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Strategies for Membrane Protein Studies and Structural Characterization of a Metabolic Enzyme for Antibiotic DevelopmentArachea, Buenafe T. 19 September 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Purification of the major envelope protein GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from native virionsMatanin, Brad Matthew 13 June 2007 (has links)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the cause of a pandemic that has been devastating the U.S. and global swine industry for more than twenty years. PRRSV vaccine development is challenging due to virus heterogeneity. Evidence indicates that the major envelope protein, GP5, is the primary target for a subunit vaccine. In native virions GP5 primarily exists as a disulfide linked complex with the membrane protein, M, which also possesses immunogenic properties. Recent studies report that the GP5/M complex is a more significant vaccine candidate. Currently, no bulk purification methods have been reported for PRRSV proteins. The objective of this research was to develop a purification process for GP5 or GP5/M from native virions.
PRRS virions were isolated and concentrated through sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation and target envelope proteins were solubilized with Triton X-100 detergent for further processing. GP5/M was not consistently identified in samples and was therefore abandoned. GP5 was identified by Western blot throughout processing with a αORF5 antibody. Cation exchange chromatography (CEX) was utilized for partial fractionation of GP5, although the viral nucleocapsid protein, N, was a major impurity in CEX elution fractions. As a second chromatographic step, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) further purified GP5 by means of a two-stage elution scheme. Pure GP5 was eluted from the HIC resin in the second HIC elution stage by Triton X-100 displacement; however the protein is present as a homodimeric/tetrameric aggregate. This process will be useful in PRRSV vaccine development and the purified GP5 product could be used as much needed positive controls in animal studies. / Master of Science
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Integrated Agronomic Management Practices for Tall Fescue in MississippiSlusher, Patton J 14 August 2015 (has links)
Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus), is a cool season perennial that provides grazing into the early summer months for southern livestock. Grazing the tall fescue variety, Kentucky-31, has negative effects on animal health, particularly after jointing. Two studies were arranged as randomized complete blocks in a split-plot design, with three replicates to compare: the effect of ten herbicides on seedhead suppression, or the effect of inter-seeding legumes [white clover (Trifolium repens) or alfafla (Medicago sativa)] coupled with nitrogen supplementation on fescue yield and forage nutritive value. The herbicides imazethapyr + 2,4-D and without, metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron, reduced seedheads emergence, but not yield compared to the control. Kentucky-31 inter-seeded with white clover and fertilized with 11 kg N ha-1 produced greater biomass than tall fescue fertilized with 11 kg N ha-1. The inter-seeding of white clover produced composite forage samples with greater in vitro dry matter disappearance than nitrogen supplemented alfalfa.
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Avaliação de marcadores internos para estimativa de fluxo de digesta e proteína microbiana no duodeno de ruminantes / Evaluation of internal markers for estimating digesta flow and microbial protein in the duodenum of ruminantsStefanello, Cristiano Miguel 26 February 2014 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of internal markers to estimate duodenal flow of digesta and duodenal microbial protein synthesis in cattle and sheep. Data and samples of in vivo digestibility trials, eight trials with sheep (n=204) and two with cattle (n=31) were used. All animals were cannulated in the duodenum, procedure previously conducted at the Laboratory of Food Science and Ruminants Nutrition at the Federal University of Santa Maria and Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Food Science at the University of the State of Santa Catarina. Internal markers, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were compared to estimate the flow of duodenal digesta. Purines in duodenal digesta were compared with purine derivatives (PD) excreted in urine as markers to estimate the flow of rumen microbial protein in the duodenum. In the latter case, different equations available in literature were tested to estimate the flow of microbial protein from urinary PD. It was concluded that ADF may be used as an internal marker to estimate duodenal flow of digesta in experimental animals cannulated in the duodenum where total fecal excretion is measured, and that the use of DP as a marker of duodenal flow of microbial protein is acceptable for cattle but not for sheep. In sheep, regardless of the equation used, the DP underestimated duodenal availability of rumen microbial protein. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso de marcadores internos para estimativa de fluxo de digesta duodenal e de síntese de proteína microbiana duodenal em bovinos e ovinos. Foram utilizados dados e amostras de oito ensaios de digestibilidade in vivo com ovinos (n=204) e dois com bovinos (n=31), canulados no duodeno, previamente conduzidos no Laboratório de Bromatologia e Nutrição de Ruminantes da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e no Laboratório de Nutrição Animal e Bromatologia da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Para estimativa do fluxo de digesta duodenal, foram comparados os seguintes marcadores internos: fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e lignina em detergente ácido (LDA). Para estimar o fluxo de proteína microbiana ruminal no duodeno, foi comparado o uso de purinas na digesta duodenal com os derivados de purinas (DP) excretados na urina como marcadores. Neste último caso, foram testadas diferentes equações disponíveis na literatura para estimar o fluxo de proteína microbiana a partir dos DP urinários. Concluiu-se que a FDA pode ser utilizada como marcador interno para estimar o fluxo duodenal de digesta em ensaios com animais canulados no duodeno, onde é medida a excreção total de fezes, e que o uso dos DP como marcadores do fluxo duodenal de proteína microbiana é aceitável em bovinos, mas não em ovinos. Em ovinos, independentemente da equação utilizada, os DP subestimam a disponibilidade duodenal de proteína microbiana ruminal.
