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Dematiaceous hyphomycetes are a taxonomically diverse artificial assemblage of conidial fungi that have dark pigments known as melanins in their walls. Select dematiaceous hyphomycetes from the Coniochaetales, Pleosporales, and Helotiales obtained from arctic and alpine bryophytes and vascular plant roots were chosen for further study. Eight isolates, all from roots of Saxifraga oppositifolia, represented a new species of Monodictys, M. arctica. This species, characterised by large, darkly pigmented, multicelled, often branching conidia, was most closely related to members of the Leptosphaeria, making M. arctica potentially the first non-pycnidial anamorph associated with that genus. In alpine glacial forefields, the primary colonisers are bryophytes, which form an organic grout between the rocks. These mosses trap organic particles. Three pleosporalean fungi were isolated from this grout and examined to see if they could degrade moss. All three removed the outer, cellulose rich layer of the cells, but not the inner, polyphenol rich layer. I propose that the mosses disarticulate after degradation and the fragments are trapped in the grout, increasing soil organic matter and aiding pedogenesis. This first soil ostensibly facilitates colonisation by vascular plants, the roots of which are colonised by dark septate endophytes (DSE), a group known for asymptomatically colonising vascular plant roots and thought to be quasi-mycorrhizal. Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Cadophora melinii, Leptodontidium orchidicola, Phialocephala fortinii and Coniochaeta nepalica were examined for their abilities to degrade moss. All showed that colonisation patterns varied along with the formation of conidia and sclerotic structures, which could serve as inocula for establishing species of vascular plants. Cadophora and Phialocephala are delineated by phialide complexity, so I decided traced the origin and evolutionary history of that character on a phylogenetic framework. Based on this reconstruction, phialide complexity is a good character for separating the two genera. I propose that the sclerotium of the outgroup taxon, which develops phialides that produce spermatia, evolved into the phialidic heads of Phialocephala, which resemble sclerotia, and then into the solitary phialides of Cadophora. Traits in the sexual fungi associated with these asexual taxa support the phylogenetic placement of the asexual fungi. / Ecology

Orientador: Ivany Ferraz Marques Valio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:14:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maciel-Silva_AdaisesSimone_D.pdf: 4870380 bytes, checksum: e0914953c6ca471ca0dc9159c09600df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo da tese foi aumentar o conhecimento e o entendimento sobre estratégias reprodutivas de briófitas presentes em floresta tropical úmida, especificamente em dois habitats distintos da Floresta Ombrófila densa (Floresta Montana e de Restinga) do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Paulo. A seguinte hipótese foi testada: o sistema reprodutivo (e.g. monóico versus dióico) das espécies e o habitat que ocupam influenciam as estratégias reprodutivas e conseqüentes características de história de vida em briófitas de dois habitats distintos de Floresta Atlântica. Três principais perguntas foram acessadas: (1) o desenvolvimento de estruturas reprodutivas (de gametângios a esporófitos) varia entre populações de briófitas presentes em habitats distintos de floresta tropical? (2) O desempenho reprodutivo (via reprodução sexuada) de briófitas presentes em floresta tropical é influenciado pelo sistema reprodutivo das espécies ou pelas características do habitat que ocupam? (3) Características do habitat e sistemas reprodutivos das espécies são importantes para explicar os padrões de bancos de diásporos de briófitas observados em dois habitats de floresta tropical? O desenvolvimento de estruturas reprodutivas seguiu os índices de pluviosidade nos dois habitats de floresta (apenas com pequenos ajustes), com elevada fertilização durante os períodos mais chuvosos e dispersão de esporos nos períodos mais secos. Tanto o sistema reprodutivo quanto o habitat foram importantes fatores que explicam o desempenho reprodutivo de briófitas. Nem todas as espécies dióicas falharam em produzir estruturas sexuadas sob números similares aos das espécies monóicas, porém as fases de fertilização e produção dos esporófitos foram reduzidas nas espécies dióicas. A raridade de colônias masculinas, assim como as altas razões sexuais de gametângios (>1 ?:?) entre plantas da Floresta de Restinga comparadas àquelas da Floresta Montana, auxiliam a entender como as plantas de Restinga compensaram o baixo desempenho de alguns estádios do ciclo reprodutivo investindo em mais estruturas reprodutivas nas fases iniciais do ciclo e aumentando as probabilidades de fertilização. Características das espécies, sobretudo filo e sistema reprodutivo, foram importantes na formação de bancos de diásporos em distintos substratos (solo < casca de árvore < tronco