Three brooding corals, Seriatopora hystrix, Stylophora pistillata, and Pocillopora damicornis in Nanwan Bay, southern Taiwan, revealed a diel rhythm of larval release. Planulation by S. hystrix and S. pistillata was highly synchronized with one peak of planula release occurring close to sunrise. Planulae of P. damicornis were released throughout the day with two peaks occurred in the early morning and at night. We maintain corals in laboratory with varied light-dark cycle and temperature to determine the mechanism of their release rhythm. S. hystrix did not release larvae under constant light and constant dark, thus the release of larvae in S. hystrix is not controlled by an endogenous rhythm. Peak of larval release occurs after 23hrs of light cue and under the dark. Temperature treatments, in 1¢J intervals from 23.5-28.5¢J, did not change the timing of larval release. We infer that the diel rhythm of larval release of S. hystrix controlled by sunrise. S. pistillata did not release larvae under constant light and constant dark. The larval release pattern of S. pistillata is similar to S. hystrix. Thus, we infer that sunrise may be the cues for the diel rhythm of larval release of S. pistillata. P. damicornis releases larvae under constant light and constant dark, and exhibit a rhythm of larval release with 37 h periodicity under constant dark. The regulation of its larval release is complex. These results suggest that the interspecific mechanism controlling diel rhythm of larval release may be different.

No description available.

No description available.

The small-scale vertical migration patterns and spatiotemporal variations of copepods in the Tapong Bay, southwestern Taiwan, from 2003 to 2005 were studied. The differences in species composition and abundance of copepods before and after the removal of oyster culture racks in relation to tides, hydrography and other environmental factors were also compared and herein discussed. Tapong Bay has distinct dry (October to April) and wet (June to August) seasons and exhibits apparent inter-annual variation, cold, saline and low Chl a concentration in dry season, and vice versa in wet season. Most copepod species displayed normal diel vertical migration, descending to the deeper water during daytime and ascending to near surface water at night. Copepods were always more abundant at night than during daytime. Higher abundance but smaller species number of copepods were found during ebb than flood tides. In all, 123 copepod species belonging to 18 families and 31 genera were identified. Oithona oculata, Parvocalanus crassirostris, Acartia sinjiensis, Acartia sp., Bestiolina amoyensis and copepod nauplius were predominant and together they composed 74% of the total number of copepods. These dominant species showed apparent seasonal changes, with higher abundance in autumn and winter. Copepod assemblage also showed apparent difference between stations. Warm-saline-coastal species dominated in the outer region, while small-size taxa and common species of estuaries and aquaculture ponds dominated in the inner bay. Results of indicator species analysis could possibly recognize the area affected by tides and water masses, and identified Acrocalanus gracilis to be the indicator species of flood tide and outer region of the bay, and Acartia sinjiensis the indicator species of ebb tide and inner bay. Our results showed that after the removal of oyster culture racks the species number and abundance of copepods were higher but the seasonal and spatial differences in abundance became smaller. Furthermore, the increase in abundance of zooplankton and copepods in the Bay after the removal of oyster culture racks might be due to the absence of oyster population which exerts great filter¡Vfeeding impact on phytoplankton, and decrease of predation pressure from moon-jelly that usually aggregated in the inner Bay and settled down their polyps on the oyster racks but disappeared after the removal.

Excess rural and urban nutrient inputs have led to downstream water quality degradation. Landowners in a small watershed in south central Manitoba, Canada have installed small dams as flood control mechanisms. Previous work has shown these dams and reservoirs are effective at decreasing total phosphorus (P) export, however questions of permanence, daily P fluctuation, and mechanisms influencing P retention still remain. Sediment nutrient dynamics can exert an important control on water quality on daily, monthly, and yearly timescales. To help better understand spatial and temporal patterns of P retention, P sorption assays were constructed (equilibrium P concentration or EPC0) and compared monthly measurements of EPC0 in small dammed reservoirs with their natural analog, stream pools. Dammed reservoirs and stream pools both showed a strong capacity to sorb P from the water column and as such, sediment processes represent a P sink across much of the catchment. In situ high frequency P sensors were deployed to assess short-term changes in P concentrations in four dammed reservoirs. Diel changes were only apparent later in the summer (August) but what drives these changes is unknown. Dam design to optimize nutrient retention should consider factors affecting P retention, including sediment geochemistry, but also residence time, and water chemistry as potential controls on P sorption. Diel sampling results suggest that water quality monitoring regimes that rely on singular grab samples should aim to sample in the mid-morning, especially later in the summer, so as to not over or underestimate P concentrations in water bodies.