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Valor Nutritivo do Farelo de Linhaça em Ovinos / Nutritive value of linseed meal in sheepFernandes, Danieli Perez 09 November 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-11-09 / The objective was to evaluate this work through the intake and digestibility of linseed meal for sheep. A total of 12 female mongrel with body weight (BW) 30 kg were housed in cages for study of metabolism in the experimental period of 40 days (15 days for animal adaptation to experimental diets and 5 days for data collection in each phase). We used a randomized block design, to evaluate four diets (corn silage exclusively - SM, SM + concentrate; SM + concentrate + 5% linseed meal - FL, MS + concentrate + 10% FL) with three replications in two phases. A higher apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) for calves fed concentrate diets, regardless of the proportion of linseed meal. The same effect was observed in the consumption of crude and digestible nutrients in kg / day, yet the inclusion of 10% linseed meal to the diet caused a decrease in consumption of about 138 g / day (gross nutrients) and 105 g / day ( digestible nutrients) compared to diet without linseed meal (0%). These results were very similar when expressed as% of BW and metabolic size (UTM (g/w0, 75). Inclusion of concentrate to the diet increases the digestibility of nutrients without detrimental effect of higher amount of linseed meal, However, this carries a slight decrease in DM. Therefore, we recommend using the diets containing concentrate and linseed meal in the proportions of 0 and 5%. / Objetivou-se por meio deste trabalho avaliar o consumo e digestibilidade do farelo de linhaça para ovinos. Foram utilizadas 12 fêmeas consideradas puras por cruzamento, com peso vivo (PV) médio de 30 kg, alojadas em gaiolas para estudo de metabolismo no período experimental de 40 dias (15 dias de adaptação e cinco para colheita de dados em cada fase experimental). Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, avaliando-se quatro dietas (silagem de milho exclusiva - SM; SM + concentrado; SM + concentrado + 5% de farelo de linhaça - FL; SM + concentrado +10% de FL), com três repetições em duas fases. Verificou-se maior digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS) para animais alimentados com dietas contendo concentrado, independente da proporção de farelo de linhaça. O mesmo efeito foi verificado no consumo de nutrientes brutos e digestíveis em kg/dia, contudo a inclusão de 10% de farelo de linhaça à dieta provocou decréscimo no consumo da ordem de 138 (nutrientes brutos) e 105 g/dia (nutrientes digestíveis) quando comparado à dieta sem farelo de linhaça (0%). Estes resultados se mantiveram muito similares quando expressos em % do PV e unidade de tamanho metabólico - UTM (g/kg0,75). A inclusão de concentrado à dieta aumenta a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, sem efeito deletério do maior nível de farelo de linhaça, contudo, este exerce uma pequena queda no consumo de MS. Portanto, recomenda-se utilizar as dietas contendo concentrado e farelo de linhaça nas proporções de 0 e 5%.
