Observando o crescente interesse pela escrita do eu e levando em conta a afirmação de Jorge de Sena no ensaio Machado de Assis e o seu quinteto carioca, que declara haver como unidade entre as cinco obras finais de Machado de Assis o questionamento dos gêneros que expressam a subjetividade moderna, buscamos investigar, nesta dissertação, a maneira como Machado de Assis lida com alguns desses gêneros da intimidade, dentro e fora do espaço ficcional. Para tanto, selecionamos duas das obras finais que empregam mais diretamente a escrita do eu e que, do mesmo modo, mais transgridem essa escrita: Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, uma autobiografia escrita por um defunto autor; e Memorial de Aires, um diário que registra mais frequentemente a vida dos outros do que a do próprio diarista Aires. Além das obras ficcionais, trazemos para a análise as missivas machadianas, observando como o escritor constrói a imagem de si na troca de cartas com intelectuais de seu convívio. Refletindo sobre o exercício desses gêneros da intimidade, por parte de Machado de Assis, observamos que este, na sua correspondência, não ultrapassou os limites que, à época, regiam a troca de confidências entre pares e amigos. Comedido e discreto, assume, de modo geral, o papel de mestre e aconselhador, apresentando em suas cartas um projeto literário de cunho pedagógico, conduzindo os mais jovens na direção da literatura. Já na ficção, ao fazer um uso engenhoso e criativo das retóricas da autobiografia e do diário, o escritor utilizou tais gêneros para, ao mesmo tempo, recobrir e agudizar a crítica corrosiva à sociedade de seu tempo / Observing the growing interest in writing the word I and taking into consideration Jorge de Senas quote in the essay Machado de Assis e o seu quinteto carioca, which declares that there are, as a unit among the five final works of Machado de Assis, the questionings of the genres that express the modern subjectivity, its investigated, in this dissertation, the way in which Machado de Assis deals with some of those intimacy genres, inside and outside the fictional space. For this purpose, two of the final projects were selected, which express more directly the writing of I and that, in the same way, transgress this writing: Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, an autobiography written by a dead author; and Memorial de Aires, a diary that frequently registers the lives of others than Aires own life. Besides the fictional works, its brought to analysis Machados letters, observing how the writer builds up the image of himself when exchanging letters with the scholars of his familiarity. Reflecting on the exercise of those intimacy genres, by Machado de Assis, its possible to observe that the one, in its correspondence, hasnt exceeded the boundaries that, in that epoch, reacted to the exchange of confidence between relatives and friends. Moderate and mild, he assumes, in a general way, the role of a master and an advisor, showing through his letters a literary project of pedagogical nature, leading the Youngers towards literature. In fiction, when making a creative use of autobiography and diary rhetoric, the writer used such genres for, at the same time, recovering and accentuating the corrosive criticism to the society of his time

Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier l’écriture du journal chez Annie Ernaux à partir de sept textes diaristiques : Journal du dehors, « Je ne suis pas sortie de ma nuit », La Vie extérieure, Se perdre, le « photojournal » d’Écrire la vie, L’Atelier noir et Regarde les lumières mon amour. Ces journaux se différencient par leur forme et par leur fond : journal intime, journal externe, journal d’écriture et photojournal. Ils entretiennent également des liens avec les textes littéraires de leur auteur. Nous nous sommes intéressé tout d’abord à leur poétique, en partant du cadre théorique de la forme journalière pour analyser leur transcription du temps, leur structure fragmentaire et la figure de la diariste. Puis nous avons étudié le rôle triple joué par la pratique diaristique chez l’auteur : le besoin de conserver une trace du vécu et du fait social, l’aide psychologique au quotidien et la découverte de soi. En dernier lieu, nous avons analysé les résonances des journaux dans les différents textes de notre corpus, les liens les unissant aux extraits intimes parus dans des revues littéraires, de même que les rapports entre journaux et récits, tant par leurs thématiques que par leur conception et le recours à la photographie. Notre étude montre ainsi toute l’importance jouée par le journal dans la vie et le travail littéraire d’Annie Ernaux. La forme diaristique lui est en effet indispensable pour retracer son existence, garantir sa vérité et accompagner ses projets d’écriture. / This thesis aims to study the diary writing of Annie Ernaux from seven diaristic texts: Journal du dehors, “Je ne suis pas sortie de ma nuit”, La Vie extérieure, Se perdre, “photojournal” in Écrire la vie, L’Atelier noir and Regarde les lumières mon amour. These diaries are differentiated by their forms and their contents: intimate diary, impersonal diary, literary diary, and photojournal. They also have links with the literary works of their author. We were interested first of all in their poetics, based on the theoretical framework of diary form in order to analyze their time transcription, their fragmentary structure and the diarist’s figure. Then we studied the triple role played by her diaristic practice: the need to keep a record of personal experience and social facts, the psychological assistance in daily life and the self-discovery. Finally, we analyzed the resonances in the texts of our corpus, their links with diary fragments published in literary journals, as well as the relationship between diaries and literary works, in their themes, their conception and the use of photography. Thus our study shows the diary’s importance in the life and the literary work of Annie Ernaux. The diaristic form is essential for her to trace her existence, guarantee her verity and accompany her writing projects.