In July of 1999, a team of researchers from the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) and the United States Forest Service (USFS) electrofished a 2-km reach of Shoe Creek, Virginia, and captured 66 American eels. Eels were weighed (g) and measured (mm) and 61 individuals were implanted with Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT). Size distribution of the tagged eels ranged from 174-775 mm total length. The team returned to Shoe Creek in October of 1999 for a recapture survey, but captured only seven eels in the same 2-km reach with no recaptures. This sparked considerable interest among the biologists of VDGIF and USFS. Goals of the biologists included identifying daily movement, seasonal distribution, relative abundance, habitat use, and growth of American eels in Virginia headwater streams. This information was needed for the protection of eel habitat and migration corridors, as well as development of restoration plans for eels. Seasonal movement of thirty-three American eels Anguilla rostrata was monitored from July 2000 through September 2001 via radio telemetry. South Fork Piney River, South Fork Tye River, and Shoe Creek, Virginia were the streams chosen for eel research. Eels exhibited the greatest amount of movement in summer 2000 and the least amount of movement in winter 2000-01. Diel activity was significantly lowest in winter 2000-01 and highest in spring 2001. From late October 2000 through May 2001, eels appeared to be buried within the interstitial spaces of the stream bottom and under stream banks. Habitat preference (average depth, dominant substrate, and pool vs. riffle) was also determined over multiple seasons via radio telemetry. When a preference was detected, eels always preferred pools and the deepest water available relative to each stream. Eels preferred cobble as the dominant substrate during all seasons in S.F. Tye River. Eels showed no preference for substrate in S.F. Piney River. Substrate preference varied among seasons in Shoe Creek. Estimates of 12, 41, and 25 eels/ha were calculated for S.F. Piney River, S.F. Tye River, and Shoe Creek, respectively, in summer 2000. There was a significantly higher density of eels in S.F. Tye River when compared to S.F. Piney River in summer 2000. Estimates of 7, 54, and 15 eels/ha were calculated for S.F. Piney River, S.F. Tye River, and Shoe Creek, respectively, in summer 2001. There was a significantly higher density of eels in S.F. Tye River when compared to both S.F. Piney River and Shoe Creek in summer 2001. Growth in total length (TL) was determined in S.F. Piney River, S.F. Tye River, and Shoe Creek from summer 2000 to summer 2001. Growth in TL for S.F. Piney River, S.F. Tye River, and Shoe Creek was 18, 23, and 21 mm/year, respectively. Growth in TL for Shoe Creek was also calculated from 1999-2000 (43 mm/year) and 1999-2001 (32 mm/year). There was a significant difference in growth between Shoe Creek 1999-2000 and Shoe Creek 2000-01 as well as Shoe Creek 1999-2000 and S.F. Tye River 2000-01. Growth in weight was also determined in S.F. Piney River, S.F. Tye River, and Shoe Creek from summer 2000 to summer 2001. Growth in weight for S.F. Piney River, S.F. Tye River, and Shoe Creek was 24, 21, and 27 g/year, respectively. Growth in weight for Shoe Creek was also calculated from 1999-2000 (50 g/year) and 1999-2001 (40 g/year). There was a significant difference in growth between Shoe Creek 1999-2000 and Shoe Creek 2000-01 as well as Shoe Creek 1999-2000 and S.F. Tye River 2000-01. Our results have contributed to knowledge of the biology and ecology of the American eel in the upper James River drainage, including diel activity, seasonal movements, habitat use, densities, and growth. Eels were more active during spring and summer, particularly at night. They demonstrated very little movement throughout the other seasons of the year. The majority of eels displayed a behavior similar to hibernation, burying in the substrate and under the banks of the stream from mid-fall through mid-spring. Eels showed a trend to use deep pools with large substrate throughout the majority of this study. Eel densities seemed to vary among streams, with higher growth in streams with lower eel densities and a higher average water temperature. / Master of Science