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Interaction of detergents and disinfectants upon surface adhered populations of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenesHayes, Richard January 2008 (has links)
The primary aim of this investigation was to identify and assess the interactions (synergies and antagonisms) that exist between 20 minute detergent and 5 minute disinfectant treatments upon three factory isolated strains of surface adhered (1-hour attached) and surface adapted (24-hour biofilm) populations of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, plus a comparison with vero-toxin producing strains of E. coli, when used as part of a cleaning and disinfection regime. The detergents chosen for assessment were two non-ionic (91/4 - Alcohol Ethoxylate and KCL5 - Polyethoxylated Alcohol), two anionic (LX28 - Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and Nec28 - Sodium Laurylether Sulphate) and two novel bismuth thiols (BisEDT - 1:1 Bismuth nitrate 1,2-ethanedithiol and BisTOL - 2:1 Bismuth nitrate 3,4-dimercaptotoluene), developed at Winthrop University Hospital, New York. The disinfectants chosen for assessment were a quaternary ammonium compound (BAC - Benzyl alkonium Chloride) and a chlorine releasing agent (NaDCC - Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate). The investigation showed that there were no specific cleaning and disinfection regimes that will adequately target both E. coli and L. monocytogenes strains. It was also concluded that to maximise the removal and disinfection of persistent strains of a given microorganism, it may be necessary to design a regime to specifically target not just the species, but the strain involved and where possible requires mechanical cleaning. The novel bismuth thiols were seen to be promising detergents to aid in the removal of E. coli strains and warrant further attention for future studies. Finally, an investigation to identify possible mechanisms of resistance to disinfectant treatments following detergent treatment, showed that different detergents can induce expression of the stress response proteins, HSP60 and HSP70, at differing levels of expression after the same contact time and against different states of adherent populations, i.e. 1-hour attached or 24-hour biofilm populations.
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Plan de introducción de una nueva marca de detergente líquido al mercado peruano / Plan for the introduction of products for household cleaning in the Peruvian marketLa Torre Butrón, Úrsula Clotilde, Mora Pachas, Fernando Renato, Ruiz Figueroa, Javier Antonio, Tello Zárate, Nathalie Lisbel 30 May 2019 (has links)
El Perú cuenta con resultados económicos positivos en los últimos años, inclusive mayores al promedio de la región. Una de las consecuencias del crecimiento económico del país es el incremento del consumo. Además, resalta el hecho de que los niveles socioeconómicos medios se encuentran muy dedicados al hogar, realizando más compras de artículos de primera necesidad, de cuidado personal y de limpieza, asegurándose de obtener la mejor calidad.
Debido a este ambiente favorable, se decidió realizar un plan de introducción de detergente líquido al mercado peruano.
El producto se ofrecerá a un mercado en constante desarrollo y con alto potencial de crecimiento: al NSE C y D. La rivalidad entre los competidores es considerable y el mercado se limita a pocas empresas con mucha participación. Sin embargo, la categoría es tan grande que se espera encontrar un espacio dentro de un mercado que está todavía en crecimiento sobre el cual desarrollar el producto, esto con una oferta volumen/precio satisfactoria y debidamente difundida mediante actividades promocionales.
Esta introducción del producto será por medio de la importación, contando con una operación pequeña que sea eficiente y que sus actividades se apoyen con el uso de la tecnología. Este plan de introducción tendrá como orientación preliminar la penetración del producto en el mercado. Esto permite tener cierta rapidez en las decisiones, que serán necesarias si es que se quiere lograr un impacto y captar a los potenciales compradores con la estrategia de introducción. / Peru has had positive results in recent years, even over the regional average. One of the consequences of economic growth is the consumption increasing. Also, it´s important to emphasize that middle class socioeconomic levels are very dedicated to home; so, they are shopping more staple, personal care products as well as for cleaning. Middle class wants to be sure about getting best quality.
Due to this favorable environment, it was decided to make a plan for introducing the liquid detergent to the Peruvian market.
The product will be offered for a market in constant development and with high potential: to C and D socioeconomic level. Rivalry between the competitors is hard, so, the market is limited to a few companies with a large market share for each one. However, the product category is so large that it´s expected to find inside this a place for developing the product; all of these, taking advantage about a market that is still growing. This will be done with a satisfactory volume / price offer and it'll be disseminated through promotional activities.
The product introduction will be done by imports, making a small operation which is efficient and whose activities are supported with use of technology. This introduction plan will have, as a preliminary orientation, the penetration of the product in the market. This allows to have the require speed in the taking of decisions, the ones will be used to make an impact and to get potential buyers with strategy of introduction. / Trabajo de investigación
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Aplicação das relações lineares de energia livre de solvatação (LSER) ao estudo de sistemas interfaciais organizados / Application of linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) to the study of organized interfacial systemsLopes, Francisco Nascimento 27 October 2011 (has links)
Neste estudo foi caracterizado o processo de solubilização de solutos neutros em sistemas micelares compostos de surfactantes não iônicos da família de alcoóis secundários etoxilados com o mesmo grupo hidrofóbico e graus diferentes de etoxilação, variando de 5 a 30 subunidades de oxido de etileno. Para isso, foram utilizadas as Relações Lineares de Energias Livres de Solvatação (LSER) como modelo preditivo para a eficiência de incorporação de solutos. As análises de regressão múltipla e as validações apresentadas tiveram por base a constante de incorporação micelar KS como variável dependente e os descritores de soluto de Abraham como as variáveis independentes. A metodologia utilizada para a determinação de KS baseou-se em técnicas fotofísicas (supressão de fluorescência), medidas de solubilização (solubilização em saturação via espectrofotometria de UV-VIS) e técnicas de cromatografia líquida (Cromatografia Micelar) e gasosa (Cromatografia por Análise de Fase Vapor ou Headspace). A determinação realizada forneceu as seguintes LSERs: 15-S-5: Log KS = 0,054 - 0,227A - 1,197B - 0,600S + 0,938E + 1,854V 15-S-7: Log KS = + 0,267 + 0,435A - 1,475B - 0,831S + 1,045E + 1,805V 15-S-15: Log KS = -0,047 + 0,314A - 1,265B - 0,487S + 0,823E + 2,107V 15-S-30: Log KS = - 0,345 + 0,366A - 1,114B - 0,430S + 0,858E + 2,310V Como é típico para sistemas micelares, constatou-se que a partição dos solutos entre os agregados micelares e a fase aquosa é dominada pelas propriedades de volume molar (V) e capacidade receptora de pontes de hidrogênio ou basicidade (B) do soluto, com contribuições secundárias de dipolaridade (S) e refração molar em excesso (E) do soluto. O aumento do tamanho da cabeça hidrofílica de oligômeros de oxietileno (OE) torna a micela menos coesa, facilitando a acomodação de solutos e favorecendo também a penetração de moléculas de água de hidratação que formam pontes de hidrogênio com as unidades de OE. Isto é indicado pelas variações observadas nos coeficientes de B e V. As variações dos coeficientes de S respondem também ao tamanho da cadeia e ao grau de hidratação, o que foi verificado pelos espectros de bandas vibrônicas de fluorescência de pireno e por alterações de deslocamentos químicos de RMN-1H. Anomalias observadas para surfactante 15-S-5 provavelmente deveram-se à presença de isopropanol utilizado como aditivo para solubilizá-lo em meio aquoso. O conjunto de dados obtidos demonstra que o tamanho da cadeia de OE e da micela responde melhor ao modo do que à extensão de solubilização dos solutos analisados, uma vez que a variável KS não responde de maneira linear ao grau de etoxilação para o conjunto de detergentes estudados. / This study has characterized the solubilization of neutral solutes in micellar systems composed of nonionic surfactants belonging to the family of ethoxylated secondary alcohols with the same hydrophobic group and different degrees of ethoxylation ranging from 5 to 30 ethylene oxide units. Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) was used as a predictive model for the efficiency of incorporation of solutes. The multiple regression analysis and the validations presented were based on the micellar incorporation constant KS as the dependent variable and Abraham solute descriptors as the independent variables. The methodologies utilized to determine the KS values included photophysical techniques (fluorescence quenching), measurements of solubility at saturation (via UV-VIs spectrophotometry), micellar liquid chromatography and gas chromatography (Headspace analysis of the vapor phase above micellar solutions). This study provided the following LSERs: 15-S-5: Log KS = - 0,054 - 0,227A - 1,197B - 0,600S + 0,938E + 1,854V 15-S-7: Log KS = + 0,267 + 0,435A - 1,475B - 0,831S + 1,045E + 1,805V 15-S-15: Log KS = - 0,047 + 0,314A - 1,265B - 0,487S + 0,823E + 2,107V 15-S-30: Log KS = - 0,345 + 0,366A - 1,114B - 0,430S + 0,858E + 2,310V As typically observed for micellar systems, the partitioning of solutes between micellar aggregates and the aqueous phase is dominated by the properties of molar volume (V) and hydrogen bond basicity (B) of the solute, with secondary contributions from the dipolarity (S) and excess molar refraction (E) of the solute. The increase in the size of the hydrophilic oxyethylene (OE) headgroup decreases the cohesion of the micelle, facilitating the accommodation of solutes and also favoring the penetration of waters of hydration that hydrogen bond with the OE units. This is indicated by the changes observed in the coefficients of B and V. The changes observed for S also respond to the size of the OE chain, as reflected in the vibronic bands of the fluorescence spectra of pyrene and changes of proton chemical shifts in 1H-NMR spectra. Anomalies for the surfactant 15-S-5 were probably due to the necessity to include isopropanol as an additive to solubilize it in water. The data show that the OE chain and micelle sizes respond better to the mode than to the extent of solubilization for the solutes analyzed, since the predictor variable KS does not respond consistently to the degree of ethoxylation for the micellar systems studied.