Canada has long been a proponent of free trade while at the same time defending the current supply management system that protects the dairy industry from import competition. In the most recent Doha Development Round of talks amongst nations belonging to the World Trade Organization, the validity of Canada's protectionist position has been questioned and it is conceivable that Canada may have to make significant changes in the dairy industry to allow more liberal trade policies to be enacted. The key purpose of this study is to find out how free trade will affect the research and development (R&D) incentives of Canadian dairy farmers. On one hand they may be induced to perform more R&D due to competition effects in order to lower costs and achieve a competitive advantage over the main competitor, the United States. On the other hand they may be induced to perform less R&D due to the spillover effect, which allows the Canadian R&D efforts to be used by the United States at no additional cost. It is found that the outcome of these two opposing forces depends on the market scale effect. If Canada is a net importer when the border opens the spillover effect may dominate and Canadian dairy producers may invest less into R&D than under the current protectionist policies. These results however will switch if Canada is found to be the net exporters. The results also depend on the level of the quota currently in place. If the current quota is chosen at a quantity relatively close to the amount supplied at the monopolistic level, a free trade regime may promote R&D efforts more so than supply management. On the other hand, if the current quota level in Canada is closer to the quantity that would be supplied in a competitive industry, Canadian dairy producers may invest less heavily in R&D efforts under a free trade regime than a supply management system. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Acetonemia is a metabolic disorder common among dairy cattle in the period from 10 days to six weeks post partum. It is during this time that milk production is at its maximum and in addition, the cow is beginning to exhibit regular estrous cycles. Thus, the profound demands for the precursors of milk production are superimposed upon a relatively unstable endocrine environment. The initial objective of this study was a clarification of the interactions between estrogens and endogenous substrates of glucose metabolism in the lactating cow. Since estrogen levels during the bovine estrous cycle had not been convincingly reported at the outset of this work, their measurement was the subject of the first experiment. Both estradiol and estrone exhibited peaks on the two days prior to the day of standing heat. These findings were later substantiated with the appearance of reports where plasma estrogen levels were measured by competitive protein binding and radioimmunoassay. A significant decline in plasma amino nitrogen concentration occurred after the estrogen peak, the decrease being reflected in marked reductions in the concentrations of threonine, methionine, proline and the branched chain amino acids. A notable hypoglycemia occurred somewhat later than the decline in amino acids. These findings were rationalized in terms of increased uterine and mammary uptake and/or decreased tissue mobilization of amino acids which may have given rise to the hypoglycemia as a result of decreased availability of glucogenic substrate. A possible mechanism of decreased tissue mobilization of amino acids was considered to be the inhibition by estrogens of adrenal glucocorticoid output, since glucocorticoids play a major role in regulating amino acid balance in peripheral tissues. In addition, the efficacy of glucocorticoid therapy in the treatment of bovine acetonemia is well recognized. With these considerations in mind, the role of estrogens in the modification of ACTH-stimulated glucocorticoid secretion was assessed in two further experiments. Following suppression of endogenous ACTH secretion by dexametha-sone, both estrogen treated and non-estrogen treated cows were subjected to stimulation with incremental doses of exogenous ACTH. At all levels of ACTH stimulation, estrogen treatment resulted in reduced response when measured in terms of plasma glucocorticoid concentrations. However, estrogen treatment had no effect on plasma binding of glucocorticoids. The concentrations measured were, therefore, a direct reflection of glucocorticoid activity. In the second experiment to test adrenal inhibition by estrogens, plasma ACTH and glucocorticoid levels were measured during the estrous cycles of lactating cows. For this purpose, a radioimmunoassay for ACTH was developed, providing a sensitive, reproducible method for the measurement of this hormone in bovine plasma. A significant increase in circulating ACTH concentration was seen during the estrogenic phase of the estrous cycle. No such increase was noted in the concentration of glucocorticoids, levels fluctuating within the normal, low range. This result implied that during the estrogenic phase of the estrous cycle, inhibition of glucocorticoid secretion by estrogens resulted in a compensatory rise in circulating ACTH concentration, bringing the glucocorticoid level back to normal. The results of these experiments are discussed with reference to the possible role of alterations in endocrine balance in the etiology of bovine acetonemia. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The Diploma Thesis deals with the processing of the output from a GPS position logger. The recorded file will then become main part of application Training diary. There can be found evaluation of GPS as a system as well as a description of used instruments in the text. Part deals with the use of modern environment Google Maps API. The program is described at the end of work and is attached on a CD.

