This thesis is based in the research area of Design for Sustainable Behaviour (DfSB), a field which seeks to reduce the social and environmental impact of products in the use phase of their life cycle. There has been significant theoretical development in this area in recent years, leading to a proliferation of intervention strategies and design methodologies. However, there has been a recognised lack of a reliable means of selecting which intervention strategy to use in a given situation, and a lack of real world intervention case studies generating measurable medium-to-long term reductions in energy consumption. Addressing these gaps was a central focus of this research. This thesis documents four distinct research phases; an extensive literature review, an in-depth user study of existing energy consuming behaviours and motivations, the development and trialling of design interventions, and the evaluation of the generated theories as a tool for designers. Literature on domestic energy consumption, human behaviour, and approaches to changing behaviour was reviewed to establish the current level of thinking and to identify opportunities for further research. This guided the undertaking of the user study with a number of families in the East Midlands of the UK, which illuminated the relevant motivational goals, and highly routinized nature, displayed in many energy consuming behaviours. Over the course of this phase of the research journey a new conceptual model of behaviour in context was developed, and refined to create the Behavioural Intervention Selection Axis (BISA). These theoretical developments were then applied to the generation of DfSB intervention concepts, one of which was selected and developed to a functional prototype stage. These prototypes were trialled in situ in family homes for an extended period, and achieved a significant change in behaviour and related energy consumption. Further evaluation of the BISA as a tool to guide designers was performed through a series of workshops with design students, which ascertained its usefulness in this respect. Both the intervention development and trialling and the design workshops showed the conceptual model and BISA to be successful in providing designers with a reliable and useful means of selecting appropriate intervention strategies to change behaviour. In addition the intervention trial provided a wealth of qualitative insight into the way in which DfSB can effect behaviour, and the range of new motivational goals it can engender.

Student Number: 0308601G School of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / This research report focuses on the impact of environmental management systems (EMS) on the economic performance of business enterprises with respect to the three research variables, namely water, energy and raw materials. A systematic sampling technique with a random start and the K-Value sampling interval were employed to draw a sample size of 30 enterprises from a list of 240 EMS certified enterprises. However, the response rate ultimately turned out to be only 30 % of the sample size. The research discovered that EMS programmes that are practised by enterprises under study in South Africa are inefficient, as strategies adopted to cut down on the consumption of the research variables are inefficient. It has further been found that due to unavailability of data, business enterprises failed to consistently and convincingly provide data pertaining to the costs of EMS adoption. Inefficient strategies in cutting down consumption of research variables are concluded to have led to minimal savings and revenue accruing to the enterprises. This is observed to be a result of the following factors: not undertaking some research ahead of any action to shed light on the nature and magnitude of responsive measures required for specific problem areas; costly EMS technology and infrastructure; lack of innovativeness in exhausting the full potential value of the research variables; poor EMS practice etc. Failure to provide data by enterprises is observed to be a result of little value, which enterprises attached to information storage and documentation as well as environmental accounting system, yet they are such crucial components of EMS. This has therefore made impossible to weigh gains against costs to establish whether business enterprises are gaining or losing in their EMS projects. On the basis of the observed shortcomings, enterprises are advised to have in place a comprehensive EMS database and to conduct some research ahead of any responsive action. The South African government is recommended to intervene by providing an enabling environment for EMS by implementing EMS supporting policies and promoting awareness campaigns. Furthermore, research into the observed problem areas has been recommended in order to get to the bottom of EMS problems in South Africa.

