La réhabilitation de la littérature en classe de langue lui a conféré un appareillage didactique qui prend désormais en compte sa dimension communicationnelle. Le discours littéraire est ainsi envisagé dans une approche pragmatique et est aussi intégré dans la perspective actionnelle dont l’objectif est la formation d’un acteur social à travers la pédagogie du projet comme c’est le cas pour la presse écrite. La littérature, en tant que document authentique, rejoint également l’article de presse dans l’apprentissage d’une langue-culture et dans la pratique d’un dialogue interculturel. Ces objectifs s’appuient, entre autres, sur la compréhension écrite de ces deux supports par les apprenants. Il serait ainsi judicieux de s’intéresser aux méthodes qui aident à l’accès aux sens. Confronter le texte littéraire et l’article de presse quand ils relatent un même sujet peut-il faciliter cet accès ? Pouvons-nous également affirmer que le texte littéraire a un rôle formateur et que l’apport de l’article de presse est indispensable ? Ces questions se trouvent au centre de notre recherche. Une étude de terrain menée au Liban auprès de lycéens de la classe de seconde est proposée comme méthodologie de travail. / The rehabilitation of the literature in the language classroom has given it a didactic apparatus which takes into account the communicative dimension. Thus, the literary discourse is considered a pragmatic approach which is also integrated in the action-oriented whose main purpose is the formation of a social actor through the pedagogy project as in the case with print media. As an authentic document, the literature joined the press article as well, in studying a language - culture and to practice in an intercultural dialog. Those aims are based, among others, on the writing understanding of both aids by learners. It would be wise to pay attention to the ways which help the accessing to the senses. Putting them together, the literary text and the press article, when they have the same subject, could it facilitate such an access? Are we able to say as well, that the literary text has a formative role and the contribution of the press article is essential? These questions symbolize our research center. A study on the field in Lebanon for the students in the second class is proposed as a methodology work.

Maria Montessori's work was initiated in 1898 as a result of her becoming acutely aware of deficient children's learning patterns, while working at the Psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome. The principles which dominate the system, however, did not ·'"spring in full panoply from Montessori. Indeed, her inspiration came largely from early and mid-nineteenth century writings of two French physicians, Itard and Seguin, who were Also involved in the teaching of deficient children. Extending on the ideas of these two educator-physicians, as well as the ideas of Froebe!, Montessori innovatively brought the child's senses into contact with carefully selected didactic apparatus in a carefully structured and ordered environment. According to Montessori, the liberty of the child is a prerequisite for self-education and forms the first major pillar of her didactic theory, and thus becomes the focus of the first chapter dealing with her didactic approach (chapter three) • Montessori believed that the function of education was to assist growth and if the individual child was given the liberty of movement within a prepared environment, a sense of competence would be achieved and the learning of the child would come about almost spontaneously. The principles of individuality and the training of the senses comprise the other two pillars, and form the basis for chapter four and five respectively. The principle of individuality is rooted in the belief that each child has a uniqueness which cannot be ignored without irretrievable damage to his personality. The current educational situation in South Africa, reveals a diversity of educational problems as a result of different ethnic and cultural groups all being thrust into a common educational system. The insidious pressures of conformity to a single standard of education must of necessity lead to a compromise of '"standards. The exposure of educational deficiencies inherent in such a move is characterised by learning impediments and deficiencies in the educational scenario. Research has therefore been undertaken in an attempt to extract those aspects that could provide meaningful pedagogic assistance to meet a present educational need. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

Maria Montessori's work was initiated in 1898 as a result of her becoming acutely aware of deficient children's learning patterns, while working at the Psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome. The principles which dominate the system, however, did not ·'"spring in full panoply from Montessori. Indeed, her inspiration came largely from early and mid-nineteenth century writings of two French physicians, Itard and Seguin, who were Also involved in the teaching of deficient children. Extending on the ideas of these two educator-physicians, as well as the ideas of Froebe!, Montessori innovatively brought the child's senses into contact with carefully selected didactic apparatus in a carefully structured and ordered environment. According to Montessori, the liberty of the child is a prerequisite for self-education and forms the first major pillar of her didactic theory, and thus becomes the focus of the first chapter dealing with her didactic approach (chapter three) • Montessori believed that the function of education was to assist growth and if the individual child was given the liberty of movement within a prepared environment, a sense of competence would be achieved and the learning of the child would come about almost spontaneously. The principles of individuality and the training of the senses comprise the other two pillars, and form the basis for chapter four and five respectively. The principle of individuality is rooted in the belief that each child has a uniqueness which cannot be ignored without irretrievable damage to his personality. The current educational situation in South Africa, reveals a diversity of educational problems as a result of different ethnic and cultural groups all being thrust into a common educational system. The insidious pressures of conformity to a single standard of education must of necessity lead to a compromise of '"standards. The exposure of educational deficiencies inherent in such a move is characterised by learning impediments and deficiencies in the educational scenario. Research has therefore been undertaken in an attempt to extract those aspects that could provide meaningful pedagogic assistance to meet a present educational need. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)