This study investigates the terms, dialogue, structure and active learning in Open Distance Learning texts in aa constructivist and problem-solving approach. In-text activities are imbedded in selfstudy texts. Their construct is validated against appropriate instructional design and learning theories for active learning. A course team developed, implemented and piloted a Unisa course for mathematics teachers in South Africa. The results describe their professional development through action learning. The Tornado-approach affects teams in organisations. A team used participatory action research and action learning with rich descriptions to document the longitudinal case study of four action research cycles over eight years. Qualitative research involved a literature survey, notes, portfolios, mindmaps, letters, interviews, document analyses, and assessment results. Our action research demonstrates ways to implement a post-modern learning design in an industrialized institution. The researcher applies action learning in professional development, in team management, and suggests models for successful/unsuccessful teams (tornado-effect). / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / A review of the literature has shown that there is a lack of mental health information on which to base planning of mental health services and decisions concerning programme development for mental health services. Several studies have indicated that the use of an evidence-based health information system (HIS) reduces inappropriate clinical practices and promotes the quality of health care services. This study was aimed at developing a framework for a district-based mental health information management system, utilising the experiences of health care providers and caregivers about a district mental health information system (DMHIS). Activity Theory was used as the philosophical foundation of the information system for the study. A qualitative approach was employed using semi-structured individual interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), systematic review and document analysis. The intervention research design and development model of Rothman and Thomas (1994) was used to guide the study, which was conducted in the Cape Town Metropole area of the Western Cape. A purposive, convenient sampling method was employed to select study participants. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the University of the Western Cape, and permission to use the health facilities from the Department of Health. The data collection process involved 62 individual interview participants, from mental health nurses to district health managers, health information clerks, and patient caregivers/families and persons with stable mental conditions. Thirteen caregivers took part in the FGDs. Document review was conducted at three community mental health centres. The data were analysed manually using content analysis. Core findings of the interviews were lack of standardized information collection tools and contents for mental health, information infrastructure, capacity building, and resources. Information processing in terms of collection, compiling, analysing, feedback, access and sharing information were the major problems. Results from document analysis identified inconsistencies and inaccuracies of information recording and processing, which in turn affected the quality of information for decision making. Results from the systematic review identified five functional elements: organizational structure; information infrastructure; capacity building; inputs, process, output and feedback; and community and stakeholders’ participation in the design and implementation of a mental health information system (MHIS). The study has contributed a framework for a DMHIS based on the findings of the empirical and systematic review. It is recommended that there is a need to establish a HIS committee at district health facility level for effective implementation of the framework and quality information processing. There is a need to ensure that staffs have adequate knowledge and skills required for effective implementation of an information system. It is recommended that higher education institutions include a course on HISs in their curriculum. It is suggested that the South African Mental Health Policy be reviewed to include an MHIS and ensure involvement of the community and stakeholders in this system as well as adequate budget allocation.

Tangible social network system is a home-based communication solution specifically designed for elders. Former researches indicate that insufficient communication among elders cause several challenges in their daily activities such as social isolation, loneliness, depression and decreased appetite. In addition, lack of social participation increases the risk of Alzheimer´s (Ligt Enid, 1990). The major cause of these challenges are that elders are increasingly removed from communication technology using emails, text messaging, interact with social network systems and mobile phones due to cognitive and physical difficulties. To overcome this problem, new suggested social network system incorporates photo frame and photo album based interaction which allows instantaneous participation to the social network. By designing the new social network system, I tried to create an easier venue for more active cross-generational communication between elders and younger family members.This paper discusses the early results of the marker based social networking system aiming to propose digital technologies to enhance the social life of older people, who live alone their home. A prototype combining a touch screen, photo frame and a camera are described. It allows the older people to manage their participation to the social network system and get in touch with their loved ones. This paper demonstrates a User Sensitive inclusive Design (USID) process from the generation of user needs to the evaluation prototype. A key theme of tangible social network system shows how usable and emotional design derived from a user inclusive design process can encourage elders to adopt new modern technology. A first evaluation has shown the usability as well as the good acceptance of this system. / AGNES

Product life cycle perspective, a concept emanating from sustainable product development has gradually emerged as one of the key areas in product design and development. Several studies and research have shown the direct co-relationship between product design, development and manufacturing and its impact on our environment and ecosystem. The need to take these environmental factors into consideration is fundamental and highly prioritized in organizations that seeks to minimize the environmental impact of their operations in our ecosystem and if possible redirect these operations to contribute positively to saving the natural ecosystem. In the latest revision of ISO 14001:2015 standard, the term product life cycle perspective (LCP) has now become a fundamental requirement for organizations to fulfill. The requirement specifies the need for life cycle perspectives to be a significant factor during product design and development. However, the practical challenges of continuously integrating life circle analysis in product design is enormous for companies and organizations. This thesis will look at the challenges confronting ISO 14001 certified product manufacturing companies and allied services in implementing product LCP during product development and design and also the interpretations given by auditors from certification companies concerning how companies implement product LCP in relation to the requirements in ISO 14001:2015 at the product design and development stages.

