Students at the School of Engineering at Jönköping University have on behalf of the swimming organization “Nässjö Sim och Livräddningssällskap” conducted research on how to monitor and evaluate swimmers and swimming groups in a simple and efficient manner with a focus on usability and user friendliness. Since no system existed that could meet these requirements, the client had a desire to tailor and develop such a system. The purpose of this work was to develop a system that would work as a tool to be used by coaches and swimmers alike and allow them to eventually follow the development of swimmers and swimming groups. The organization also wanted to have the ability to create tests and exams, both for land and water training, register these in the system and in a structured way know which swimmers took and passed these. For this thesis, the following questions functioned as a framework for progress. UsabilityHow to design a usable system and what is required? SystemWhat type of system is best suited to meet the client's requirements and preferences? Competition resultsHow can one retrieve all the competition results for swimmers of Nässjö SLS? DatabaseWhat type of database is best suited to easily share data with an external existing database? Usability has been the main focus throughout the project. In order to succeed and stay on track, the students turned to the usability guru Jakob Nielsen, and his 10 heuristic rules have worked as guidelines. The work is also founded on the theories and tests Nielsen conducted on how people interact with a web-based system. The result of the project is a working prototype of the system without access to the competition results as the students together with the client decided that the procedure to access the database containing results from competitions became too difficult, time consuming and costly. From the perspective of functionality, focus turned to a system that can display a development curve for swimmers and swimming groups based on training and the results from tests and exams. / På uppdrag av simföreningen Nässjö Sim och Livräddningssällskap studerade studenterna vid Tekniska Högskolan i Jönköping hur man skall kunna följa upp och utvärdera simmare eller simgrupper på ett enkelt och effektivt sätt med fokus på användbarhet och användarvänlighet. Uppdragsgivaren hade därmed ett önskemål om att skräddarsy ett system som uppfyller dessa krav då det inte existerade något liknande som tillfredställer och möter de krav uppdragsgivaren hade på systemet. Syftet med arbetet var således att systemet skall vara ett verktyg som kommer att användas av tränare och simmare för att på sikt kunna följa upp utvecklingen av simmare och utfall för simgrupper. Föreningen ville även kunna skapa tester och prov, för landträning såväl som simträning och tränarna vill därmed på ett mer strukturerat sätt veta vilka som har klarat av dessa. För detta examensarbete har följande frågeställningar följt genom arbetets gång: AnvändbarhetHur konstruerar man ett användbart system och vad krävs? SystemVilken typ av system lämpar sig bäst för att tillgodose uppdragsgivarens krav och önskemål? TävlingsresultatHur erhåller man alla tävlingsresultat för simmare i Nässjö SLS? DatabasVilken typ av databas lämpar sig bäst för att enkelt kunna dela data med en extern befintlig databas? Användbarhet har setts som huvudfrågan genom projektets gång. Till denna har man använt sig av en känd guru inom området, Jakob Nielsen och hans 10 heuristiska regler. Arbetet bygger även på de teorier och tester Nielsen har utfört om hur människan interagerar med ett webbaserat system. Resultatet är en fungerande prototyp av systemet utan tillgång till tävlingsresultat då man tillsammans med uppdragsgivaren valde att avgränsa detta eftersom proceduren att få tillgång till databasen med tävlingsresultat blev allt för svår och tidskrävande. Ur synvinkeln rörande funktionaliteten blev fokus således ett system som kan visa utbildningskurva av simgrupper och simmare baserat på träning och de märken samt tester som klarats av.

The purpose of this research was to develop the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams for a model drug delivery system consisting of vitamin E (model drug) + soybean oil + surfactant + co-surfactant (anhydrous glycerol) + water. The model drug (vitamin E) was loaded in the oil phase. The effects of different surfactants (pure and mixed) on the phase diagram, especially the microemulsion region, were investigated. The influence of drug loading level on the phase diagram was also determined. The surfactants studied were Tween 20, Tween 80, Cremopher EL, and their mixtures. The size (area) of the microemulsion region of the phase diagram was found to be dependent on the type of surfactant used and the loading level of drug (vitamin E). The phenomenon of phase inversion from W/O microemulsion to O/W microemulsion was also investigated for the drug delivery system consisting of soybean oil (0% w/w Vitamin E loading or 30% w/w Vitamin E loading) + Tween 80 + anhydrous glycerol + water. The inversion of phases was detected by observing changes in the viscosity of the system.

Die Mathematiksoftware Mathcad hat sich bereits seit mehreren Jahren als Standardsoftware insbesondere in der Ausbildung an Universitäten, Fachhochschulen, Berufsschulen und Gymnasien etabliert. Die Vorteile liegen u.a. in der einfachen und mathematisch richtigen Darstellung von Gleichungen. Ebenso können Funktionsgraphen und Diagramme bequem und direkt im Arbeitsblatt erzeugt werden. Dies ist vor allem in der Ausbildung ein wesentlicher Vorteil gegenüber anderen Produkten, da auf diese Weise selbst umfangreiche Dokumentationen und Arbeitsblätter mit geringem Aufwand sehr anschaulich erstellt werden können. Im Gegensatz z.B. zu Matlab existierte allerdings in Mathcad bisher keine Möglichkeit, in Diagrammen oder an Funktionsgraphen Kommentare anzubringen, um beispielsweise bestimmte Punkte einer Funktion zu beschriften. Des Weiteren fehlte bis jetzt auch eine Möglichkeit, in Mathcad grafisch dargestellte Prinzipskizzen schnell und einfach zu bemaßen. Im Rahmen des Vortrags wird eine Möglichkeit aufgezeigt, in Diagrammen Beschriftungen einzufügen sowie grafische Darstellungen mit Bemaßungen unmittelbar in Mathcad zu erzeugen. Anhand mehrerer Beispiele werden die Funktionen erläutert und deren Anwendung live demonstriert.