Submitted by Programa de P?s-Gradua??o Engenharia El?trica (ppgee@ifpb.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T13:47:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 49- Everson Pereira de Andrade - ESTUDO DA ESPECTROSCOPIA DIEL?TRICA DA MANGA TOMMY ATKINS NA FAIXA DE MICRO-ONDAS.pdf: 1850442 bytes, checksum: 909f819ce8e6c6e86c5c8d4f884f08bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Programa de P?s-Gradua??o Engenharia El?trica (ppgee@ifpb.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T13:59:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 49- Everson Pereira de Andrade - ESTUDO DA ESPECTROSCOPIA DIEL?TRICA DA MANGA TOMMY ATKINS NA FAIXA DE MICRO-ONDAS.pdf: 1850442 bytes, checksum: 909f819ce8e6c6e86c5c8d4f884f08bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T13:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 49- Everson Pereira de Andrade - ESTUDO DA ESPECTROSCOPIA DIEL?TRICA DA MANGA TOMMY ATKINS NA FAIXA DE MICRO-ONDAS.pdf: 1850442 bytes, checksum: 909f819ce8e6c6e86c5c8d4f884f08bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-05 / A assinatura diel?trica da manga Tommy Atkins pelo m?todo da sonda coaxial, com compara??o da constante diel?trica e a tangente de perda em diversos est?dios de matura??o de frutos de um mesmo lote, produzidos na regi?o de Petrolina-PE ? apresentada neste trabalho. ? verificado a varia??o dos par?metros diel?tricos da fruta em diversas frequ?ncias, durante o processo de matura??o, considerando as transforma??es fisiol?gicas para a taxa de respira??o, forma??o de etileno, do amido, dos a??cares e ?cidos sol?veis titul?veis. Os resultados mostram uma grande correla??o entre os par?metros diel?tricos e o est?dio de matura??o da manga, quando se verifica a varia??o di?ria da constante diel?trica e fator de perdas. A assinatura diel?trica obtida permite identificar o pico de matura??o, que, para o manejo da amostra utilizada, ocorre aproximadamente no sexto dia ap?s a colheita. Os resultados tamb?m sugerem que os par?metros diel?tricos podem ser importantes indicadores na an?lise da manga Tommy Atkins, principalmente pela possibilidade de efetuar medidas externas, n?o destrutivas, o que pode se tornar uma ferramenta imprescind?vel para os produtores.

Streams in small watersheds are often known to exhibit diel fluctuations, in which streamflow oscillates on a 24-hour cycle. Streamflow diel fluctuations, which we investigate in this study, are an informative indicator of environmental processes. However, in Environmental Data sets, as well as many others, there is a range of noise associated with individual data points. Some points are extracted under relatively clear and defined conditions, while others may include a range of known or unknown confounding factors, which may decrease those points' validity. These points may or may not remain useful for training, depending on how much uncertainty they contain. We submit that in situations where some variability exists in the clarity or 'Confidence' associated with individual data points – Notably environmental data – an approach that factors this confidence into account during the training phase is beneficial. We propose a methodological framework for assigning confidence to individual data records and augmenting training with that information. We then exercise this methodology on two separate datasets: A simulated data set, and a real-world, Environmental Science data set with a focus on streamflow diel signals. The simulated data set provides integral understanding of the nature of the data involved, and the Environmental Science data set provides a real-world case study of an application of this methodology against noisy data. Both studies' results indicate that applying and utilizing confidence in training increases performance and assists in the Data Mining Process.