Bisherige Vorstellungen von Design als ausschließlich produktbezogene Gestaltung haben sich überlebt, auch wenn dieser fundmentale Bruch in der Alltagswahr nehmung häufig überdeckt wird. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zum Designkonzept, verstanden als die Wesensbestimmung eines zu entwerfenden Objektes, greift diese Entwicklungen auf einer konkrete Ebene auf. So ist der Hauptbezugspunkt der vorzunehmenden Wesensbestimmung das ganzheitliche Erleben eines Produktes – Product Experience – nicht seine geometrische oder funktionale Beschaffenheit. Die in diesem Buch dargestellten Untersuchungen erfolgten im Transportation Design, einem der etabliertesten De signbereiche. Die zur Erstellung eines Designkonzeptes verwendeten Werkzeuge wie Personas und Szenarien entstammen anderen Fachdisziplinen, werden aber mit den designeigenen Werkzeugen der Zeichnung oder Illustration verarbeitet und ver dichtet. Dabei nutzen sie Modelle der Handlungsregulation und des komplexen Problemlösens als theoretische Grundlage. Das so entstandene Designkonzept kann strukturiert in die integrierte Produktentwicklung eingebunden werden und wird Teil eines Semantic Frontends. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen bestätigen die Existenz von Designkonzepten und geben eine umfassende Beschreibung von Merkmalen, Inhalten, Funktionen sowie ihrer Erstellung.:VORWORT 15 1 EINSTIEG UND PROBLEMLAGE 19 1.1 Design – Versuch einer generellen Einordnung 19 1.2 Design – Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Einordnung 22 1.3 Einordnung des Technischen Designs an der TU Dresden 25 1.4 Wissenschaftliche Problemlage 27 1.4.1 Einführung und eigene Vorarbeiten 27 1.4.2 Konzeptphase und Designkonzept 29 1.4.3 Orientierung im Design – Erleben (Experience) als Ausgangspunkt 31 1.4.4 Design und Entwurfsprozess 32 1.4.5 Produktentwicklung 35 1.4.6 Psychologie 37 1.4.7 Transportation Design 40 1.4.8 Wirtschaft und Management 42 1.4.9 Designforschung – Forschung im, über und mit Design 43 1.5 Zusammenfassung und Untersuchungsfokus 45 2 DESIGN UND DESIGNFORSCHUNG 51 2.1 Einführung 51 2.2 Design und Designprozess 53 2.2.1 Designbasics – Simon & Schön 56 2.2.2 Designdefinition – Uhlmann 58 2.2.3 Experience Design – Cagan & Vogel, Press & Cooper, Schifferstein & Hekkert 60 2.2.4 Designprozess und Unsicherheit – Cross 63 2.2.5 Problemlösen 2.0 – Roozenburg & Dorst & Lawson 66 2.2.6 Design integrativ – Buchanan & Margolin 70 2.2.7 Produktentwicklung – Ulrich & Eppinger 72 2.2.8 Integrierte Produktentwicklung – Lindemann 74 2.2.9 Designausbildung – Bürdek & Heufler 77 2.2.10 Vergleich der Auffassungen – Ausgangspunkt für ein Theoriegerüst 78 2.3 Designforschung 80 2.3.1 Design – eine Wissenschaft? 80 2.3.2 Zur Geschichte der »Designforschung« 83 2.3.3 Forschung aus Insider- und Outsiderperspektive 86 2.3.4 Forschung über Design (research about design, research into Design context) 87 2.3.5 Forschung im Design (research in design) 88 2.3.6 Forschung durch Design (research with design, design inclusive Research) 89 2.3.7 Design thinking 90 2.3.8 Positionierung des eigenen Forschungsvorhabens 93 3 DESIGNKONZEPT 95 3.1 Einführung zum Begriff Konzept 95 3.2 Konzeptbegriff in Produktentwicklung und Design 96 3.3 Produktstudien und Concept Design 100 3.4 Merkmale und Funktionen von Designkonzepten 102 3.5 Zum Entwicklungsprozess von Designkonzepten 105 3.6 Unterstützungswerkzeuge zur Konzepterstellung 108 3.6.1 Klassische Werkzeuge – Image Boards und Wortmarken 109 3.6.2 Moderne Werkzeuge – Szenarien, Personas und Trends 110 3.6.3 Kataloge, Galerien und Tagebücher 111 3.7 Beispiele für Designkonzepte 112 3.7.1 Designkonzepte von Serienprodukten 112 3.7.2 Designkonzepte aus Ausbildungssprojekten 115 4 QUALITATIVE UNTERSUCHUNGSMETHODEN 121 4.1 Einführung 121 4.2 Gütekriterien qualitativer Forschung 122 4.3 Studien im Designprozess 124 4.4 Interview 126 4.4.1 Leitfadengestützte Interviews 127 4.4.2 Experteninterview 128 4.5 Beobachtung 129 4.6 Tagebuch und Handlungsprotokoll 130 4.6.1 