Objective. - To compare patient recall of migraine headache frequency and severity over 4 weeks prior to a return visit as reported in an interval questionnaire vs a daily diary. Background. - Many therapeutic decisions in the management of migraine patients are based on patient recall of response to treatment. As consistent completion of a daily headache diary is problematic, we have assessed the reliability of patient recall in a 1-time questionnaire. Methods. - Headache frequency and average severity (0 to 3-point scale) were reported in an interval questionnaire by 209 patients who had also maintained a daily diary over the same 4-week period. Results. - Headache frequency over the previous 4 weeks as reported in interval questionnaires (14.7) was not different from that documented in diaries (15.1), P =.056. However, reported average headache severity on a 0 to 3 scale as reported in the questionnaire (1.84) was worse than that documented in the diaries (1.63), P <.001. Conclusions. - In the management of individual patients, the daily diary is still preferable when available. Aggregate assessment of headache frequency in groups of patients based on recall of the prior 4 weeks is equally as reliable as a diary. Headache severity reported in questionnaires tends to be greater than that documented in daily diaries and may be less reliable.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / African American adolescents have historically been considered at low risk for substance use relative to the White adolescent majority based on national prevalence estimates. However, during the last decade, African American adolescents’ rates of marijuana use—alone and in combination with other substances—have increased disproportionately relative to those of their White peers. Given the strong relationship between marijuana use and other substance use and the functional consequences associated with concurrent substance use during adolescence, the increase in marijuana use among African American youth may contribute to increased substance-related health disparities across the lifespan. Thus, the current study examined daily associations between marijuana use and other substance use among African American adolescents relative to their White peers. It also examined whether those associations differentially predicted behavioral health consequences among African American adolescents. Participants (N = 35; 42.9% African American) were adolescents age 14-18 who reported past 30-day use of marijuana, alcohol, and/or tobacco products. Respondents completed daily diaries reporting their substance use for 14 consecutive days, followed by self-report measures of internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and substance use problems. Multilevel regression and structural equation models were used to account for the nesting of days within individuals. Participants completed 458 diaries for a completion rate of 93.5%. African American respondents reported greater daily- and individual-level rates of marijuana use and concurrent substance use than White respondents. However, in multilevel models controlling for demographics, marijuana use was not related to concurrent use of alcohol and/or tobacco use and this relationship did not vary by race. Racial differences in the relationship between concurrent substance use and behavioral health consequences were observed such that the relationship was positive among White youth but not African American youth. Findings suggest that African American youth are at high risk for engagement in problematic patterns of substance use but that daily diary methods may not be most appropriate for illuminating these patterns. Despite these unexpected results, disparities in substance-related consequences among African Americans adults persist. Future research should examine long-term rather than proximal consequences of concurrent substance use among African American adolescents.

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Pasiklydau temų miške vieną dieną. Kiekviena smulkmena atrodė įdomi ir verta aptarimo... Kad suprasčiau, kas man iš tiesų rūpi, nusprendžiau rašyti dienoraštį. Susikūriau sau užduotį – rašyti dienoraštį kas dieną ir taip visą mėnesį. Mėnesis praėjo, o karuselė vis dar sukosi. Reikėjo naujos užduoties... Išvažiavus į Švediją atlikti praktikos, užsivedžiau naują sąsiuvinį ir pildžiau jį du mėnesius. Praktika baigėsi, grįžau į savo šalį. Negalėjau nustoti rašiusi, jaučiau, jog tai mano darbo dalis. Kai sutikau tris žymius nepažįstamuosius – Eugenijų Delakrua, Paulių Klė ir Edvardą Munchą ir pradėjau skaityti jų dienoraščius, užsivedžiau naują sąsiuvinį ant viršelio užrašiusi „Nr. 4“. Šie dailininkai savo dienoraščiuose pasiūlė naujų žiūrėjimo taškų į savo pačios dienoraščio rašymą bei kūrybą. Tai buvo akstinas rūpestingam dailininko dienoraščio svarstymui. / One day I felt lost in the forest of topics. Every single thing seemed to be interesting and worth to discuss… I decided to write a diary to understand what is the most important to me. I started with a task – to write a diary every day for a period of a month. The month ended, but the carousel was still spinning. I needed a new task. I was writing my second journal during the practice in foreign country for two months, also every day. The practice was finished – I could not stop writing – It was a part of my work I felt. I took a blank Journal and wrote "No. 4" on the cover when I met three famous strangers and started to read their diaries - Edvard Munch, Paul Klee and Eugene Delacroix. They offered me new perspectives on my own writing and working. It was the reason to start with a serious discussion about the diaries of artists.