morto em decomposição). Os dois habitats de floresta, embora com pequenas diferenças, apresentam reservas compostas principalmente por diásporos de musgos monóicos, que investem largamente em reprodução sexuada, e de musgos dióicos com eficientes métodos de propagação assexuada. Quando comparadas as proporções de espécies dióicas vs. monóicas presentes no banco de diásporos dos dois habitats de floresta estudados, com levantamentos das espécies de briófitas em vegetação da mesma floresta, a contribuição de espécies dióicas foi superior na vegetação, enquanto que espécies monóicas foram mais bem representadas no banco de diásporos. Briófitas presentes na Floresta Atlântica apresentaram diferentes estratégias reprodutivas, moldadas pelo sistema reprodutivo das espécies e pelo habitat que ocuparam. Mais especificamente, outros fatores como filo e formas de crescimento das espécies, e características microambientais também influenciaram as estratégias de vida adotadas pelos grupos de briófitas. A presente tese é pioneira na investigação dos temas abordados aqui do ponto de vista das briófitas, sobretudo em florestas tropicais. Os dados referentes à fenologia reprodutiva, desempenho da reprodução sexuada e formação de bancos de diásporos de briófitas auxiliarão a compreender como e porque essas plantas têm papel destacado em florestas tropicais úmidas / Abstract: The main goal of this thesis was to increase the knowledge and understanding on reproductive strategies of bryophytes in tropical rain forests, specifically in two habitats of the Ombrophilous Dense Forest (montane and sea level sites) of the Serra do Mar State Park, São Paulo, Brazil. The following hypothesis was tested: breeding system and habitat drive the reproductive strategies and life-history traits of bryophytes in two habitats of a Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Three questions were assessed: (1) Do the development of sexual reproductive structures (gametangia to sporophytes) vary among populations in two distinct habitats of tropical rain forest? (2) Is the sexual reproductive performance of bryophytes in tropical rain forest influenced by breeding system or habitat characteristics? (3) Are habitat and breeding system important to explain the patterns of bryophyte diaspore banks in tropical rain forests? Development of sexual reproductive structures followed the pluviosity in the two Forest sites, with slight adjustments. There was high fertilization during the wettest periods and the spore dispersal was common in the driest months. Both breeding system and habitat were important factors explaining the reproductive performance of bryophytes. Some dioicous species do not fail to produce sexual reproductive structures, presenting similar values to monoicous ones. However, dioiocus species fail mostly in relation to fertilization and sporophyte production. The rarity of male colonies and female biased sexual ratios of gametangia among plants at sea level compared to montane, help us to understand how plants in the sea level site compensate the low performance of some sexual phases by investing more in structures at initial cycle, and increasing the fertilization chances. Species traits, such as phylum and breeding system of bryophytes were relevant for diaspore bank formation from different substrates (soil < tree bark < decaying wood). The two forest sites, although with little differences, had reserves mostly composed by monoicous mosses that invest in sexual reproduction, and dioicous mosses with efficient asexual propagation. When we compared the diaspore bank and vegetation composition from previous bryophyte surveys in the same forest, different breeding system roles were found. The dioicous bryophytes were over-represented in the vegetation and monoicous ones well represented in the diaspore bank. Bryophytes in the Atlantic Forest had different reproductive strategies, driven by the breeding system and habitat of the species. More specifically, other factors such as phylum and growth form, and microhabitat characteristics also influenced the life strategies of the bryophyte groups. This thesis is pioneer investigating the subjects here studied for bryophytes, mostly in tropical forests. The data on reproductive phenology, sexual performance and diaspore bank formation of bryophytes will help us to understand how and why bryophytes have an important role in tropical rain forests / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal

Dispersal, especially long-distance dispersal, is an important component in many disciplines within biology. Many species are passively dispersed by wind, not least spore-dispersed organisms. In this thesis I investigated the dispersal capacity of bryophytes by studying the colonization patterns from local scales (100 m) to landscape scales (20 km). The dispersal distances were measured from a known source (up to 600 m away) or inferred from a connectivity measure (1–20 km). I introduced acidic clay to measure the colonization rates over one season of a pioneer moss, Discelium nudum (I–III). I also investigated which vascular plants and bryophytes that had colonized limed mires approximately 20–30 years after the first disturbance (IV). Discelium effectively colonized new disturbed substrates over one season. Most spores were deposited up to 50 meters from a source but the relationship between local colonization rates and connectivity increased with distance up to 20 km (I–III). Also calcicolous wetland bryophyte species were good colonizers over similar distances, while vascular plants in the same environment colonized less frequently. Common bryophytes that produce spores frequently were more effective colonizers, while no effect of spore size was detected (IV). A mechanistic model that take into account meteorological parameters to simulate the trajectories for spores of Discelium nudum fitted rather well to the observed colonization pattern, especially if spore release thresholds in wind variation and humidity were accounted for (III). This thesis conclude that bryophytes in open habitats can disperse effectively across landscapes given that the regional spore source is large enough (i.e. are common in the region and produce spores abundantly). For spore-dispersed organisms in open landscapes I suggest that it is often the colonization phase and not the transport that is the main bottle-neck for maintaining populations across landscapes. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papesr were unpublished and had  a status as follows: Paper 2: Epubl ahead of print; Paper 3: Manuscript; Paper 4: Manuscript</p>

Les forêts tropicales renferment des peuplements arborescents dont la gestion et l’aménagement nécessitent des connaissances sur leur organisation spatiale et leur dynamique. Les analyses de la structure spatiale des espèces arborescentes peuvent être utilisées en forêts naturelles pour identifier les mécanismes sous-jacents qui structurent les peuplements forestiers afin d’améliorer la compréhension des relations entre les espèces. Cette étude a été menée dans la Réserve Forestière de Yoko (RFY) aux environs de Kisangani à l’est de la RD Congo (R.D.C). Elle consiste à analyser la structure spatiale horizontale des espèces les plus abondantes et à tenter d’identifier, à l’échelle locale, les facteurs et/ou processus écologiques potentiellement explicatifs pour en retirer des enseignements utiles à la gestion des massifs forestiers situés à proximité de Kisangani. <p>Pour ce faire, une parcelle d’échantillonnage de 25 ha (500m 500m) a été délimitée dans le bloc sud de la RFY constitué d’une végétation ligneuse mixte et semi-décidue. Un inventaire forestier a permis d’analyser la composition floristique et structurale de la zone. Trois techniques (ou modèles statistiques) relevant de l’écologie spatiale pour l’analyse de la structure horizontale des espèces ont été utilisées :la méthode du voisin le plus proche de Clark & Evans (1954), la méthode d’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines (1979), ces deux méthodes reposant sur une analyse à échelle unique de la parcelle d’étude, et la méthode de Ripley (1977) permettant non seulement une analyse multi-échelle mais aussi l’étude des relations intra et interspécifiques. Concernant ce point précis, les arbres ont été catégorisés en trois stades de développement sur la base de leurs diamètres (les jeunes, les immatures et les adultes). Une analyse comparative et théorique des trois méthodes a été effectuée. <p>Un total de 169 espèces appartenant à 36 familles dont 114 genres ont été identifiées, et la famille des Fabaceae dont la majorité des espèces appartiennent à la sous famille des Caesalpinioideae est apparue prépondérante. Trois espèces se sont révélées les plus abondantes et les plus représentatives du peuplement, et ont pour cette raison fait l’objet de toutes les analyses :Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild), Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms et Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. Elles ont toutes les trois montré une structure agrégée, et cela à toutes les échelles d’analyse. Les agrégats observés présentent un rayon d’environ 25 m de distance. L’analyse en fonction du diamètre a indiqué une structure agrégée pour les plus petits diamètres et régulière pour les plus grands, et que l’agrégation diminue avec le diamètre. Les résultats montrent également que les structures spatiales observées dépendent de l’échelle d’analyse considérée et de la méthode utilisée. La méthode de Clark & Evans est sensible à la variation de l’étendue. À cet égard, l’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines est apparu plus adaptée que celui de Clark & Evans. Les fonctions de Ripley et dérivées sont des outils efficaces et apportent plus d’information. Les analyses ont montré des associations positives entre G. dewevrei et S. zenkeri, ainsi qu’entre G. dewevrei et U. guineensis. Par contre, une indépendance a été constatée entre S. zenkeri et U. guineensis. Il apparaît également que les jeunes sont associés positivement aux adultes supposés reproducteurs, et que les immatures sont indépendants par rapport aux adultes. La dispersion faible ou limitée des graines à proximité des