This study was conducted to evaluate the kernel, flour and dough qualities and dietary fiber content of hulled wheats. Experimental design was separate randomized complete block designs for hulled wheat species with four field replicates. According to the results, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in kernel quality, flour, and dough quality compared to common bread wheat. Einkorn and spelt reported significantly lower insoluble dietary fiber and total dietary fiber content, in contrast emmer had contents with both higher and lower genotypes. Interestingly, few genotypes of hulled wheat had a higher content of low molecular weight soluble dietary fibers (LMW-SDF) such as fructo and galacto oligosaccharides. Overall, hulled wheats differed from modern bread wheat in their kernel, flour, baking and nutritional quality. Moreover, due to higher LMW-SDF content, hulled wheats would be a potential candidate for breeding and producing health beneficial novel food products.

Dietary starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine may be quantitatively more important than dietary fibre as substrate for fermentation. The products of fermentation have important implications in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and other diseases of the large bowel which are uncommon in Africans, but have a high prevalence in Western populations. Maize porridge is a staple of most Blacks in South Africa. Stale maize porridge (high resistant starch - HRS) seems to induce greater fermentation in the large bowel than fresh maize porridge (low resistant starch - LRS). In the present study, healthy colostomy subjects fed stale maize porridge had significantly more production of SCFA (short chain fatty acids) (mean SCFA - HRS = 182,6; mean SCFA - LRS = 116,1; p<0,05) in their colostomy effluent together with a significant drop in stool pH (mean pH - HRS = 5,91; mean pH - LRS = 6,70; p<0.G01). The SCFA butyrate tmean - HRS = 35,1; mean - LRS - LRS = 17,6; p<0,05) and acetate (mean - HRS = 93,9; mean - LRS = 65,8; p <0,05) were significantly elevated on the stale maize porridge diet when compared with consumption of fresh maize porridge. SCFA, propionate (mean - HRS = 43,1; mean - LRS = 24,8; p=G,Q5), also increased with stale maize porridge, but was not statistically significant. A high resistant starch diet and its resultant increase in fermentation products may be partly responsible in protecting the Black population against colorectal cancers and other large bowel diseases.

This study was conducted to determine the extent to which changes in dietary fiber consumption affect weight and body fat percentage (BF%) over time. An auxiliary objective was to examine the influence of age, total caloric intake, and physical activity (PA) on the relationship between changes in fiber intake and changes in body composition over time. Design/ Subjects: Prospective cohort design with baseline and follow-up assessments 20 months apart and 252 middle-aged women (40.1±3.0 y). Diet, particularly caloric and fiber intake, was measured using 7-day weighed food records. Body fat was assessed via the Bod Pod, and PA was measured objectively using MTI accelerometers over seven consecutive days. Statistical Analysis: Changes in weight, BF%, and fiber intake were calculated by subtracting baseline measurements from those taken at 20 months. Regression analysis was used to determine the extent to which baseline fiber intake/1000 kcal and changes in fiber intake/1000 kcal were predictive of changes in body weight and BF%. Partial correlation was employed to ascertain the effect of controlling for each of the potential confounding variables on the fiber and body composition associations. Results: Across the study, there were significant changes in all variables. For every increase of one gram of fiber/1000 kcal consumed, weight decreased by 0.55 lb (P=0.0061) and BF% decreased by 0.25 percentage point (P=0.0052). Baseline fiber intake/1000 kcal was not predictive of changes in body weight or BF% over the 20 month period. Conclusions: Increasing dietary fiber intake may be an effective means of weight management in middle-aged women.

This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).