Plankton are generally considered good indicators for ocean climate variability, but plankton data from the Arctic are still comparatively scarce. Due to this scarcity of information, the prevalence of vertical migration behaviour at high latitude is still debated. Atlantic inflow is a key process governing biological diversity in the Arctic Ocean, and the location of the Svalbard archipelago makes it an ideal study area to monitor this inflow. Comparing the zooplankton community within the fjords of Svalbard at various latitudes allowed us to assess the influence of Atlantic inflow and any subsequent changes in zooplankton composition that may have implications for higher trophic levels. Using sediment traps deployed on oceanic moorings, Chapter 3 of this thesis analysed long term observations from sea-ice dominated Rijpfjorden for the first time, and compared the zooplankton to Atlantic Water influenced Kongsfjorden. Chapters 4 and 5 investigated the spatial relevance of our moored observations using shipboard observations, and chapters 6 and 7 present observations of vertical migration across a range of conditions. Kongsfjorden was dominated by Calanus copepods associated with Arctic and Atlantic water, and strongly influenced by Atlantic Water advection. Rijpfjorden was largely influenced by sea-ice formation with higher proportional abundances of macrozooplankton species. Advection brought Atlantic associated species into Rijpfjorden during warmer years. Prevailing hydrology and bathymetry were highlighted as factors forcing zooplankton distribution, while advection was identified as responsible for much of the observed small scale spatial variation amongst weaker swimmers. At an aggregation scale of 0.5 nautical miles, zooplankton distribution was highly patchy and moored observations could only be reliably expanded outwards to a maximum of 1 nautical mile. Low amplitude diel vertical migration (especially by younger copepodids) was identified in surface waters when a food source was available. These observations must be considered within the dynamic framework of advection highlighted by this thesis.

Freshwater lake ecosystems often exhibit strong oxygen, and temperature gradients across which many zooplankton species live. Daphnia sp. vary in their ability to up-regulate hemoglobin in response to low oxygen environments. However; the role that hemoglobin up-regulation plays in diel vertical migration, and how it might mediate coexistence of Daphnia within lakes is still unclear. Using an oligotrophic lake in Ontario, I studied three distinct phenotypes of Daphnia pulicaria, which differed in the ability to up-regulate hemoglobin (classified as red, pink, and pale). Twenty-four hour surveys were conducted during the fall of 2012 and samples were drawn at 1m intervals to monitor changes in diel vertical migration. At each 1m interval Daphnia were color indexed, photographed, and preserved for genetic analysis using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Red and pink Daphnia showed little change in distribution over the water column through time, suggesting individuals experienced little vertical migration. Pale individuals showed strong changes in vertical distribution through time suggesting vertical migration. The phenotypes are strongly correlated with multi-locus genotypes, suggesting genetic differences in migration behavior. Mesocosm experiments were used to manipulate migration over heterogeneous environments to test the hypothesis that vertical migration impacts genetic and phenotypic diversity in Daphnia pulicaria. The first mesocosm experiment contained two treatment groups; a migrating and non-migrating treatment containing the three phenotypes. The migrating treatment permitted unrestricted movement throughout the water column, and the non-migrating treatment restricted Daphnia to discrete 1m intervals. The second mesocosm experiment comprised two non-migrating treatments; red non-migrating and pale non-migrating. Results from the first set of mesocosm experiments indicate decreased genetic and phenotypic diversity in the migrating treatment. Shifts in hemoglobin up-regulation between pales and reds in the second mesocosm experiments suggest hemoglobin up-regulation is plastic, whereby pale, pink, and red individuals have the ability to up and down regulate hemoglobin. The differences in Daphnia migration patterns and the plastic response in hemoglobin up-regulation permits migrating genotypes to withstand low oxygen conditions. Overall implications of this study suggest that migration over a strong environmental gradient plays a key role in fostering phenotypic plasticity and genetic diversity in organisms living in heterogeneous environments. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2014-04-08 12:07:42.757