How can coaching services encourage user engagement? The objective of this thesis has been to conduct research with a service design approach of what changes can be made to a service to further engage and motivate users. The already existing service provided by Scania called Driver Coaching is used as a case study. The thesis contributes to research by exploring how coaching services can implement gamification aspects in its customer journey. Using said case study as an example, user studies were conducted and resulted in an extensive list of insights and user needs. A gamification framework called Octalysis was used to locate what aspects of the service that could be changed in order to increase user motivation. The user needs and the lacking core drives in the current Octalysis were connected during the ideation phase. Connecting the gamification theory with the service design case study, a design proposal took form. In this case study, the design proposal is a modular concept with five different components that can be implemented in the service on their own or all together. Even though this design proposal is specific to the case study, the process of using the gamification theory and methods could be applied to other cases.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para representar o PPVVA (Projeto para Produção de Vedações Verticais em Alvenaria) em ferramentas CAD-BIM de maneira a não degradar significativamente o desempenho de manipulação do modelo BIM devido à grande quantidade de componentes. Ao mesmo tempo, propõe uma linguagem computacional para descrever modulações de alvenaria e a especificação de novas funcionalidades nos CAD-BIM para automatizar algumas atividades do PPVVA. A pesquisa foi organizada adotando-se a seguinte metodologia: (i) avaliação dos principais CAD-BIM do mercado; (ii) levantamento de requisitos de representação dos objetos do PPVVA; (iii) especificação do modelo de representação; (iv) implementação do modelo e (v) definição de um fluxo de trabalho para utilização do modelo proposto. A avaliação dos principais CAD-BIM possibilitou verificar as limitações destas aplicações no atendimento dos requisitos de representação do PPVVA e a necessidade de adequação destas aplicações para esse uso. A partir de entrevistas com projetistas de vedações foi possível coletar e sistematizar regras, que serviram de base à elaboração do modelo de representação proposto. Uma das idéias chave deste modelo de representação é a especificação de uma linguagem de descrição para modulações de alvenaria chamada de MMDL (Masonry Modulation Description Language). A utilização da MMDL mostrou-se uma alternativa interessante para representar implicitamente os elementos do PPVVA. Uma abordagem de representação explícita, por meio de famílias de objetos, também foi utilizada. Embora esta última abordagem demande mais recursos da aplicação, ela oferece maior flexibilidade ao projetista na manipulação de cada elemento da modulação de alvenaria. Para contornar o problema de desempenho da representação explícita, foi utilizado o conceito de referência a arquivos externos, o que permite segmentar modelos complexos em modelos menores que podem ser manipulados com maior facilidade. Com base nestas características do modelo proposto, espera-se que este possa servir como uma boa alternativa para minimizar o problema de desempenho na manipulação de modelos BIM gerados por projetistas de vedações. / This work proposes a methodology for representing the MDP (Masonry Design for Production) in BIM-CAD tools in a way that does not significatively degrade the handling performance of a BIM model due to its large quantity of components. At the same time, it proposes a computer language for describing masonry modulation and specifies new functionalities for BIM-CAD tools aiming the automation of some MDP tasks. The research was organized according to the following methodology: (i) evaluation of the main BIM-CAD tools; (ii) compilation of the representation requirements of MDP objects; (iii) specification of a representation model; (iv) model implementation and; (v) definition of a workflow for using the proposed model. The evaluation of the main BIM-CAD tools showed the limitations of these applications regarding the requirements of MDP as well as the need for adapting these tools for such use. From interviews with masonry designers, rules were collected and systematized, serving as a base for preparing the proposed representation model. One of the key ideas of this model is the specification of a description language for masonry modulation, called MMDL (Masonry Modulation Description Language). The use of MMDL was shown to be an interesting alternative for implicitly representing the MDP elements. An explicit representation approach, through object families, was also used. Although this approach demands more resources from the application, it offers more flexibility to the designer concerning the direct manipulation of each individual masonry element. As a workaround to the performance problem of the explicit representation, the concept of external detailing files was used, allowing the segmentation of complex models into smaller ones which can be handled easier in the BIM-CAD tool. Based on these features of the proposed model, it is hoped that it can serve as a good alternative for minimizing the performance problem when handling BIM models generated by masonry designers.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a adequação e o alinhamento da metodologia de desenvolvimento de produtos de acordo com o tipo de projeto, comparando-se projetos baseados em Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) e Design Thinking (DT) em uma mesma empresa. Optou-se pela estratégia de pesquisa qualitativa, com o desenvolvimento de um estudo de caso, realizado no período de dezembro de 2015 a março de 2016, em uma empresa multinacional do setor financeiro, que utiliza ambas as metodologias. O estudo envolveu a análise de dados de oito projetos, sendo quatro DFSS e quatro DT. Para a interpretação e síntese dos resultados, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e o teste de mediana de Mood. Os resultados indicam que o tipo de projeto e o tipo de problema afetam a escolha da metodologia, sendo possível refletir sobre a utilização de abordagens soft mais voltadas para negócios, ao invés da aplicação de abordagens hard. Projetos DT estão mais alinhados aos conceitos de projetos soft e comumente são utilizados na solução de problemas abertos. Por outro lado, projetos DFSS estão mais alinhados aos conceitos de projetos hard e geralmente são utilizados na solução de problemas fechados. Verificou-se também que o questionário de pesquisa pode ser empregado como um framework de análise para a seleção correta da metodologia a ser utilizada. / The aim of this study is to analyze the appropriateness and the alignment of product development methodology according to the project type, comparing projects based on Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) and Design Thinking (DT) in the same company. A qualitative research strategy was applied, with the development of a case study, carried out from December 2015 to March 2016, in a multinational financial company, which applies both approaches. The study involved eight projects data analysis, four DFSS and four DT. To the interpretation and synthesis of the results, descriptive statistics and the Mood median test was applied. The results indicate that the project type and the problem type affect the choice of the methodology and it is possible to reflect on the use of soft approaches more focused on business instead of applying hard approaches. DT projects are more aligned with the concepts of soft projects and are commonly used in solving ill structured problems. On the other hand, DFSS projects are more aligned with the concepts of hard projects and are commonly used to solve well structured problems. It was also found that the survey questionnaire can be used as an analytical framework for the correct selection of the methodology to be applied.