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Comparação dos métodos lignina detergente ácido (LDA), lignina permanganato de potássio (LPer), lignina Klason (LK) e lignina brometo de acetila (LBA) na determinação do teor de lignina em plantas forrageiras e correlação com digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) / Comparison between acid detergent lignin (ADL), potassium permanganate lignin (PerL), Klason lignin (KL) and acetyl bromide lignin (ABL) methods, for the determination of lignin in forage plants, and correlation with in vitro digestibility (IVDM)Velasquez, Alejandro Vargas 25 January 2013 (has links)
O desempenho animal pode ser melhorado pelo incremento na digestibilidade dos alimentos. Um dos elementos neste processo é a acurada caracterização da composição química. Objetivando avaliar quatro métodos para determinar o teor de lignina, foram estudadas cinco gramíneas: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés (MG-5), Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon e Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier. As frações fibrosas da parede celular (PC), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) aumentaram conforme as plantas amadureceram, refletindo as mudanças na composição dos componentes da parede celular (celulose, hemicelulose e lignina). Os valores de PC foram superiores aos da FDN indicando solubilização da pectina e outros oligossacarídeos da parede celular na solução de detergente neutro. O método LDA apresentou os menores teores de lignina, evidenciando a solubilização de parte da lignina na solução de detergente ácido. Os resultados de LPer foram maiores que os de LDA, que pode ser devido à oxidação da celulose e pectina pelo permanganato de potássio. Os teores de LK foram maiores que os de LDA possivelmente por contaminação protéica, mas, menores que os de LPer. Os teores de LBA foram maiores que os outros três métodos. A digestibilidade acompanhou, de forma inversa, o estádio de maturidade das plantas. A digestibilidade in vitro apresentou forte correlação negativa com os teores de lignina para todos os métodos, menos para LPer. Encontrou-se um valor de relação de 2,23, entre os métodos LDA e LBA, que, ao ser aplicado, nos teores de LDA, resultou em reta similar ao da LBA. Chama a atenção como este valor de 2,23 é muito próximo ao 2,4 utilizado nas equações B2 e C das frações de carboidratos do \"Cornell Net Carbohydrate & Protein System\" e nas equações do National Research Counsil de 1996, para corrigir o teor de lignina. O método LBA é um método fácil e conveniente para determinar a concentração de lignina em forrageiras e uma boa opção para uso rotineiro nas análises de laboratório. / Animal performance can be improved by enhancing feed digestibility. One of the elements for this process is an accurate characterization of feedstuff chemical composition. With the objective of evaluating four methods used today for lignin determination, five grasses were used: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés (MG-5), Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon e Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier, All fibrous fractions, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cell wall (CW), increased as the plants matured, reflecting the changes in the CW composition (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). The values obtained for CW were higher than those obtained for NDF, indicating solubilization of pectin and other cell wall oligosaccharides in the neutral detergent solution. The ADL method produced the lowest lignin values, reflecting lignin solubilization by the acid detergent solution. PerL results were higher than those of ADL, possibly due to hemicellulose and pectin oxidation by potassium permanganate. The values for KL were higher than those of ADL, possibly due to protein contamination, but were lower than PerL values. ABL values were the highest among all methods. Digestibility inversely followed plant maturity throughout the study. In vitro dry matter digestibility showed high negative correlation with lignin contents. A 2,23 ratio between ADL and ABL methods was found, which when applied to ADL values, resulted in a curve similar to ABL method curve. It is interesting to note that, this value of 2,23 is very close to the 2,4 used in carbohydrate fractions B2 and C of the \"Cornell Net Carbohydrate & Protein System\", for the correction of lignin content. The ABL method is easy and convenient for total lignin content determination in forages.
