the characteristics of these particles is not trivial. In this work, the effect of the evaporation rate and the presence of seeds on the morphology, composition, size and habit of sodium chloride and calcium sulfate particles obtained by batch evaporative co-crystallization were studied. The results were used to determine the operating parameters for the cocrystallization in order to obtain particles with high average size and narrow dispersion of sizes. High evaporation rates favored the obtaining of agglomerated particles. The presence of calcium sulfate in solution resulted in larger particles, less polydisperse and with less degree of agglomeration. Such result was considered positive, since, these characteristics are desirable for the separation of the crystals from the solution. Seeds of hemihydrate inhibited the agglomeration of the NaCl crystals. The increase in seed load of hemihydrate culminated in obtaining less agglomerated particles, but there was an increase in particle size distributions. In the experiments in which seeds of both salts were used, the same effect in the agglomeration was observed. In all experiments with seeds of hemihydrate, agglomeration of this salt with NaCl was observed, which was intensified with increasing evaporation rate and increasing seed amount. It was identified the possibility of recovery of both salts and, for certain conditions, obtaining more than 90% of NaCl with up to 99.50% purity.

Grande parte da população rural do Semiárido brasileiro sofre com problemas de acesso à água de qualidade. A exploração da água subterrânea representa uma das principais alternativas para o abastecimento dessa parcela da população, mas muitas vezes os poços perfurados encontram-se longe da rede elétrica. A região apresenta abundante recurso solar e, assim, essa dificuldade poderia ser contornada com a utilização de sistemas fotovoltaicos de bombeamento. Mas, além da questão da energia para o funcionamento dos sistemas de bombeamento, pelo fato da maior parte do Semiárido estar localizada sobre escudo cristalino, muitos poços apresentam água com altos níveis de salinidade, o que inviabiliza a utilização desses mananciais para o fornecimento de água potável ou faz com que a população rejeite seu consumo, por conta do gosto. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se a adaptação de sistemas de dessalinização de pequeno porte disponíveis comercialmente a sistemas fotovoltaicos domiciliares pode potencializar a difusão dos sistemas fotovoltaicos de bombeamento em poços de água com alto teor de sais dissolvidos e se essa opção pode representar uma alternativa de fornecimento de água para a população rural de áreas com problemas de salinização dos mananciais de abastecimento. A opção analisada consiste em um sistema duplo de fornecimento de água, com tratamento do tipo ponto de uso da água para consumo humano. Foi verificado que os sistemas de dessalinização atualmente disponíveis no mercado podem funcionar acoplados a geradores fotovoltaicos e utilizados para fornecimento de água potável a partir de água salobra. / Much of the rural population of the Brazilian Semiarid region suffers from problems related to access of improved water quality. The exploitation of ground water is the main alternative for water supply solutions regarding this population, but often the boreholes are away from power lines. The region has abundant solar source and therefore this problem could be overcome with the use of photovoltaic pumping systems. Beyond the issue of energy for operation of the borehole systems, considering that most of the semiarid region is located on crystalline shield, many boreholes have water with high level of salinity, which hinder their use for drinking water supply solutions, as the population rejects the water because of its taste. This study aims to determine whether the adaptation of commercially available small household desalinization systems adapted to photovoltaic systems can enhance the diffusion of photovoltaic pumping systems of boreholes with high concentrations of dissolved salt, by proposing this water supply solution as an alternative for water supply systems in rural areas with problems of salinization of the main water sources. The proposed technical solution consists of a dual water supply system with the use a point of use water treatment for human consumption. It was found that desalination systems available on the market can operate coupled to photovoltaic generators and used to supply drinking water from brackish water.