Tagebuch 131 4.6.2 Handlungsprototkoll des Designprozesses mittels unterschiedlicher Notizwerkzeuge 132 4.7 Lautes Denken 133 4.8 Introspektion & Reflexion 135 4.8.1 Ansätze zur fragenbasierten Selbstreflexion für Designkonzepte im Transportation Design 136 4.9 AuswertungsMethoden 138 4.9.1 Transkription 138 4.9.2 Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse 138 5 FRAGESTELLUNGEN UND THESEN 141 5.1 Wissenschaftliche Fragestellung 141 5.2 Thesen 142 6 UNTERSUCHUNGSDURCHFÜHRUNG 145 6.1 Einführung 145 6.2 Stichprobe 147 6.2.1 Kriterien der Stichprobe 147 6.2.2 Auswahl der Stichprobe 148 6.3 Variablen 149 6.4 Angewandte Methoden 150 6.4.1 Dokumentation 150 6.4.2 Beobachtung 152 6.4.3 Interviews 155 6.4.4 Inhaltsanalyse 157 6.5 Vorstudien und Voruntersuchungen 160 6.5.1 Stichprobe 160 6.5.2 Untersuchungsdesign und Ablauf 160 6.5.3 DiplomProjekt I als prototypisches Beispiel 161 6.5.4 Entwurfsthema Soapbox 165 6.5.5 Entwurfsthema Nissan 168 6.5.6 Diplomprojekte II 169 6.5.7 Entwurfsthema Off Track Exterieur 170 6.5.8 Diplomprojekt III 172 6.5.9 Einschätzung der Untersuchungswerkzeuge und Vergleich der Voruntersuchungen 173 6.5.10 Einordnung in Entwerfertypen 174 6.6 Hauptuntersuchung 175 6.6.1 Stichprobe 175 6.6.2 Untersuchungsdesign und Ablauf 176 6.6.3 Entwurfsthema Traktor 177 6.7 Nachuntersuchung I und II 180 6.7.1 Stichprobe 180 6.7.2 Untersuchungsdesign und Ablauf 181 6.7.3 Entwurfsthema Upper Range Exterieur 181 6.7.4 Entwurfsthema Upper Range Interieur 183 6.7.5 Entwurfsthema Audi ICON 185 6.7.6 Diplomprojekte IV 186 6.7.7 Zusammenfassung der Nachuntersuchungen 187 6.8 Expertenbefragungen 188 6.8.1 Stichprobe 188 6.8.2 Untersuchungsdesign und Ablauf 188 6.8.3 Audi A3 189 6.8.4 Audi TT 190 6.8.5 Audi RSQ 192 6.9 Beziehungen zwischen Projekten der Vor-, Haupt- und Nachuntersuchungen 194 6.9.1 Projektvergleich Traktor und Upper Range 194 6.9.2 Projektvergleich Soapbox, Off Track und Interieur 197 6.9.3 Quervergleich der Einstiegsprojekte Soapbox und Traktor 202 7 ERGEBNISDARSTELLUNG 205 7.1 Erläuterung 205 7.2 Existenz und Funktion von Designkonzepten 206 7.2.1 Designkonzepte als zentrale Bestandteile des Entwurfsprozesses 206 7.2.2 Designkonzepte als erste stabile Wissenseinheiten des Entwurfsprozesses 207 7.2.3 Designkonzepte als Ursprung des Entwurfes 208 7.2.4 Designkonzepte als Leitlinien und Grenzen 210 7.2.5 Designkonzepte als Definitionen des Entwurfsziels 211 7.2.6 Designkonzepte als Strukturhilfen des Entwurfsprozesses 212 7.3 Inhalte von Designkonzepten 212 7.3.1 Designkonzepte als Träger funktionaler und formaler Anforderungen 212 7.3.2 Designkonzepte als Charakter-/Wesensbestimmung 214 7.3.3 Details und Einzelemente in Designkonzepten 215 7.4 Merkmale von Designkonzepten 216 7.4.1 Designkonzepte, subjektiv, objekt- und kontextgebunden 216 7.4.2 Designkonzepte, hochgradig verdichtet und externalisiert 217 7.4.3 Designkonzepte und Sicherheitsempfinden 219 7.5 Erstellung von Designkonzepten 220 7.5.1 Designkonzepte entstehen iterativ 221 7.5.2 Designkonzepte verarbeiten semantisches und episodisches Wissen 221 7.5.3 Sammlung, Auswahl und Auseinandersetzung mit Designkonzepten 223 7.5.4 Verwendete Werkzeuge zur Erstellung von Designkonzepten 224 7.6 Inter- und Intrapersoneller Vergleich der Ergebnisse 227 7.6.1 Traktor 227 7.6.2 Soapbox 228 7.6.3 Upper Range 228 7.6.4 Off Track 229 7.6.5 Zweite und Dritte Projekte 229 7.6.6 Erfolgreiche vs. weniger erfolgreiche Projekte 230 7.7 Vergleich anhand ausgewählter Entwerfertypen 231 7.7.1 Automotive 231 7.7.2 Industrial 234 7.7.3 Fictional 236 7.7.4 Individual 239 7.8 Zusammenfassung 240 8 DISKUSSION UND INTERPRETATION 243 8.1 Aussagefähigkeit und Einschränkungen der Ergebnisse 243 8.1.1 Aussagefähigkeit anhand qualitativer Gütekriterien 244 8.1.2 Einschränkungen anhand der Variablen 246 8.2 Erkenntnisfortschritt und Anwendungsfelder der Ergebnisse 247 8.2.1 Erkenntnisfortschritt zum bisherigen Stand der Wissenschaft 248 8.2.2 Anwendungsfelder in Forschung, Ausbildung und Praxis 251 9 SYNTHESE ZUM MODELL DES DESIGNKONZEPTES 255 9.1 Designkonzept – Inhalte und Zusammenhänge 255 9.2 Konzepterstellung mit Szenario, Persona und Produktcharakter 257 10 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 261 11 AUSBLICK 265 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS 267 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 273 ANHANG 297

The general objective of the study was to assess the existing practices and major factors affecting the design and development of Ethiopian TVET curriculum and explore considerations to be taken to design and develop TVET curricula that befit Ethiopia. The purpose of the study was to explore and understand the meanings TVET practitioners and stakeholders of Ethiopian TVET programme credited to the practices of TVET curriculum design and development in Ethiopia. Hence, the study employed qualitative research approach in phenomenological design and was undertaken within the interpretive paradigm to understand the lived experience of the curriculum designers, developers and implementers in Ethiopia. Accordingly, three regional states of Ethiopia were selected and one government-run TVET college from each regional state, i.e. a total of three TVET Colleges were taken as sample representatives for the study using purposive and convenience sampling methods. The study was delimited to the practices of curriculum design and development of the building construction fields of study. This is because firstly, it is impossible to encompass all available TVET fields of training in the study; secondly, building construction technology sector is one of the those sectors which much focus is given to by the government of Ethiopia and thus is the training fields found in abundance in the country. Two data gathering tools were mainly used to gather information in this study. These were interviews and document review. Therefore, the researcher first reviewed different related literature and strategic documents to understand the background of the problem and to see what has been done in reference to the problem. Accordingly, working and policy documents such as TVET strategies, guidelines, manuals, legislation, curriculum frameworks and guides, as well as Education Sector Development Programmes and other written documents and related literature to TVET curriculum design and development that were available at federal, regional and TVET college levels were reviewed and analysed. Other countries experiences visa-a-vis TVET curriculum design and development were also reviewed and used as sources of information. The interviews were held with curriculum development officials at the Federal TVET Agency and sampled Regional TVET Agencies as well as principals, heads of department and trainers from sampled TVET colleges that were providing training in the fields of building construction works. The interview participants were two TVET curriculum development officials from Federal TVET Agency, three TVET curriculum development officials from three sampled regional TVET Agencies, three TVET college principals from three sampled TVET colleges, three heads of department of building construction work fields from three sampled TVET colleges, and three trainers of building construction work fields from three sampled TVET colleges. Accordingly, it could be investigated from the study that the way outcome based TVET system is perceived and eventually executed and the processes and steps that were followed in order to design and develop TVET curriculum in Ethiopia had impact on present TVET curriculum developed . Besides, the way other countries’ experiences were espoused and adapted led to inappropriate curriculum design and development approach. Moreover, the Ethiopian TVET System following only one Curriculum development approach for designing and developing TVET curriculum for all trades, blue and white collar work-related-vocational education and training resulted in non-beneficial TVET curriculum. It was also noted from the study that the wrong perception of stakeholders’ roles and responsibilities in curriculum development activities led to TVET curriculum development with improper training content selection and unfair training time allotment, which in greatly impact on the TVET curriculum implementation and training delivery. Therefore, the study suggested that the curriculum that addresses individual, societal and employers’ needs should be designed and the labour market demand analysis needs to be undertaken before OS mapping is designed. In doing so, it is recommended that Ethiopia should benchmark itself against best practices of various developed and developing countries which have succeeded in outcome-based TVET system and when TVET system is adopted from other countries, it should be with tangible reasons and justifications. Furthermore, it is recommended that attention should be paid to practical training programmes and a combination of practice and theory time should be provided for all course types. In addition, the environmental situation of the country and the degree of importance of each unit of competence for employment and self-employment need to be considered. / Educational Studies / Ph. D. (Comparative Education)

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<p>User onboarding for Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications usually involve walkthrough tutorials explaining various UI elements, functions, and navigation screens. These First-time User Experiences (FTUEs) are crucial in determining any subsequent user interaction. The purpose of this study has been explored by eliciting answers to two research questions in specific. The study primarily investigates a user's perception of a tailored onboarding experience. Following this, the impact of these tutorials on the user's performance has also been used as a way to verify their effectiveness.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The emergence of educational crowdsourcing platforms has revolutionized traditional models of teaching and learning by engaging students in collaborative, real-world problem-solving activities. However, the success of crowdsourcing platforms in education largely depends on their ability to provide a positive and engaging user experience, particularly for first-time users. As a part of another ongoing study, the need for an engaging onboarding tutorial to educate users on the concept of worked-out examples and peer evaluations was evident. Thus, the interventions developed in this study are built upon a crowdsourcing platform designed to collect worked-out examples from university students. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, this study seeks to provide insights into the design of effective onboarding tutorials in the context of crowdsourcing educational resources. There have been numerous attempts to devise effective onboarding strategies. For instance, the interplay of narration and animation has been utilized as a way to gamify and design engaging FTUEs. The design choices for tailoring the experience were hence determined through Rapid Iterative Testing and Evaluation (RITE) methods. Analysis of the experimental data shows that there is a statistically significant improvement in the FTUE when users are presented with a tailored onboarding tutorial. Their usage patterns also tend to improve post their interactions with the tutorials. These results hope to contribute to a better understanding of user engagement in FTUEs, thus paving the way for furthering product adoption and value metrics on a broad scale.</p>

The design process of a production system referred to as the production system design process (PSDP) impacts on the operational performancethroughout the lifecycle of the production system, especially on the rampupand operation phases. Despite the impact of activities of PSDP on the operational performance, how to manage the PSDP is still a challenge for manufacturing companies. Earlier research urged to develop a systematic PSDP concerning its impact on the operational performance. This thesis aims to contribute with knowledge of how manufacturingcompanies can manage the PSDP by investigating 1) the enablers in thePSDP that impact on operational performance in ramp-up and operation phases, and 2) how the lean production concept could be adopted tomanage the activities during the PSDP. A case study was conducted in aprocess type manufacturing company, where empirical data were collectedfrom three new production line launching projects by qualitative means. This thesis identifies a set of enablers in the PSDP that potentiallyimpact the operational performance after launching the productionsystem. Empirical findings demonstrate that ensuring proper actions onthe identified enablers in the PSDP could lead to higher operationalperformance of the designed production system. These enablers rangefrom the company´s internal boundary to external vendors, requiring asystematic way to manage these diverse aspects. Adopting the lean production concept in the PSDP context, this thesis proposes a model of Lean Production System Design Process, containing 13 principles andrelevant practices. The proposed model of lean PSDP could be used as a systematic processto manage the activities in the PSDP that would ensure proper actions related to the identified enablers. Empirical findings indicate that adoptionof lean in the PSDP could result in reducing lead time of launching a new production system, and achieving fast ramp-up and desired operational performance considering sustainability aspects. Finally, this thesis demonstrates how the lean PSDP could be a means to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage based on the resource based view theoretical perspective. / Utformningsprocessen av ett produktionssystem, i denna avhandlingkallad produktionssystemets utformningsprocess (PSUP), påverkar denoperativa prestandan under hela produktionssystemets livscykel, särskilt iupprampnings- och driftsfasen. Traditionellt sett ligger fokus underutformningsprocessen på att lansera det nya produktionssystemet vidplanerad tidpunkt och enligt budget. Trots att de aktiviteter somgenomförs i utformningsprocessen påverkar den operativa prestandan idriftsfasen, ägnas ofta mindre uppmärksamhet åt designfasen än vad somvore önskvärt. Tidigare forskning har argumenterat för att utveckla ensystematisk designprocess för framtagning av produktionssystem medsyfte att nå en positiv påverkan på den operativa prestandan. Forskningen i denna avhandling bidrar till att öka kunskapen om hurPSUP kan hanteras och förbättras genom att identifiera: 1) möjliggörare i PSUP som påverkar den operativa prestandan i upprampnings- ochdriftfasen, och 2) hur lean konceptet skulle kunna användas för att hanteraaktiviteterna under PSUP. Resultatet är identifieringen av ett antal faktorer/möjliggörare iproduktionssystemets utformningsprocess (PSUP) som potentiellt kanpåverka den operativa prestandan efter lansering av produktionssystemetoch produktionsstart. Dessa möjliggörare handlar om alltifrån frånföretagets interna gränser till externa leverantörer och kräver ensystematisk procedur för att dra nytta av faktorernas potential. Genom attanvända lean även i PSUP-sammanhanget, föreslås här konceptet Lean PSUP (produktionssystemsutformningsprocess), som innehåller 13 principer och relevanta praxis. Den föreslagna modellen för lean PSUP skulle kunna användas och gestruktur till hanteringen av aktiviteterna i utformningsprocessen.Forskningen indikerar att lean inte bara kan användas i driftsfasen utanäven i utformningen av ett produktionssystem, vilket skulle kunnaresultera i bättre integration mellan olika funktioner, minska ledtiden förutformning och lansering av ett nytt produktionssystem, och uppnå snabbupprampning och önskad operativ prestanda, både avseende produktionoch hållbarhet. Slutligen visar denna avhandling hur lean PSUP kan varaett sätt att uppnå konkurrensfördelar ur ett resursbaserat teoretiskt perspektiv.

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