In this thesis, we compute the distance spectrum for non-causal generating signals and compare the different spectrum effects for different non-causal systems. The non-causal system is the system which the present output is determined by the future and the past. The distance spectrum is the list of the difference measures of any two signals and search through all the possible event paths by trellis as much as possible. We use the method of the line difference to compute the distance spectrum of non-causal generating signal systems by defining the line and the line difference to find the distance for every pair of signals. Using this method, we have computed the distance spectrum for non-causal generating signals. Finally, we compare the different spectrums for different non-causal systems of different coefficients.

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This thesis proposes a new variable-order prediction method to predict the Shannon expansion order during the BDD tree generator. Combining this method with the original minimum width method, we can generator a better BDD tree to be used in our pass-transistor logic synthesizer. Also we propose two partitioning methods to reduce the length of the critical paths. The first method can effectively reduce the critical path delay at the cost of much higher area cost. The second method explores the common factors in the Boolean functions to reduce the critical path delay with reasonably increased area cost. Furthermore, we discuss the methods of inserting regenerating inverters/buffers along the path in BDD tree by selecting inverter cells and MUX cells of proper driving strength to optimize the area/cost/power performance. Finally, the automatic layout generation is considered to produce the physical layout more efficiently compared with that using commericial automatic place-and-route tools.

Class normalization is a process that can be used to organize the structure of object schema to increase the cohesion of classes while minimizing the coupling between them. This research proposes a method to apply the rule of class normalization to class modeling during the object-oriented systems analysis and design process. A real-world case is presented to illustrate the concepts, application, and the advantages of using the proposed method. Utilizing this method in class modeling can help the system developer ensure the class diagram in third object normal form and thereby enhance the effectiveness of system development.

Tube hydroforming process is a relatively new technology compared to conventional manufacturing via stamping and welding. However there is not much knowledge available for the product or process designers. The objective of this study will determine the flow stress and forming limit diagram of tubular materials to discuss the formability of tubes. Firstly, a mathematical model is proposed to examine the plastic deformation behavior of a thin-walled tube at different process parameters during the bulge hydroforming process without axial feeding. In the formulation of this mathematical model, an ellipsoidal surface and non-uniform thinning in the free bulged region and sticking friction between the tube and die are assumed. In the sticking friction mode, the elements after contact with the die do not move or slide. The effects of various forming parameters, such as the die entry radius, the bulge length, anisotropy, the initial thickness of the tube, etc., upon the forming pressures are discussed systematically. Secondly, an analytical model combined with hydraulic bulge tests is proposed to evaluate the properties of tubular materials considering anisotropy effect. Annealed AA6011 aluminum tubes and SUS409 stainless steel tubes are used for the bulge test. The tube thickness and radius at the pole and the internal forming pressure are measured simultaneously during the bulge test. The anisotropic values are obtained from tensile tests. From above experimental data, the effective stress - effective strain relations can be derived by this analytical model. The finite element method is used to conduct the simulations of hydraulic bulge forming with the flow stresses obtained by the above-mentioned model. The analytical forming pressures versus bulge heights are compared with the experimental results to validate the approach proposed in this study. Finally, this study also establishes the Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) of aluminum tubular material. An experimental system of tube hydroforming in which axial feed is applied to carry out the hydraulic bulge-forming test of the annealed aluminum alloy tubes. Furthermore, Hill¡¦s new yield criterion is also used to predict the Forming Limit Curves of sheets. The predicted forming limit diagrams are compared with the experimental data. The results of this study can provide useful knowledge for process design. In addition, the process parameters of flow stress and forming limit diagram obtained can improve the accuracy of the simulation results in industrial and academic fields.

Object-Oriented analysis and design approach has become the mainstream of today¡¦s systems development technique. The Class Diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the major tool for modeling the class structure in the object-oriented system analysis and design process. Once the class diagram is constructed, class normalization needs to be performed to eliminate the anomalies for the designing a database. However, the detailed guideline for performing class normalization is lacking. Therefore, this study presents a class normalization methodology based on object normal forms proposed by Ambler (1996). Two real-world cases are presented to illustrate the concepts, application, and the advantages of using the proposed method. Using this methodology in class modeling will help system developers normalize the class design in advance, and thereby enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of system development.

The Shield&rsquo / s Diagram has been the key stone for the description of initiatial motion of a particle in open channel flow. Data in Shield&rsquo / s study and further studies are collected in channels. However, the approximation of these data for the case of withdrawal of sediment or clean water through bottom outlets has not been confirmed. Furthermore, two phase models run to simulate the phenomenon so far have used brine and water combination. In this study, an experimental attempt is made to study the behavior of deposits subject to withdrawal from a bottom outlet where there are not enough parameters to calculate the bottom shear stress and consequently the dimensionless parameters generally used for the description of initiation of motion. The experimental set up used for this purpose is a 1 m long and 0.35 m wide channel such that at the downstream of the channel there is a horizontal slit representing the bottom outlet. During the experiments, fresh water and sand with D50 = 0.298 mm and D50 = 0.912 mm are used. Two different widths of the slit, namely 0.35 m and 0.0875 m are investigated. Based on the observations of the incipient motion of the sediment, the findings in the form of a relationship among the discharge through the bottom outlet, and some other relevant parameters are reported. In addition, a comparison of these data with the literature by the help of some newly defined dimensionless parameters for the description of the initiation of motion is included.