For standardized environmental management systems (EMS) to be environmentally effective tools, they should affect important environmental aspects related to flows of materials and energy, which for manufacturing companies are closely connected to their products. This paper presents how external environmental auditors interpret and apply important product-related requirements of ISO 14001 at manufacturing companies in Sweden. The results indicate that the link between EMS and products is rather weak. Products are seldom regarded as significant environmental aspects and are therefore not within the main scope of many EMS, which are mainly focused on sites. However, all of the interviewed auditors require that some kind of environmental considerations be incorporated into product development, but these considerations are to large extent site oriented; how they are prioritized in relation to other factors such as economics and other customer priorities appears to be up to the companies. The paper includes some recommendations to strengthen the role of products within the framework of standardized EMS.

The research described in this thesis concentrates on the development of an integrated assembly process design for aircraft systems. Assembly process design is one of the most important and complicated activities in aircraft manufacturing. Many solutions are suggested in previous research to develop process design method. But gaps are found in assembly process design of aircraft system in following studies. In this research, an integration approach which combined with product development philosophy, design for assembly method and digital assembly technology is proposed to solve the issues in the whole product development lifecycle. Three case studies from different design phase are used to examine the integrated process design method. The research results demonstrate that the proposed digital process design method can be used to develop manufacturing strategies of system assembly in early design phase, and improve the accuracy and operability of assembly instructions according to 3-D assembly process plans in detailed design phase. The product design also benefits from this method in terms of correcting design errors in the concurrent engineering process. A proposed process planning system framework based on lightweight CAD is developed in this research. The customized assembly representation of 3DVIA system illustrates the advantages of lightweight CAD when applying in shop floor.

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Content addressable memories (CAMs) are gaining popularity with computer networks. Testing costs of CAMs are extremely high owing to their unique configuration. In this thesis, a fault analysis is carried out on an industrial ternary CAM (TCAM) design, and search path test algorithms are designed. The proposed algorithms are able to test the TCAM array, multiple-match resolver (MMR), and match address encoder (MAE). The tests represent a 6x decrease in test complexity compared to existing algorithms, while dramatically improving fault coverage.

For a company to be competitive today, one way is to create a natural feedback loop from the production department to the design department with information regarding the production systems ability to deliver a finished component. The purpose with this feedback loop is to create respect for tolerances and to more design for manufacturing and assembly. The studied company in this thesis work developed a quality program to reach a spiral of continuous improvements to reduce cost of poor quality (CoPQ) and to reach an improved quality level (PPM). The object of this work was to test and improve the quality program called The Zero Tolerance Program. Delimitations were made when the work was started and ongoing which led to that the impact on PPM could not be studied. The connection to CoPQ was difficult to obtain and could only be proved theoretically, not practically, due to the short timetable. During the short amount of time the right root cause could not be found. The thesis work findings came to a number of identified Measurable Success Criteria and requirements which must be in place for the further progress of The Zero Tolerance Program. / PREPARE

Content addressable memories (CAMs) are gaining popularity with computer networks. Testing costs of CAMs are extremely high owing to their unique configuration. In this thesis, a fault analysis is carried out on an industrial ternary CAM (TCAM) design, and search path test algorithms are designed. The proposed algorithms are able to test the TCAM array, multiple-match resolver (MMR), and match address encoder (MAE). The tests represent a 6x decrease in test complexity compared to existing algorithms, while dramatically improving fault coverage.

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the management practices of expert secondary general education teachers in inclusive classrooms. Specifically, expert teachers of classrooms who included students with severe cognitive disabilities, including autism, intellectual disability, and traumatic brain injury were of interest in this study. Further, this study was designed to determine how the teachers learned to expertly manage their inclusive classrooms. Eight teachers met criteria for inclusion in this study as expert teachers, through confirmed nomination, experience requirements, holding required teaching certifications, and through evidencing positive impacts on their included students with disabilities. Interviews were conducted with these eight teachers, in addition to telephone interviews with their special education teaching peers. Through a constant-comparative method of data analysis, it was found that teachers learned to manage their inclusive classes in a variety of ways. They learned from traditional opportunities, self-directed learning, and through learning from others. Each of these teachers engaged in continual learning strategies that began during pre-service preparation and continued through professional development while in-service. Additionally, the teachers in this study managed their classrooms in a variety of ways which addressed student learning, the environment, and student behavior. Management of student learning was evidenced through 17 identifiable practices, including ones such as modifying product expectations, including multi-sensory opportunities, and including real-world applicability. Teachers managed their inclusive classroom environments through 11 different practices, such as establishing a structure with rules, working as a whole group/class, and creating a calm learning environment. Management of behavioral expectations was executed by these expert teachers through 12 distinct management practices, including consistency with consequences, maintaining a respectful attitude ant tone with the class, and being aware of student stressors. Management practices of these expert teachers additionally aligned well with the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL).