arbres parents en est le principal facteur endogène responsable. Ce facteur explique également les associations positives entre les jeunes et les adultes de la même espèce. La compétition entre des individus pour les besoins en espace, en lumière ou en nutriments dans le sol, explique la structure régulière observée ainsi que l’indépendance des immatures envers les adultes. La dispersion limitée n’est cependant pas le seul facteur explicatif de l’agrégation spatiale des arbres, d’autres facteurs tels que l’hétérogénéité environnementale (sol, topographie,…) ou la perturbation sont vraisemblablement aussi impliqués. La perturbation anthropique ou naturelle est un processus écologique qui devrait avoir joué un rôle déterminant dans l’organisation spatiale des communautés de la forêt. Combinée au phénomène de masting, aux effets de Janzen-Connell et aux ectomycorhizes, elle est très probablement à la base des structures spatiales et des relations spatiales observées entre les espèces de la RFY. / Tropical forests contain tree-stands with management and planning requires knowledge of their spatial organization and dynamics. Analyses of the spatial structure of tree species can be used in natural forests to identify the underlying mechanisms that structure of forest stands to improve the understanding of the relationships between species. This study was conducted in the Yoko Forest Reserve (YFR) around Kisangani in eastern DR Congo (DRC). It is to analyze the horizontal spatial structure of the most abundant species and to try to identify, on a local scale, factors and / or potentially explicative ecological processes to draw valuable lessons for the management of forest areas nearby Kisangani. <p>To do this, a sample plot of 25 ha (500m x 500m) was delineated in the southern block of the YFR consists of a mixed woody vegetation and semi-deciduous. A forest inventory was used to analyze the floristic and structural composition of the area. Three techniques (or statistical models) under spatial ecology for the analysis of the horizontal structure of the species were used: the nearest neighbor method of Clark & Evans (1954), the random sampling method Hines & Hines (1979), these two methods based on a single scale analysis of the study plot, and the method of Ripley (1977) allows not only a multi-scale analysis, but also the study of intra- and inter-relationships. Regarding this point, the trees were categorized into three stages of development on the basis of their diameters (young, immature and adult). A comparative and theoretical analysis of the three methods was performed. <p>A total of 169 species belonging to 36 families with 114 genera have been identified and the family Fabaceae which the majority of species belong to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae appeared decisive. Three species have proved the most abundant and the most representative of the stand, and for this reason the subject of all analyzes Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild) Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms and Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. They all three showed an aggregated structure, and that all scales of analysis. Observed aggregates have a radius of about 25 m distance. The analysis based on the diameter indicated an aggregated structure for smaller diameters and regular for larger and that aggregation decreases with diameter. The results also show that the observed spatial structures depend on the considered analysis of scale and the method used. The method of Clark & Evans is sensitive to the variation in the extent. In this regard, the random sampling of Hines & Hines appeared more suitable than that of Clark & Evans. Ripley's functions and derivatives are effective tools and provide more information. Analyses showed positive associations between G. dewevrei and S. zenkeri, and between G. dewevrei and U. guineensis. By against, independence was found between S. zenkeri and U. guineensis. It also appears that young people are positively associated with the supposed breeding adults and immatures are independent compared to adults. The low or limited seed dispersal near parent trees is the main endogenous factor responsible. This factor also explains the positive associations between youth and adults of the same species. The competition between individuals to space requirements, light or nutrients in the soil, explains the observed regular structure and the independence of immature towards adults. Limited dispersal, however, is not the only factor explaining the spatial aggregation trees, other factors such as environmental heterogeneity (soil, topography, ) or disturbance are probably also involved. Anthropogenic or natural disturbance is an environmentally friendly process that should have played a decisive role in the spatial organization of forest communities. Combined with masting phenomenon, the effects of Janzen-Connell and Ectomycorrhizae, it is very probably the basis of spatial structures and spatial relationships observed between species of the YFR.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished