Gordon Allport formalized a theory about intergroup contact, positing that contact between dissimilar groups could be effective in reducing intergroup prejudice. Over half a century later, research suggests that engaging in race talk —conversations about race and racism— can offer benefits such as increased racial literacy and critical consciousness, less intimidation when it comes to addressing race, less fear of differences, and a greater appreciation for people of all cultures and communities. However, race can be a difficult topic to discuss. It typically incites strong emotions, often challenges an individual's lived reality, and triggers anxiety and discomfort for conversational participants. While these barriers to race talk have been well-studied with White participants, little empirical work has been conducted with people of color as a focus. The present study utilized a qualitative, focus-group based methodology with grounded theory analyses to gather information on people of color's barriers to race talk. Results suggest that varied interpersonal contexts — such as when talking to White individuals, other people of color from different racial groups, and their own race— elicit differing levels of comfort and subsequent changes to engagement in race talk. Furthermore, intersecting identities such as gender, sexual orientation, and skin tone further affect people of color's comfort in race talk engagement. Lastly, participants offer insight into race talk strategies that can be used to foster more helpful, respectful, and mutually beneficial race talk.

This qualitative, phenomenological study examined the experiences of four African American undergraduate students and two White professors, all current or former affiliates of a predominantly White university (PWI) in the Midwest. The objective was to gain an understanding of whether their experiences were ones that have been addressed in the past and recent research surrounding why African American undergraduates leave college before graduating and to determine if any changes in practices of beliefs occurred since their participation in the Difficult Dialogue. The data were collected using the evaluations from the Difficult Dialogue event and in-depth interviews. The data were then analyzed using a narrative analysis where recurring themes were highlighted and used to find dominant themes. The study confirmed findings that students feel isolated while attending a predominantly White college. New findings in the professor-student engagement include: 1) lack of student self-advocacy in the student-professor relationship 2) lack of professor awareness of students’ feelings of exclusion and isolation, 3) professor discomfort in reaching out to African American undergraduate students, and 4) an overall lack of awareness of one another’s feelings. The most salient conclusions from these encounters with African American undergraduates and professors was that an opportunity to communicate in a purposeful dialogue or the process of “thinking together” collectively allowed group participants to examine their preconceptions and prejudices, as well as explore the creation of new ideas.

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Yes / This chapter aims to be both an exploration and an example of (or an experiment with) a ‘pedagogy of vulnerability’. It reports and reflects on efforts to create spaces for co-inquiry with students, as attempts to both escape the limits of traditional pedagogic relationships and to create spaces and opportunities for deeper learning. We consider how or whether the central premise of a ‘pedagogy of vulnerability’ – that purposeful and selective acts self-disclosure by teachers can help build the conditions of trust and care needed for dialogue around emotionally and politically challenging topics – is borne out in our experience.

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The purpose of this study is to explore how teachers across content areas conceptualize planning and teaching of the Holocaust. Although there are numerous studies on Holocaust education, particularly on teachers’ approaches and practices, there is little research regarding teachers’ use of secondary sources and the impact these sources have on their approaches to planning and teaching about the Holocaust. This study will examine New Jersey state standards and curricula, as well as educational practitioner journals, in order to highlight relationships between resources provided to teachers and their approaches to planning and teaching about the Holocaust. Further, it will provide researchers with an empirical analysis, contributing to the increasing scholarly literature on Holocaust education. This study addresses the following research questions: How do teachers and policy makers in Language Arts and Social Studies conceptualize teaching of the Holocaust? What approaches do Language Arts and Social Studies teachers use when planning for teaching about the Holocaust? In what ways do state standards and mandated curricula guide teachers’ decision-making when teaching about the Holocaust? What recommendations do content area specific practitioner journals make for teaching about the Holocaust? This intrinsic collective case study will triangulate data from multiple sectors of the educational system to provide a broad and detailed view of the approaches to teaching about the Holocaust across different content areas. This study will additionally serve as a tool for school districts and policy makers to inform their future decisions regarding the selection and use of secondary sources and curriculum content, allowing teachers to make better pedagogical decisions with regards to their students’ learning. / Educational Leadership