The objective of this study is to determine if fat as an energy source, and fiber in a pasture supplement will be beneficial when compared to a concentrate high in sugar and starch. In the first experiment, 12 pregnant and lactating mares were used in three different glycemic response tests to determine the effect of feeds on pregnant mares. The mares were fed a pelleted concentrate (PC) three months before foaling; after foaling they were divided into two groups and fed a feed high in sugar and starch (SS), or a feed high in fat and fiber (FF). The second experiment, used the same 12 mares (R mares) and 10 barren mares (B mares) in three different tests to determine the effects of the feeds, season and reproductive stage. A series of blood samples was collected via a jugular catheter from 0 to 390 min after consuming a meal. Glucose and insulin baseline and peak values, increments and areas under curves (AUC) were compared by ANOVA. For the first experiment, responses to PC did not differ between the two groups. Peak plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were higher in SS group than in FF during both early and late lactation. Glucose and insulin AUCs were higher in SS than in FF during both early and late lactation. In the second experiment, peak glucose increments had differences for the main effects feed, pregnancy and season, and interactions feed by pregnancy and feed by season. The glucose AUC values showed similar differences for the main effects and the interaction feed by pregnancy. Peak insulin increments had a difference for feed and pregnancy, but not the interactions. Insulin AUCs also revealed a difference between feed and pregnancy, and also for season, and the interaction feed by pregnancy. These results indicate that metabolic fluctuations are moderated by the replacement of sugar and starch with fat and fiber. This replacement may reduce the risk of certain digestive and metabolic disorders. / Master of Science

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / J. Scott Smith / In the past 50 years or so dietary fiber has become an increasingly significant area of nutritional focus, debate, and research. Advances in food production practices have resulted in more and more refined foods being available and consumed throughout the world and particularly in developed nations such as the United States. While refined foods are typically more palatable to consumers, the content of dietary fiber is greatly reduced. Currently many diseases are believed to be associated with a lack of dietary fiber intake, and furthermore significant health benefits are thought possible via increased consumption of many dietary fibers. These issues are discussed in Chapter 2- Dietary Fiber and Disease. There is not a well accepted definition for dietary fiber, but most reference the human inability to fully digest fibers, fibers being made up of various monomer units of variable length, and some mention plant origin. In many ways the definition of dietary fiber is connected to the analytical methods used to quantify it, which there are many, several of which are detailed in Chapter 5- Analytical Techniques for Dietary Fiber. Newer ingredients that are not quantified by typical fiber analysis methods have created the need for additional assays. Dietary fiber is subject to all sorts of labeling regulations and a few nutritional claims. This has resulted in many manufacturers taking an interest in increasing the fiber content of their products while maintaining product quality and label friendliness. There are many raw materials/ingredients that can increase the fiber content in foods, each with its own set of functional and sensory characteristics. These are detailed in Chapter 7 and include acacia gum, beta glucan, cellulose, chitin/chitosan, corn bran, corn fiber, inulin, oat Bran/oat fiber, pea fiber, pectin, polydextrose, psyllium, resistant starch, rice bran, soy fibers, wheat bran, and wheat fiber. These fibers are unique in their functional capability and effect on flavor and texture. Discussion of the product development considerations includes these functional characteristics as well as cost, ingredient labeling requirements, usage levels, other sensory characteristics, storage stability, and effect on water activity.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Mark D. Haub / Little is known about the impact of dietary fiber (DF) on children. Current recommendations are based on extrapolations from adult studies. Research is needed to provide science based evidence to determine how DF impacts the gut of children. Two studies were conducted to investigate the interactions of DF in the child large intestine. In the first study, the dose response of DF on breath hydrogen, methane, and total hydrogen content was investigated relative to Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended intakes in free-living preschool children. Only four of the 18 participants were able to comply with the treatment protocol. Although, no significant differences were noted in breath measures of fermentation across fiber consumption levels, there was a numerical pattern for increasing levels of DF to evolved increased gas production in the four compliers. In free-living individuals measures of acute fiber fermentation through breath was not sensitive enough over 6 hours to distinguish a difference in fermentative rate. Children, parents, and child care centers found this approach apparently acceptable. In study two, the impact of DF (10 g) fed over three weeks in children and their parents on metabolic markers of fermentation were evaluated. The body was able to adapt to 10 g/day DF consumption as bloating (p < 0.05) and flatulence (p = 0.06) decreased each week of the study. Fecal propionic acid was significantly increased over three weeks of DF supplementation. There was also an interaction (p=0.05) between time and age for butyric acid. Dietary fiber supplementation (10 g/day) over three weeks via a commercially available extruded cereal was well-tolerated by the participants, with no disturbances in bowel habit in children or adults. Alternatively, there were no improved bowel habit measures with increased DF consumption. This study provides evidence that this tolerable dose of DF supplementation over three weeks had similar impacts in free-living children and adults. However, the presence of increased butyric acid only in children may be reflective of different production or absorptive capacities between children and adults. Although not presented here, the bacterial ecological analysis may shed further insight into the interactions occurring in the large intestine. These are the first studies to my knowledge to have investigated these outcomes in young children. In addition to the gut health outcomes, this research provided a framework into the apparent feasibility of studying children in a gentle, non-invasive, and cost-effective manner.