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Avaliação da presença de fósforo nos esgotos sanitários e da atual contribuição dos detergentes / The evaluation of phosphorus present in wastewater and the current contribution of detergentsQuevedo, Claudia Maria Gomes de 10 March 2015 (has links)
A importância da gestão do aporte de nutrientes para melhoria da qualidade das águas é um assunto amplamente discutido. Diversos estudos são dedicados à avaliação da contribuição do fósforo presente nos esgotos sanitários para a ocorrência da eutrofização. As experiências vivenciadas em diversas localidades do mundo indicam que se necessita de uma série de medidas para controle das fontes pontuais e difusas de nutrientes, estando, dentre elas, a regulamentação do uso do fósforo nas formulações dos detergentes em pó destinados à limpeza de tecidos. Além de contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade dos corpos dágua e de auxiliar na preservação das reservas do nutriente, tal medida pode reduzir o aporte de fósforo nos sistemas de esgotos sanitários, permitindo a otimização dos custos com implantação, operação e manutenção. Por meio do presente trabalho, foram efetuadas análises no esgoto afluente de três estações de tratamento de esgotos (ETEs) situadas em diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, bem como, foram analisadas trinta amostras de detergentes comercializados no território nacional. Verificou-se que os produtos atualmente comercializados no país possuem baixa concentração de fósforo, na faixa de 0,01 por cento em peso, situando-se sensivelmente abaixo do limite estabelecido pela legislação que regulamenta o assunto, que é de 4,8 por cento em peso. A atual contribuição dos detergentes para o total de fósforo presente nos esgotos, nas ETEs estudadas, pode ser considerada bastante reduzida, na faixa de 0,0014 g/hab.dia, o que corresponde a cerca de 0,17 por cento do total de fósforo presente nos esgotos. Necessita-se, agora, evoluir com o conteúdo das normas que regem esse tema, de forma que as mesmas reflitam as condições praticadas pelo setor produtivo. Necessita-se também, averiguar outras possíveis fontes que podem contribuir para o aumento da concentração de fósforo nos esgotos, bem como, efetuar o dimensionamento das demais fontes pontuais e difusas de nutrientes nas águas. Desta forma, será possível planejar medidas de gestão proporcionais e adequadas aos diferentes atores, e sugerir etapas para eventuais melhorias nos sistemas de saneamento básico, buscando a melhor utilização dos recursos financeiros e ambientais existentes, e atendendo às demandas sociais de cada região. / The importance of nutrient management contribution in order to improve water quality is a widely discussed subject. Several studies are devoted to the evaluation of the contribution to phosphorus present in sewage for an occurrence of eutrophication. Experiments in several locations around the world indicate a need of a series of measures to control point and diffuse sources of nutrients, among them, the legislation for the use of phosphorus in powder-detergent formulations intended for cleaning fabrics. In addition to contributing to improving quality of water bodies and assist in preservation of nutrient reserves, such a measure can reduce the intake of phosphorus in sewage systems, allowing the optimization of deployment costs, operation and maintenance. By the present study, analysis in sewage influent were performed in three Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) located in different areas of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and thirty samples of detergent sold in the country were analyzed as well. It was found that the products currently sold in the country have low phosphorus concentration in the range of 0.01 per cent by weight, standing significantly below the limit established by legislation regulating the subject, which is 4.8 per cent by weight. Thus, the current contribution of detergent to total phosphorus present in the sewage at the analysed WWTPs can be considered low, in the range of 0.0014 g/person.day, corresponding to less than 0.17 per cent from the total phosphorus present in sewage. Now evolving with the contents of the standart rules governing this issue becomes necessary, so that they reflect conditions as practiced by the productive sector. It is also needed to determine other possible sources which can contribute to increasing the concentration of phosphorus in sewage, as well as perform scaling of point and diffuse nutrient sources in the water. Thus, it will be possible to plan proportional and appropriate management measures for different actors and suggest steps for further improvements in basic sanitation systems, seeking the best use of existing financial and environmental resources and serving the social existing demands in each area.
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