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Kommunikation är en stor del av chefen och ledarens vardag, både som ett vardagligt inslag men även som ett verktyg för att kunna leda. Kommunikation kan påverkas av flera olika filter både när vi sänder ut ett budskap och när vi tar emot ett budskap. I chefen och ledarens vardag uppstår flera olika typer av samtal i mötet med medarbetarna, det vardagliga och det mer strukturella samtalet men också det svåra samtalet som framförallt påverkas av chefen och ledarens känslor, medarbetaren men även ämnet i sig.Vad i det svåra samtalet som uppfattas som svårt är komplext och individuellt. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera upplevelser och erfarenheter kring svåra samtal hos personer i ledande position. För att på bästa sätt svara på studiens frågeställningar har semistrukturella intervjuer utförts som datainsamling där sju intervjuer gjorts. Resultatet av intervjuerna visar att samtliga intervjuade chefer upplever osäkerhet inför de svåra samtalen och känslor som bubblar upp inom dem själva under samtalet men framför allt en osäkerhet i hanteringen kring de eventuella reaktioner som kan tänkas komma från mottagaren. Flertalet av cheferna upplevde de situationer där de inte riktigt har kontroll som svårare än de situationer de tidigare haft erfarenhet kring. Resultatet visar att rent erfarenhetsmässigt så förbereder sig de flesta chefer inför de svårare samtalen genom att tänka sig in i olika situationer som kan ske och på så sätt mentalt förbereder sig inför olika reaktioner från mottagaren. Samtliga chefer är väldigt måna om sina medarbetare och att det är i denna omtanke som vissa svårigheter kan uppstå. Dock menar de att de upplever att det är viktigt att skapa en relation med sin arbetsgrupp för att på så sätt lära känna varandra. Resultatet har analyserats med inspiration av Charmaz teori och Grounded theory. / Communication is a large part of the managers everyday life, both as an everyday element but also as a tool for being able to lead. Communication can be influenced by several different filters both when we send out communication and when we receive communication. In the managers everyday life, several different types of conversation a rise in the personal meeting with the employees, the everyday and the more structural conversation, but also the difficult conversation that is mainly affected by the managers feelings, the employee’s feelings but also the subject itself. What in the difficult conversation that is perceived as difficult is complex and individual. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze feelings and experiences about difficult conversations with people in a leading position. In order to answer the questions of this study, semi-structural interviews have been carried out as data collection where seven interviews have been conducted. The results of the interviews showed that all interviewed managers experience uncertainty before the difficult conversations and feelings that are bubbling up within themselves during the conversation, but above all an uncertainty in the handling of the possible reactions that may come from the employee. The result shows that purely experiential, most managers are preparing for the more difficult conversations by thinking about different situations that can happen and through that mentally preparing for different reactions from the employee. All managers are very keen on their employees and that it is in this regard that some difficulties may a rise. However, they mean that they feel it is important to create a relationship with their employees in order to get to know each other. The result has been analyzed with inspiration from Charmaz theory and Grounded theory.

BACKGROUND: Operation Giving Back (OGB) of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and various other surgical missions in the developing world have become more popular and provide a valuable way of reducing the surgical burden worldwide. While most cases are "bread and butter" general surgery, difficult surgeries are often encountered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Description of a total thyroidectomy for super giant goiter extending to chest inferiorly, lateral neck and behind both ears, compressing the trachea and causing chronic difficulties breathing. The surgical team was unable to intubate, but performed surgery under local anesthesia and sedation with Ketamine injection. RESULTS: Total thyroidectomy, as a life-saving procedure, was performed under local anesthesia and Ketamine with mild sedation. Once thyroid was removed, the outside diameter of trachea was assessed to be 4mm. Patient tolerated the procedure well and had no postoperative complication. Her breathing improved significantly post-operatively. Five years later, she is doing well. CONCLUSION: Total thyroidectomy for giant goiters can be done under local anesthesia with Ketamine and proper sedation. Surgeons and anesthesiologists participating in surgical missions may have to perform major surgery under local anesthesia. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Surgical Associates Ltd.