Este trabalho visa discutir duas importantes fases do edifício: a concepção do projeto e o final de sua vida útil, com enfoque na arquitetura sustentável. Logo nas primeiras idealizações do edifício, quando se inicia o conceito e projeto, já é importante considerar todo o seu ciclo de vida, até mesmo a fase de desmontagem ou demolição, como é mais comum atualmente. Através da demolição são gerados muitos resíduos que, grande parte das vezes, são despejados na natureza ou em aterros sanitários sem tratamento adequado, o que traz como consequência grande poluição ambiental e desperdício. Assim este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar e avaliar processos de demolição ou desmontagem de edificações para propor diretrizes que visam reduzir o desperdício e o impacto ambiental, através de um desmonte racionalizado, no lugar da demolição. Inicialmente foi realizada revisão bibliográfica com o intuito de analisar o que está sendo estudado sobre o assunto no Brasil e no mundo. Um dos principais temas foi o Projeto para o Desmonte, pois é um assunto novo no setor e de grande relevância que vem sendo abordado em países preocupados com o desenvolvimento sustentável. A revisão bibliográfica se baseia principalmente no Design for Disassembly, Design for \"X\", desenvolvimento sustentável, arquitetura sustentável, análise do ciclo de vida e o ciclo de alguns materiais, reutilização e reciclagem, além da demolição. Para análise prática, foram realizados estudos de maneira a avaliar diferentes métodos construtivos e processos de demolições ou desmonte, além das possibilidades de reutilização e reciclagem, após a vida útil dos edifícios. Estes estudos foram realizados através de observação direta, isto é, acompanhamento de alguns processos de demolição ou desmontagem, visitas a obras, entrevistas com arquitetos e demais profissionais envolvidos, além de análise de documentos. Dessa maneira foi possível verificar diversos processos e buscar diretrizes para auxiliar a aplicação do Projeto para o Desmonte e reduzir os impactos ambientais. / This paper aims at discussing two important phases of the building: the project design and the end of his life, focusing on sustainable architecture. In the first few idealizations of the building, when it starts the concept and design, it is important to consider the entire life cycle, even dismantling stage or the demolition, as is more common today. Through many demolition waste are generated, most times, are dumped in nature or in landfills without proper treatment, which consequently brings great environmental pollution and waste. Thus this work aims to analyze and evaluate processes demolition or dismantling of buildings to propose guidelines aimed at reducing waste and environmental impact, through a streamlined disassemble, instead of demolition. Initially literature review was performed in order to analyze what is being studied on the subject in Brazil and worldwide. A major theme was the Design for the Disassembly because it is a new subject in the field and of great importance that is being addressed in countries concerned with sustainable development. The literature review is mainly based on Design for Disassembly, Design for \"X\", sustainable development, sustainable architecture, analysis of the life cycle and the cycle of some materials, reuse and recycling, and demolition. For practical analysis, studies were performed in order to evaluate different methods of construction and demolition or dismantling processes, beyond the possibilities of reuse and recycling after the useful life of the buildings. These studies were conducted through direct observation, monitoring of some processes demolition or dismantling works visits, interviews with architects and other professionals involved, and document analysis. Thus it was possible to get various processes and guidelines to assist the application of Design for Disassembly and reduce environmental impacts.

Uma importante fonte de vantagem competitiva para muitas empresas é a capacidade de criar projetos de produtos compostos por um número pequeno de partes e de fácil montagem sem deixar de atender às expectativas do consumidor, denominada abordagem DFA - Design For Assembly (Projeto para Montagem). Para o reprojeto ou para reduzir o custo do projeto de novos produtos com esse foco, é necessário obter informações que podem estar muitas vezes armazenadas em locais de difícil acesso e nas mais variadas formas de repositórios do conhecimento. Uma maneira de obter essas informações é criar uma classe sistema, chamada peer-to-peer, que permite a sincronização e compartilhamento desses documentos entre cada local espalhado numa rede. Esse tipo de sistema busca a descentralização das informações, ou seja, estas ficam espalhadas pela rede (interna ou externa) com a vantagem de que cada organização poderá manter sob sua \"guarda\" as informações sem nunca dispô-las em servidores de terceiros e estas poderão chegar automaticamente até os usuários por meio de transações XML. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma ferramenta de auxílio à gestão do conhecimento que atue na geração, codificação e transferência do conhecimento sobre técnicas DFA. A avaliação de soluções existentes foi utilizada como metodologia para propor um modelo teórico que especifica o desenvolvimento do sistema. Pode-se concluir que esse tipo de sistema fornece aos participantes meios de coleta de informações mais eficazes, já que informações sobre DFA podem ser consultadas. / An important source of competitive advantages for many organizations worldwide is the capacity to create projects for products consisting of a small number of parts of easy assemblage, nonetheless attending to the consumers\' expectations, named DFA approach - Design for Assembly. In order to re-project or decrease the expenses caused by designing new products aimed at such, it is necessary to retrieve information data which might be stored in inaccessible places and in a large variety of knowledge repositories. A way of retrieving this data is the creation of a system class, called peer-to-peer, which allows these documents to be synchronized and shared among terminals connected to a network. This system aims at decentralizing data, that is, they are spread throughout the network (internal or external) with the advantage that each company may protect the information by not making it available in computers belonging to third parties. Moreover, this information can automatically reach users by means of XML transactions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a tool to help knowledge management work in generating, codifying and transferring knowledge concerning DFA techniques. The assessment of available solutions was used as a method to propose a theoretical model which pinpoints the system development. It can be concluded that this type of system provides the users with means to collect data more efficiently, since DFA data may be accessed.

Leung Sze Han Candy. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2000-2001, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Prologue --- p.01 / the Boundaries --- p.03 / Autism a Sensation Boundary --- p.11 / Autism in Hong Kong --- p.15 / Beyond Boundary --- p.23 / The realm of Social Sustainability --- p.25 / Inception of the Children Centre --- p.31 / Site Selection --- p.52 / Selection Criteria --- p.53 / Site Analysis: Kowloon Park --- p.59 / Design Process --- p.65 / Design Principles --- p.67 / Design Development --- p.71 / Final Design --- p.87 / Special Study --- p.93 / Appendix / Interviews / Precedent Study / Feedback from reviewers / Bibliography

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

"The fragmented environment in the construction industry has a big influence on production. The multi-disciplinary nature of the project development process imposes the need for clear communications and team effort coordination. Information Technology (IT) has been playing a tremendous role in facilitating this process. The most recent contribution of IT in this regard is the Building Information Model (BIM). It is clear that BIM technology improves the design drawings productivity; drawings are automatically coordinated in all views from plans, to sections, to elevations, to details and to perspectives. It also provides an innovative way of scheduling through by allowing a 3D visualization of the construction progress. But, there are still many technical issues that still need to be addressed before this technology is fully adopted by the industry. For example, what are the files formats that BIM supports? What is the needed knowledge for best use of BIM? How does BIM integrate with the estimating discipline? Where does BIM store the building data? What are the codes that are shown in the automatically generated “quantity take-offs” schedules? This research attempts to provide answers to these questions and explores possible ways to link different coding systems within the BIM platform itself. After reviewing the basic design concepts from the conceptual to the construction stages and how it is related to the different project delivery ways, this work illustrates the role of different work breakdown structures (WBS) in the life cycle of estimating discipline from the preliminary to the detailed stage. The research reviewed the different database designs and structures, the database management systems (DBMS), as well as the database organization systems. This review draws a picture on how information system (IS) and its tools support the different needs of the multiple players involved in a construction project. The focus was on the object oriented database and building information model (BIM) software, and how it integrates with other estimating and project planning software. The findings seem promising, but before BIM technology can reshape the construction industry, it is still necessary to conduct additional experimental work as the software continues to evolve and becomes mature."