This study focuses on persuasive design concerning the household users&rsquo / energy saving behavior while using electrical household appliances for the housework. Household users form a balance at home determined by the household resources they have, and they do not want to change this fragile balance because it is established as a result of household users&rsquo / habitual behavior. It is crucial to persuade household users to save energy at home without disturbing the balance among resources. Persuasion becomes an effective tool at this stage. The study provides an efficient reallocation of the resources for energy saving behavior, which is supported by household resource reallocation and persuasion literature, and an empirical study.

An interconnect-driven layout-aware multiple scan tree synthesis methodology is proposed in this paper. Multiple scan trees, also known as a scan forest, greatly reduce test data volume and test application time in SOC testing. However, previous researches on scan tree synthesis rarely considered routing length issues, and hence create scan trees with excessively long routing paths. The proposed algorithm effectively considers both test compression rate and routing length and hence produces better results than all previous known methods in both regards. In this method, a density-driven dynamic clustering algorithm is applied to determine scan cells in each scan tree. A compatibility based clique partition algorithm is used to determine tree topology, and then a Voronoi diagram is used to establish physical connections. Compared with previous works on scan tree synthesis, the proposed method reduces test data volume by 1.4X to 2.1X, while the reduction in test application time ranges from 15.9X to 24.6X. The significant improvement in test application time is mainly due to the multiple scan trees architecture. The final routing structure is also better, as 1.3X to 3.2X reduction in routing length is achieved.

Humanity's activities increasingly threaten Earth's richness of life, of which mankind is a part. As part of the response, the environmentally conscious attempt to engineer products, processes and systems that interact harmoniously with the living world. Current environmental design guidance draws upon a wealth of experiences with the products of engineering that damaged humanity's environment. Efforts to create such guidelines inductively attempt to tease right action from examination of past mistakes. Unfortunately, avoidance of past errors cannot guarantee environmentally sustainable designs in the future. One needs to examine and understand an example of an environmentally sustainable, complex, multi-scale system to engineer designs with similar characteristics. This dissertation benchmarks and evaluates the efficacy of guidance from one such environmentally sustainable system resting at humanity's doorstep - the biosphere. Taking a holistic view of biomimicry, emulation of and inspiration by life, this work extracts overarching principles of life from academic life science literature using a sociological technique known as constant comparative method. It translates these principles into bio-inspired sustainable engineering guidelines. During this process, it identifies physically rooted measures and metrics that link guidelines to engineering applications. Qualitative validation for principles and guidelines takes the form of review by biology experts and comparison with existing environmentally benign design and manufacturing guidelines. Three select bio-inspired guidelines at three different organizational scales of engineering interest are quantitatively validated. Physical experiments with self-cleaning surfaces quantify the potential environmental benefits generated by applying the first, sub-product scale guideline. An interpretation of a metabolically rooted guideline applied at the product / organism organizational scale is shown to correlate with existing environmental metrics and predict a sustainability threshold. Finally, design of a carpet recycling network illustrates the quantitative environmental benefits one reaps by applying the third, multi-facility scale bio-inspired sustainability guideline. Taken as a whole, this work contributes (1) a set of biologically inspired sustainability principles for engineering, (2) a translation of these principles into measures applicable to design, (3) examples demonstrating a new, holistic form of biomimicry and (4) a deductive, novel approach to environmentally benign engineering. Life, the collection of processes that tamed and maintained themselves on planet Earth's once hostile surface, long ago confronted and solved the fundamental problems facing all organisms. Through this work, it is hoped that humanity has taken one small step toward self-mastery, thus drawing closer to a solution to the latest problem facing all organisms.