Os dados sobre composição de alimentos são de grande importância em qualquer estudo sobre nutrição humana. A necessidade de atualização desses dados tem chamado a atenção internacional. O INFOODS (International Network of Food Systems) tem centralizado esforços para proporcionar a geração de tabelas regionais de composição dos alimentos. O LATINFOODS coordena a elaboração do Banco de Dados para América Latina e o BRASILFOODS o Banco de Dados Nacional. Neste trabalho foram compilados 950 alimentos, segundo as normas do INFOODS/LATINFOODS. Um ponto relevante a ser considerado é a qualidade analítica, que garante a confiabilidade da informação. A visão atual é de que se não houver um programa definido de controle de qualidade, o resultado analítico deve ser considerado com restrições. Com a finalidade de aplicar os critérios internacionais de avaliação de qualidade analítica, escolheu-se a fibra alimentar como modelo. Essa escolha foi baseada na carência de dados sobre este nutriente, na constante evolução dos métodos analíticos para sua determinação, e na sua importância na nutrição, principalmente considerando sua parcela de contribuição na prevenção e tratamento de doenças crônicas (hipercolesterolemia, diabetes, câncer, obesidade entre outras). Através de modelos esquemáticos desenvolvidos para as categorias: número de amostras, plano de amostragem, tomada de amostra, método analítico e controle de qualidade analítica, foram avaliadas as condições em que cada determinação de fibra alimentar foi realizada, estabelecendo-se códigos de confiança. O resultado obtido na análise de 180 alimentos, foi de 29% com código A e B (considerável e razoável confiança) e 68% com código C (reduzida confiança). Já em 244 alimentos não foi possível estabelecer o código de confiança, uma vez que a determinação ocorreu com metodologia inadequada. Com a determinação da qualidade, foi possível estabelecer quais os alimentos que constituem as prioridades de análise, que são aqueles nos quais ainda não foi determinada a fração fibra alimentar, e aqueles com código C. A fim de aplicar as informações criteriosamente compiladas, foi realizado o cálculo do teor de energia, proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos e fibras de um cardápio elaborado, e comparou-se este resultado com o obtido com um programa de computação disponível para esse fim. Verificou-se uma variação nos valores de energia, carboidratos e fibras entre os dois resultados, que pode ser explicada pela diferença na metodologia empregada para determinação da fibra nas duas fontes. Foram elaborados equivalentes de Fibra Alimentar Total, que consistem em porções de alimentos agrupadas de acordo com a similaridade no teor desse nutriente, visando facilitar a elaboração de dietas que atendam às recomendações nutricionais. De um modo geral, o Banco de Fibra Alimentar torna acessível a todos os profissionais dados confiáveis, e ao mesmo tempo proporciona a criação de um modelo de aplicação dos critérios internacionais de qualidade analítica. / Data about food composition are very relevant to any study of human nutrition. The necessity of updating that information is of international concerning. INFOODS (International Network of Food Systems) has been focusing efforts to provide the generation of tables of regional foods composition. LATINFOODS has been in charge of the data bank for the Data Bank for Latin America and so has BRASILFOODS for National Data Bank. 950 foods have been compiled in this paper according to the INFOODS/LATINFOODS. A relevant consideration on the data is the analytical quality, which ensures the reliability of the information. Nowadways, the analytical results will be considered restricted if there is not a defined program of quality control. The dietary fiber was chosen as a model with the purpose of applying the international criteria of evaluation of analytical quality. This choice was based on a lack of data about this nutrient, on a constant evolution for its analytical methods and its importante for nutrition also because that dietary fiber plays an important role concerned to prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, obesity. The data about fiber were evaluated through schematic patterns developed for the categories listed as follows: number of samples, sampling plan, sample handling, analytic methods and analytic quality control, so that confidence codes was established. Results obtained from this evaluation in 180 foods were 29% code A and B (considerable and reasonable confidence) and 68% with code C (reduced confidence). However it was impossible to establish the confidence code in 244 because of the determination occurred with inadequate methodology. The quality determination made it possible to establish which foods are the priorities of analysis. The amount of energy, proteins, fat, carbohydrates and fiber were calculated for an elaborated diet in order to apply the criteriously compiled information. The result of this process was compared to an artificial intelligence software, it showed a variation in the energy, carbohydrates and fibers, and that was explained by different methodology used to determine the dietary fiber. Equivalents of total dietary fiber were created to facilitate the development of diets. The Dietary Fiber Data Bank made reliable information accessible to all professionals and also provided the creation of an applying model for dietary fiber analytical criteria.

Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially toxic trace element. Cereal grains contribute one-third to one-half of the Cd exposure via the diet. Among cereal grains, wheat generally contains the highest Cd concentration and the bran and germ fractions contain more Cd than the endosperm. An increase in the consumption of unrefined grains may cause an increase in the body burden of Cd if an increase in the exposure to Cd via the diet leads directly to increased Cd absorption and accumulation. However, there is evidence that certain factors may reduce the availability of Cd for absorption from the diet. The purposes of these studies were to refine an atomic absorption spectrometric method for measuring the accumulation of Cd from diets with low, naturally occuring concentrations of Cd, to evaluate the extent to which Cd is accumulated from different milling fractions of wheat and from different cereal grains, and to determine to what extent the presence of certain minerals and mineral-binding factors in the diet and the iron (Fe) status of the individual affect Cd accumulation from cereal grain diets. The results of the method studies showed that the amount of Cd in the liver and kidneys of rats after six weeks on different diets and the retention of 109Cd in these organs three weeks after the ingestion of 109Cd-labelled test meals of the diets were in agreement on the fractional and total accumulation of Cd from the diets. To a first approximation, the accumulation of Cd in the liver and kidneys in rats appears to be the product of the separate effects of the concentration of Cd in the diet which is available for absorption and the Fe status of the rats. The Cd concentration in grains varied by a factor of five between whole wheat and rye and the amounts of Cd accumulated in rats from diets with whole grains were nearly proportional to the Cd concentrations in the grains. The fractional accumulation of Cd was lower in rats given diets with whole grains or wheat fractions high in fiber and phytic acid than in rats fed endosperm wheat diets. This lower fractional Cd accumulation did not compensate for the high Cd concentrations in whole wheat and wheat bran. The fractional accumulation of Cd in the liver of rats is inversely related to their Fe status. The fractional Cd accumulation in the liver of rats with low Fe status was as much as ten times that in rats with high Fe status. The Cd accumulation in the kidneys appears to be even more sensitive to Fe status. The accumulation of Cd in human placenta supports these conclusions. Women who eat diets with less cereal grain fiber and who also maintain their Fe stores during pregnancy generally accumulate less Cd in the placenta than those who eat more grain fiber and/or have lower Fe status. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that as much as possible of the dietary fiber from cereal grains should derive from grains with low Cd concentrations. It is also imperative that the diet provide sufficient Fe and other nutrients to promote Fe status and thereby limit Cd accumulation. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for tail-end dehulling of canola meal (CM) and the production of high-protein, high-energy and low-fiber CM. The use of sieves from 250-600µm resulted in the production of dehulled fractions 1 and 2 from three different types of CM. On average, and in comparison with their parent meals, the dehulled fractions 1 and 2 contained less dietary fiber (19.4 and 22.9 vs. 27.5%) and more protein (44.5 and 43.1 vs. 40.1%), respectively. Growth performance experiments were conducted with broiler chickens and weaned piglets fed diets containing dehulled CM fractions. In the broiler chicken trial, no significant differences for feed intake, BWG and feed efficiency were observed, indicating that CM and its low-fiber fractions could replace SBM in the broiler pre-starter diets at a lower cost. In the swine experiment, a beneficial effect of dehulling on final body weight and feed efficiency was observed.